98/70/EC - Quality of petrol and diesel fuels (Dir. 93/12/EEC amendment)

This European Standard defines the terminology to be used in the field of sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy applications. This European Standard specifically considers some relevant terms and definitions used in the European Commission Directive 2009/28/EC [1], referred to as Renewable Energy Directive (RED), and in the European Commission Directive 2009/30/EC [2] referred to as Fuel Quality Directive (FQD), or in other European regulations.

This European Standard defines the terminology to be used in the field of sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy applications. This European Standard specifically considers some relevant terms and definitions used in the European Commission Directive 2009/28/EC [1], referred to as Renewable Energy Directive (RED), and in the European Commission Directive 2009/30/EC [2] referred to as Fuel Quality Directive (FQD), or in other European regulations.

This document specifies a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) test method for the determination of the sulfur content of liquid, homogeneous automotive fuels from 5 mg/kg to 500 mg/ kg, which have a maximum oxygen content of 3,7 % (m/m). This product range covers: - diesel fuels containing up to about 30 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), - motor gasolines containing up to about 10 % (V/V) ethanol, - synthetic fuels such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and gas to liquid (GTL) having sulfur contents in the range of 5 mg/kg to 45 mg/kg. Products with higher oxygen content show significant matrix effects, e.g. pure FAME used as biodiesel, nevertheless, pure FAME can be analysed when the corresponding procedures are followed (see 5.3 and 8.1). Other products can be analysed with this test method, though precision data for products other than those mentioned have not been established for this document.

This document specifies an ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence test method for the determination of the sulfur content of the following products: - having sulfur contents in the range 3 mg/kg to 500 mg/ kg, - motor gasolines containing up to 3,7 % (m/m) oxygen [including those blended with ethanol up to about 10 % (V/V)], - diesel fuels, including those containing up to about 30 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), - having sulfur contents in the range of 3 mg/kg to 45 mg/kg, - synthetic fuels, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and gas to liquid (GTL). Other products can be analysed and other sulfur contents can be determined according to this test method, however, no precision data for products other than automotive fuels and for results outside the specified range have been established for this document. Halogens interfere with this detection technique at concentrations above approximately 3 500 mg/kg.

This document specifies a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) test method for the determination of the sulfur content of liquid, homogeneous automotive fuels from 5 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg, which have a maximum oxygen content of 3,7 % (m/m). This product range covers:
— diesel fuels containing up to about 30 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl esters (FAME),
— motor gasolines containing up to about 10 % (V/V) ethanol,
— synthetic fuels such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and gas to liquid (GTL) having sulfur contents in the range of 5 mg/kg to 45 mg/kg.
Products with higher oxygen content show significant matrix effects, e.g. pure FAME used as biodiesel, nevertheless, pure FAME can be analysed when the corresponding procedures are followed (see 5.3 and 8.1).
Other products can be analysed with this test method, though precision data for products other than those mentioned have not been established for this document.
NOTE 1 Sulfur contents higher than 500 mg/kg can be determined after sample dilution, however, the precision was not established for diluted samples.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent the mass fraction, w, and the volume fraction, φ, of a material respectively.

This document specifies an ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence test method for the determination of the sulfur content of the following products:
— having sulfur contents in the range 3 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg,
— motor gasolines containing up to 3,7 % (m/m) oxygen [including those blended with ethanol up to about 10 % (V/V)],
— diesel fuels, including those containing up to about 30 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME),
— having sulfur contents in the range of 3 mg/kg to 45 mg/kg,
— synthetic fuels, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and gas to liquid (GTL).
Other products can be analysed and other sulfur contents can be determined according to this test method, however, no precision data for products other than automotive fuels and for results outside the specified range have been established for this document. Halogens interfere with this detection technique at concentrations above approximately 3 500 mg/kg.
NOTE 1 Some process catalysts used in petroleum and chemical refining can be poisoned when trace amounts of sulfur-bearing materials are contained in the feedstocks.
NOTE 2 This test method can be used to determine sulfur in process feeds and can also be used to control sulfur in effluents.
NOTE 3 For the purposes of this document, "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent the mass fraction, w, and the volume fraction, φ, of a material respectively.
NOTE 4 Sulfate species in ethanol do not have the same conversion factor of organic sulfur in ethanol. Nevertheless, sulfates have a conversion factor close to that of organic sulfur.
NOTE 5 Nitrogen interference can occur, see 6.5 for further guidance.

