CEN/TR 16569:2013
(Main)Automotive fuels - Assessing the effects of E10 petrol on vehicle emissions and performance
Automotive fuels - Assessing the effects of E10 petrol on vehicle emissions and performance
This Technical Report describes a study executed to evaluate the performance of representative vehicles of current and recent production when operating on petrol fuels containing up to 10 % (V/V) ethanol. Vehicle performance evaluations included regulated and evaporative emissions as well as hot and cold weather driveability. The testing procedures used in each of the three main vehicle studies were adapted to the requirements of the testing facilities.
The studies were designed to demonstrate whether a relaxation in the E70max, E100max, and VLI limits in EN 228 would introduce unacceptable vehicle driveability or regulated emissions performance problems. The results were used to advise CEN/TC 19/WG 21 on the revision of the EN 228 petrol specification [1]. A procedure for future revision of EN 228 (see Annex A) was also developed.
Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Beurteilung der Auswirkung von E10-Kraftstoff auf Kraftfahrzeugemission und -leistung
Carburants pour automobiles - Evaluation des effets de l’essence E10 sur les émissions de véhicules et leurs performances
Goriva za motorna vozila - Ocena vpliva bencina E10 na emisije in delovanje vozila
V tem tehničnem poročilu je opis študije z oceno delovanja tipičnih vozil iz trenutne in nedavne proizvodnje pri uporabi motornega bencina z deležem etanola do 10 % (v/v). Ocene delovanja vozil vključujejo regulirane emisije in izhlapine ter obnašanje vozila v vožnji v vročem ali mrzlem vremenu. Postopki preskušanja, uporabljeni v vsaki od treh glavnih študij vozil, so bili prilagojeni zahtevam preskusnih prostorov. Namen študij je bilo pokazati, ali bi sprostitev meja za E70max, E100max in VLI v standardu EN 228 pomenila nesprejemljivo obnašanje vozila v vožnji ali težave na področju reguliranih emisij. Rezultati so bili uporabljeni v CEN/TC 19/WG 21 pri reviziji specifikacije goriva EN 228 [1]. Oblikovan je bil tudi postopek za nadaljnjo revizijo EN 228 (glejte Dodatek A.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2013
Goriva za motorna vozila - Ocena vpliva bencina E10 na emisije in delovanje vozila
Automotive fuels - Assessing the effects of E10 petrol on vehicle emissions and
performance
Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Beurteilung der Auswirkung von E10-Kraftstoff auf
Kraftfahrzeugemission und -leistung
Carburants pour automobiles - Evaluation des effets de l'essence E10 sur les émissions
de véhicules et leurs performances
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16569:2013
ICS:
75.160.20 7HNRþDJRULYD Liquid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 16569
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
June 2013
ICS 75.160.20
English Version
Automotive fuels - Assessing the effects of E10 petrol on vehicle
emissions and performance
Carburants pour automobiles - Evaluation des effets de Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Beurteilung der Auswirkung
l'essence E10 sur les émissions de véhicules et leurs von E10-Kraftstoff auf Kraftfahrzeugemission und -leistung
performances
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 17 May 2013. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16569:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents page
Foreword . 3
1 Scope . 4
2 Background . 4
3 Fuel selection . 5
4 CONCAWE vehicle study - High-level summary of results . 6
5 OEM vehicle studies - high-level summary of results . 8
6 Applus IDIADA vehicle study . 10
6.1 Study background . 10
6.2 Vehicle selection and preparation . 10
6.3 High-level summary of results . 11
7 Revision of petrol volatility requirements in EN 228. 12
8 Monitoring vehicle performance in the field . 13
8.1 Introduction . 13
8.2 Monitor marketplace fuel properties and vehicle performance: . 14
8.3 Implement immediate remedies through Member State actions: . 14
8.4 Revise the EN 228 specification through a CEN/TC 19 amendment: . 15
8.5 Conduct joint research to anticipate future fuel-related problems . 15
9 Glossary . 16
Annex A (informative) Procedure for EN 228 revision. 17
Annex B (informative) Summary of OEM test programs - EN 228 high volatility robustness . 20
Bibliography . 24
Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 16569:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and
liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of which is
held by NEN.