This European Standard describes requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered paraffinic diesel fuel containing a level of up to 7,0 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). It is applicable to fuel for use in diesel engines and vehicles compatible with paraffinic diesel fuel. It defines two classes of paraffinic diesel fuel: high cetane and normal cetane.
Paraffinic diesel fuel originates from synthesis or hydrotreatment processes.
NOTE 1   For general diesel engine warranty, paraffinic automotive diesel fuel may need a validation step, which for some existing engines may still need to be done (see also the Introduction to this document). The vehicle manufacturer needs to be consulted before use.
NOTE 2   For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.

This European Standard describes requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered paraffinic diesel fuel containing a level of up to 7,0 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). It is applicable to fuel for use in diesel engines and vehicles compatible with paraffinic diesel fuel. It defines two classes of paraffinic diesel fuel: high cetane and normal cetane.
Paraffinic diesel fuel originates from synthesis or hydrotreatment processes.
NOTE 1   For general diesel engine warranty, paraffinic automotive diesel fuel may need a validation step, which for some existing engines may still need to be done (see also the Introduction to this document). The vehicle manufacturer needs to be consulted before use.
NOTE 2   For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered fatty acid methyl esters (hereafter known as FAME) to be used either as fuel for diesel engines and for heating applications at 100 % concentration, or as an extender for distillate fuel for diesel engines in accordance with the requirements of EN 590 and for heating fuel. At 100 % concentration it is applicable to fuel for use in diesel engines and in heating applications designed or subsequently adapted to run on 100 % FAME.
NOTE   For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered fatty acid methyl esters (hereafter known as FAME) to be used either as fuel for diesel engines and for heating applications at 100 % concentration, or as an extender for distillate fuel for diesel engines in accordance with the requirements of EN 590 and for heating fuel. At 100 % concentration it is applicable to fuel for use in diesel engines and in heating applications designed or subsequently adapted to run on 100 % FAME.
NOTE   For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered automotive LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). It is applicable to automotive LPG for use in LPG engine vehicles designed to run on automotive LPG.
This revision concerns lowering the sulfur limit levels, inclusion of EN 16423 and updating towards revised versions of EN 15470 and EN 15471.
LPG is a highly volatile hydrocarbon liquid which is normally stored under pressure. If the pressure is released large volumes of gas will be produced which form flammable mixtures with air over the range of approximately 2 % (V/V) to 10 % (V/V). This European Standard involves the sampling, handling and testing of LPG. All procedures should be conducted away from sources of ignition such as naked flames, unprotected electrical equipment and electrostatic hazards. Testing should be performed as far as practicable under an electrically-safe ventilation hood.
LPG in liquid form can cause cold burns to the skin. Protective clothing such as gloves and goggles should be worn if contact with the skin is likely to occur.
Unnecessary inhalation of LPG vapour should be avoided. The operator should not be exposed to atmospheres containing more than 1 800 mg/m3 over an 8 h time-weighted average (TWA) reference period, or more than 2 250 mg/m3 over a short term, 10 min reference period. One of the tests described in this European Standard involves the operator inhaling a mixture of air and LPG vapour. Particular attention is drawn to the cautionary statement provided in A.1, where this method is referred to.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered automotive B10 diesel fuel, i.e. diesel fuel containing up to 10,0 %(V/V) Fatty Acid Methyl Ester. It is applicable to fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles compatible with automotive B10 diesel fuel.
NOTE 1   This product is allowed in Europe [5], but national legislation can set additional requirements or rules concerning, or even prohibiting, marketing or delivering of the product. See for instance [8].
NOTE 2   In this European Standard, A-deviations apply (see Annex B).
NOTE 3   For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.

This document specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered automotive liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), with LPG defined as low pressure liquefied gas composed of one or more light hydrocarbons which are assigned to UN 1011, 1075, 1965, 1969 or 1978 only and which consists mainly of propane, propene, butane, butane isomers, butenes with traces of other hydrocarbon gases.
This standard is applicable to automotive LPG for use in LPG engine vehicles designed to run on automotive LPG.
NOTE   For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ.
WARNING - Attention is drawn to the risk of fire and explosion when handling LPG and to the hazard to health arising through inhalation of excessive amounts of LPG.
LPG is a highly volatile hydrocarbon liquid which is normally stored under pressure. If the pressure is released large volumes of gas will be produced which form flammable mixtures with air over the range of approximately 2 % (V/V) to 10 % (V/V). This European Standard involves the sampling, handling and testing of LPG. Naked flames, unprotected electrical equipment electrostatic hazards etc. are sources of ignition for LPG.
LPG in liquid form can cause cold burns to the skin. The national health and safety regulations apply.
LPG is heavier than air and accumulates in cavities. There is a danger of suffocation when inhaling high concentrations of LPG.
CAUTION - One of the tests described in this European Standard involves the operator inhaling a mixture of air and LPG vapour. Particular attention is drawn to the cautionary statement provided in A.1, where this method is referred to.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered automotive B10 diesel fuel, i.e. diesel fuel containing up to 10,0 %(V/V) Fatty Acid Methyl Ester. It is applicable to fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles compatible with automotive B10 diesel fuel.
NOTE 1   This product is allowed in Europe [4], but national legislation can set additional requirements or rules concerning, or even prohibiting, marketing or delivering of the product.
NOTE 2   In this European Standard, A-deviations apply (see Annex B).
NOTE 3   For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel. It is applicable to Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel for use in spark ignition engine vehicles designed to run on Ethanol (E85).
Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel is a mixture of nominally 85 % (V/V) ethanol complying to EN 15376 and petrol complying to EN 228, but also including the possibility of having different "seasonal grades" containing more than 50 % (V/V) ethanol.

Dieses Dokument legt Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für gehandelten und ausgelieferten Ethanolkraftstoff (E85) fest. Es ist anwendbar auf Ethanolkraftstoff (E85) zur Verwendung in Fahrzeugen mit Ottomotor, die für den Einsatz dieses Kraftstoffs (E85) ausgerüstet sind.
Ethanolkraftstoff (E85) ist ein Gemisch von nominell 85 % (V/V) Ethanol und unverbleitem Benzin, umfasst aber auch die Möglichkeit verschiedener „jahreszeitlicher Klassen“, die mehr als 50 % (V/V) Ethanol enthalten.
ANMERKUNG 1 Für die Zwecke dieses Dokuments wird zur Angabe des Massenanteils der Ausdruck „% (m/m)“ und für den Volumenanteil der Ausdruck „% (V/V)“ verwendet.
ANMERKUNG 2 Für diese Europäische Norm gelten A-Abweichungen (siehe Anhang C).

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered unleaded
petrol. It is applicable to unleaded petrol for use in petrol engine vehicles designed to run on unleaded
petrol.
This European Standard specifies two types of unleaded petrol: one type with a maximum oxygen
content of 3,7 % (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 10,0 % (V/V) in Table 1, and one type
intended for older vehicles that are not warranted to use unleaded petrol with a high biofuel content,
with a maximum oxygen content of 2,7 % (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 5,0 % (V/V) in
Table 2.
NOTE 1 The two types are based on European Directive requirements [3], [4], ![11]".
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent
respectively the mass fraction, μ, and the volume fraction, φ.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered
automotive diesel fuel. It is applicable to automotive diesel fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles
designed to run on automotive diesel fuel containing up to 7,0 %(V/V) Fatty Acid Methyl Ester.
NOTE For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent
respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered automotive diesel fuel. It is applicable to automotive diesel fuel for use in diesel engine vehicles designed to run on automotive diesel fuel containing up to 7 %(V/V) Fatty Acid Methyl Ester.
NOTE   For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered unleaded petrol. It is applicable to unleaded petrol for use in petrol engine vehicles designed to run on unleaded petrol.
This European Standard specifies two types of unleaded petrol: one type with a maximum oxygen content of 3,7 % (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 10,0 % (V/V) in Table 1, and one type intended for older vehicles that are not warranted to use unleaded petrol with a high biofuel content, with a maximum oxygen content of 2,7 % (m/m) and a maximum ethanol content of 5,0 % (V/V) in Table 2.
NOTE 1   The two types are based on European Directive requirements [3], [4], ![11]".
NOTE 2   For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ.