1 Scope
This Technical Report describes a study executed to evaluate the performance of representative vehicles of current
and recent production when operating on petrol fuels containing up to 10 % (V/V) ethanol. Vehicle performance
evaluations included regulated and evaporative emissions as well as hot and cold weather driveability. The testing
procedures used in each of the three main vehicle studies were adapted to the requirements of the testing facilities.
The studies were designed to demonstrate whether a relaxation in the E70 , E100 , and VLI limits in EN 228
max max
would introduce unacceptable vehicle driveability or regulated emissions performance problems. The results were
used to advise CEN/TC 19/WG 21 on the revision of the EN 228 petrol specification [1]. A procedure for future
revision of EN 228 (see Annex A) was also developed.
2 Background
The former European EN 228 specification [1] included volatility requirements for unleaded petrol in order to ensure
good performance of vehicles in real world driving conditions. These requirements were put in place following
extensive technical studies in the 1990’s at a time when vehicles were more sensitive to volatility than they are
today and when blending of oxygenates, like ethanol, was not widespread. Different petrol volatility classes are
included in the EN 228 specification that depend on climatic conditions. Minimum and maximum volatility limits for
summer and winter petrols are included as well as additional limits for spring and autumn seasonal transitions.
Since these volatility requirements were put in place, the use of oxygenate blending components, such as ethanol
and ethers, has increased, in response to the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED, 2009/28/EC [3]). This
Directive requires Member States to use at least 10 % renewable energy in transport fuels by 2020. Although
biogas, renewable electricity, and other energy types are encouraged, only conventional and some advanced bio-
blending components are likely to be available in sufficient volumes by 2020 to meet the mandate. The major bio-
derived blending components until 2020 are likely to be bio-ethanol produced from sugar fermentation, ethers
manufactured from bio-ethanol or bio-methanol, and esters and hydrocarbons produced from vegetable oils and
animal fats.
Blending ethanol into gasoline at low concentrations alters the volatility characteristics of the resulting blend and
the fuel refining and blending process shall account for this effect. In addition to increasing the vapour pressure of
the ethanol/petrol blend, ethanol also changes the shape of the blend’s distillation curve. This has the potential to
impact the vehicle’s regulated emissions and driveability performance in cold and hot weather. Furthermore, any
change in the blend’s distillation characteristics due to ethanol addition must be compensated in the refinery by
changing the composition of the hydrocarbon-only petrol mixture into which the ethanol is ultimately blended.
Following the publication of the EU Fuels Quality Directive (FQD, 2009/30/EC [3]), CEN/TC 19 reviewed the
European EN 228 unleaded petrol specification in order to enable the higher ethanol blending envisioned by the
FQD from 5 % (V/V) up to 10 % (V/V). As input to this review, CEN/TC 19 Working Group 21 (WG 21) reviewed a
1 2
2009 study of published literature [4] on the effect of blending up to 20 % (V/V) ethanol on E70 and E100
volatility parameters, as well as on hot and cold weather vehicle driveability performance. This literature review was
completed to better understand the observed effects on the petrol distillation curve due to the addition of higher
levels of ethanol to petrol [5].
Any changes to CEN specifications for fuel parameters beyond those required by EU legislation should be based
on the best-available technical data and shall not impact the performance of the vehicle fleet. Based on its review
of the existing literature, WG 21 concluded that additional vehicle studies were warranted in order to assess the
effects of 10 % (V/V) ethanol in petrol on current and future engines (Euro 5 and 6), especially with respect to
vehicle regulated and evaporative emissions, CO , and hot and cold weather driveability performance.
Summer and winter grade petrols containing 10 % (V/V) ethanol were specially blended for this study that had
volatility specifications at today’s EN 228 maximum limits and at higher limits consistent with CONCAWE’s volatility
relaxation proposal. The vapour pressures (measured as Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent (DVPE)) targeted
summer grade petrols with a maximum 60 kPa DVPE and winter grade petrols with a maximum 100 kPa DVPE.
The DVPE of the test fuel was selected to be consistent with the type of vehicle test that was completed.
The percentage of a petrol sample that evaporates at 70 °C
The percentage of a petrol sample that evaporates at 100 °C
In order to give sufficient technical input on behalf of CEN/TC 19 WG 21 members, a Volatility Task Force (VTF)
was established in December 2010. Experts were nominated from WG 21 stakeholders and primarily from ACEA
and CONCAWE, under the leadership of the WG 21 Chair and NEN Secretary.
The VTF met for the first time on 21 February 2011 and in total 21 meetings or web-conferences were held. Eight
reports to WG 21 were issued and three presentations were given at WG 21 meetings.
3 Fuel selection
The VTF agreed to use a common set of specially blended test fuels to test the effect of the proposed relaxation in
the volatility limits. The test fuels were based on early indications by CONCAWE on what qualities (mainly
regarding volatility parameters) could be expected in the future when more refineries are supplying E10 fuels.
Other options are also considered for the blending of E10 petrol, i.e. ETBE up to the 3,7% (m/m) oxygen content
limit and ETBE + E5 blends up to the 3,7 % (m/m) oxygen content limit. The fuel matrix covered summer (class A)
and winter (class E1) petrols as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 — Targets and measured values for test fuels
Baseline Fuels
Summer (Class A) Winter (Class E1)
CEC RF-02-08
(Condition and pretest fuel)
Target values: Measured values:
60 kPa DVPE 58,7 kPa DVPE
max
4,7 % (V/V) Ethanol
5 % (V/V) Ethanol
37,0 % E70
E70 mid-range
53,5 % E100
E100 mid-range
Baseline E10-A Baseline E10-E
Target values: Measured values: Target values: Measured values:
60 kPa DVPE 57,1 kPa DVPE 95 kPa DVPE 97,0 kPa DVPE
max
10 % (V/V) Ethanol 9,7 % (V/V) Ethanol 10 % (V/V) Ethanol 9,5 % (V/V) Ethanol
Class A Class E 51,9 % E70
48 % E70 49,7 % E70 50 % E70
max max
71 % E100 Class A 68,4 % E100 71 % E100 Class E 67,1 % E100
max max
918,9 VLI 1333,3 VLI
Relaxed Volatility Fuels
Summer (Class A) Winter (Class E1)
Step 1 E10-A Step 1 E10-E
Target values: Measured values: Target values: Measured values:
60 kPa DVPEmax 58,7 kPa DVPE 95 kPa DVPE 93,2 kPa DVPE
10 % (V/V) Ethanol 9,5 % (V/V) Ethanol 10 % (V/V) Ethanol 9,5 % (V/V) Ethanol
52 % E70 (max+4 %) 52,9 % (V/V) E70 54 % E70 (max+4 %) 54,9 % E70
73 % E100 (max+2 %) 73,2 % (V/V) E100 73 % E100 (max+2 %) 70,9 % E100
957,3 VLI 1316,3 VLI
Step 2 E10-A Step 2 E10-E
Target values: Measured values: Target values: Measured values:
60 kPa DVPEmax 61,0 kPa DVPE 95 kPa DVPE 94,1 kPa DVPE
10 % (V/V) Ethanol 9,4 % (V/V) Ethanol 10 % (V/V) Ethanol 9,4 % (V/V) Ethanol
58 % E70 (max+10 %) 59,4 % (V/V) E70 60 % E70 (max+10 %) 60,6 % E70
75 % E100 (max+4 %) 75,7 % (V/V) E100 75 % E100 (max+4 %) 73,9 % E100
1025,8 VLI 1365,2 VLI
4 CONCAWE vehicle study - High-level summary of results
CONCAWE tested six vehicles to investigate the impact of changes in the volatility characteristics of unleaded
gasoline containing 10 % (V/V) ethanol on regulated exhaust and evaporative emissions and on hot and cold
weather vehicle driveability performance. The vehicles selected for this study were representative of the current EU
fleet, met or exceeded Euro 4 emissions limits, spanned the range from upper medium to small vehicle classes,
were compatible with 10 % (V/V) ethanol according to the manufacturer’s warranty information, and included two
modern gasoline DISI engine types.
Table 2 — Characteristics of vehicles evaluated in the CONCAWE study
1 2 3 4 5 6
Vehicle No.
Upper Medium Medium Small Lower Medium Mini Small
Vehicle Class
M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1
Category
Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 4
Emissions Homologation
Engine Displacement 2.5 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.25
(litres)
140 118 57 80.5 50 60
Max. Power (kW)
1590 1470 1130 1360 910 1020
Inertia Class (kg)
6 4 4 4 3 4
Cylinder
24 16 8 16 12 16
Valves
Natural Turbo Natural Na
...
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