This International Standard specifies the gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination
of saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons in automotive motor gasoline and ethanol (E85)
automotive fuel. Additionally, the benzene content, oxygenate compounds and the total oxygen content
can be determined.
NOTE 1 For the purposes of this document, the terms % (m/m) and % (V/V) are used to represent respectively
the mass fraction, μ, and the volume fraction, φ.
This International Standard defines two procedures, A and B.
Procedure A is applicable to automotive motor gasoline with total aromatics of up to 50 % (V/V); total
olefins from about 1,5 % (V/V) up to 30 % (V/V); oxygenates from 0,8 % (V/V) up to 15 % (V/V); total
oxygen from about 1,5 % (m/m) to about 3,7 % (m/m); and benzene of up to 2 % (V/V). The system can
be used for ethers with 5 or more C atoms up to 22 % (V/V) but the precision has not been established
up to this level.
Although this test method can be used to determine higher-olefin contents of up to 50 % (V/V), the
precision for olefins was tested only in the range from about 1,5 % (V/V) to about 30 % (V/V).
Although specifically developed for the analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains oxygenates,
this test method can also be applied to other hydrocarbon streams having similar boiling ranges, such
as naphthas and reformates.
NOTE 2 For Procedure A, precision data have been established for the oxygenate compounds in automotive
motor gasoline samples containing ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-amylmethyl
ether (TAME), iso-propanol, iso-butanol, tert-butanol, methanol and ethanol. The derived precision
data for methanol do not comply with the precision calculation as presented in this International Standard.
Applicability of this International Standard has also been verified for the determination of n-propanol, acetone,
and di-isopropyl ether (DIPE). However, no precision data have been determined for these compounds.
Procedure B describes the procedure for the analysis of oxygenated groups (ethanol, methanol,
ethers, C3 – C5 alcohols) in ethanol (E85) automotive fuel containing ethanol between 50 % (V/V)
and 85 % (V/V). The gasoline is diluted with an oxygenate-free component to lower the ethanol content
to a value below 20 % (V/V) before the analysis by GC. If the ethanol content is unknown, it is advisable
to use a dilution of 4:1 when analysing the sample.
The sample can be fully analysed including hydrocarbons. Precision data for the diluted sample are
only available for the oxygenated groups.
NOTE 3 For Procedure B, the precision can be used for an ethanol fraction from about 50 % (V/V) up to
85 % (V/V). For the ether fraction, the precision as specified in Table 6 can be used for samples containing at
least 11 % (V/V) of ethers. For the higher alcohol fraction, too few data were obtained to derive a full precision
statement and the data presented in Table 6 are therefore only indicative.
NOTE 4 While developing this test method, the final boiling point was limited to 215 °C.
NOTE 5 An overlap between C9 and C10 aromatics can occur. However, the total is accurate. Isopropyl benzene
is resolved from the C8 aromatics and is included with the other C9 aromatics.

ISO 22854:2016 specifies the gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons in automotive motor gasoline and ethanol (E85) automotive fuel. Additionally, the benzene content, oxygenate compounds and the total oxygen content can be determined.
NOTE 1 For the purposes of this document, the terms % (m/m) and % (V/V) are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ.
ISO 22854:2016 defines two procedures, A and B.
Procedure A is applicable to automotive motor gasoline with total aromatics of up to 50 % (V/V); total olefins from about 1,5 % (V/V) up to 30 % (V/V); oxygenates from 0,8 % (V/V) up to 15 % (V/V); total oxygen from about 1,5 % (m/m) to about 3,7 % (m/m); and benzene of up to 2 % (V/V). The system can be used for ethers with 5 or more C atoms up to 22 % (V/V) but the precision has not been established up to this level.
Although this test method can be used to determine higher-olefin contents of up to 50 % (V/V), the precision for olefins was tested only in the range from about 1,5 % (V/V) to about 30 % (V/V).
Although specifically developed for the analysis of automotive motor gasoline that contains oxygenates, this test method can also be applied to other hydrocarbon streams having similar boiling ranges, such as naphthas and reformates.
NOTE 2 For Procedure A, precision data have been established for the oxygenate compounds in automotive motor gasoline samples containing ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-amyl-methyl ether (TAME), iso-propanol, iso-butanol, tert-butanol, methanol and ethanol. The derived precision data for methanol do not comply with the precision calculation as presented in this International Standard. Applicability of this International Standard has also been verified for the determination of n-propanol, acetone, and di-isopropyl ether (DIPE). However, no precision data have been determined for these compounds.
Procedure B describes the procedure for the analysis of oxygenated groups (ethanol, methanol, ethers, C3 ? C5 alcohols) in ethanol (E85) automotive fuel containing ethanol between 50 % (V/V) and 85 % (V/V). The gasoline is diluted with an oxygenate-free component to lower the ethanol content to a value below 20 % (V/V) before the analysis by GC. If the ethanol content is unknown, it is advisable to use a dilution of 4:1 when analysing the sample.
The sample can be fully analysed including hydrocarbons. Precision data for the diluted sample are only available for the oxygenated groups.
NOTE 3 For Procedure B, the precision can be used for an ethanol fraction from about 50 % (V/V) up to 85 % (V/V). For the ether fraction, the precision as specified in Table 6 can be used for samples containing at least 11 % (V/V) of ethers. For the higher alcohol fraction, too few data were obtained to derive a full precision statement and the data presented in Table 6 are therefore only indicative.
NOTE 4 While developing this test method, the final boiling point was limited to 215 °C.
NOTE 5 An overlap between C9 and C10 aromatics can occur. However, the total is accurate. Isopropyl benzene is resolved from the C8 aromatics and is included with the other C9 aromatics.

This European Standard specifies a method based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission
spectrometry (ICP OES) for the determination of manganese content from about 0,5 mg/l to about 7,5 mg/l
and of iron content from about 1,4 mg/l to about 6,0 mg/l in unleaded petrol containing up to 3,7 % (m/m)
oxygen.
WARNING — The use of this European Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1 Manganese as MMT and iron as ferrocene are added to petrol to increase anti-knock properties.
NOTE 2 Solutions of MMT in petrol are unstable when exposed to light. Low and erratic results are expected if petrol
samples are exposed to light prior the analysis.
Iron and manganese contents higher than 6,0 mg/l and 7,5 mg/l respectively may be measured after
preliminary dilution of the sample with a suitable solvent. However, the precision has not been established for
such a procedure. Further work regarding automotive ethanol (E85) fuel is on-going in CEN.
NOTE 3 For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the
mass fraction (μ) and the volume fraction (φ) of a material respectively.

This European Standard specifies a method based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) for the determination of manganese content from about 0,5 mg/l to about 7,5 mg/l and of iron content from about 1,4 mg/l to about 6,0 mg/l in unleaded petrol containing up to 3,7 % (m/m) oxygen.
WARNING - The use of this European Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1   Manganese as MMT and iron as ferrocene are added to petrol to increase anti-knock properties.
NOTE 2   Solutions of MMT in petrol are unstable when exposed to light. Low and erratic results are expected if petrol samples are exposed to light prior the analysis.
Iron and manganese contents higher than 6,0 mg/l and 7,5 mg/l respectively may be measured after preliminary dilution of the sample with a suitable solvent. However, the precision has not been established for such a procedure. Further work regarding automotive ethanol (E85) fuel is on-going in CEN.
NOTE 3   For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent the mass fraction (µ) and the volume fraction (φ) of a material respectively.

This European Standard specifies a method based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) for the determination of manganese content present as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) and iron content in distillate fuel from about 0,5 mg/l to about 8 mg/l. This test method is applicable to diesel fuel containing up to 30 % (V/V) of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)

This European Standard specifies a method based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) for the determination of manganese content and of iron content, each from about 0,5 mg/l to about 7,0 mg/l in diesels including those containing up to about 10 % (V/V) fatty acid methylester (FAME).
WARNING — The use of this European Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1   Manganese and iron contents higher than 7,0 mg/l can be measured after preliminary dilution of the sample with a suitable solvent. However, the precision has not been established for such a procedure.
NOTE 2   For the purposes of this European Standard, the term “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction (φ) of a material.

It specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered ethanol to be used as an extender for automotive fuel for petrol engine vehicles in accordance with the requirements of EN 228. It is applicable to ethanol used for blending at all levels up to and including 85 % (V/V).

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered ethanol to be used as an extender for automotive fuel for petrol engine vehicles in accordance with the requirements of EN 228 [5]. It is applicable to ethanol used for blending at all levels up to and including 85 % (V/V).
NOTE   For the purposes of this document, the term “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ, respectively.

EN 14078 specifies a test method for the determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) content in diesel fuel or domestic heating fuel by mid infrared spectrometry, which applies to FAME contents of the two measurement ranges as follows: - range A: for FAME contents ranging from approx. 0,05 % (V/V) to approx. 3 % (V/V); - range B: for FAME contents ranging from approx. 3 % (V/V) to approx. 20 % (V/V); - range C: for FAME contents ranging from approx. 20 % (V/V) to approx. 50 % (V/V). Principally, higher FAME contents can also be analyzed if diluted; however, no precision data for results outside the specified range is available at present. This test method was verified to be applicable to samples which contain FAME conforming to EN 14214 or EN 14213. Reliable quantitative results are obtained only if the samples do not contain any significant amounts of other interfering components, especially esters and other carbonyl compounds which possess absorption bands in the spectral region used for quantification of FAME. If such interfering components are present, this test method is expected to produce higher values.

This European Standard specifies a test method for the determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) content in diesel fuel or domestic heating fuel by mid infrared spectrometry, which applies to FAME contents of the two measurement ranges as follows:
-  range A: for FAME contents ranging from approx. 0,05 % (V/V) to approx. 3 % (V/V);
-  range B: for FAME contents ranging from approx. 3 % (V/V) to approx. 20 % (V/V);
-  range C: for FAME contents ranging from approx. 20 % (V/V) to approx. 50 % (V/V).
Principally, higher FAME contents can also be analyzed if diluted; however, no precision data for results outside the specified range is available at present.
This test method was verified to be applicable to samples which contain FAME conforming to EN 14214 or EN 14213. Reliable quantitative results are obtained only if the samples do not contain any significant amounts of other interfering components, especially esters and other carbonyl compounds which possess absorption bands in the spectral region used for quantification of FAME. If such interfering components are present, this test method is expected to produce higher values.
NOTE 1   For the purposes of this European Standard, the term "% (V/V)" is used to represent the volume fraction () of a material.
NOTE 2   For conversion of grams FAME per litre (g FAME/l) to volume fraction, a fixed density for FAME of 883,0 kg/m³ is adopted.
WARNING - The use of this European Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document specifies a system for fuel quality monitoring of petrol and diesel (FQMS).

TC 19 origin. Reason for corrigendum: replacement of Figure E.1 with correct figure.

This document specifies a system for fuel quality monitoring of petrol and diesel (FQMS).

This method specifies the sampling method from service station pumps for petrol and diesel.

This European Standard describes a fuel quality monitoring system (FQMS) for assessing the quality of petrol and automotive diesel fuel placed on the market in any of the Member States within the European Community.
European Directive 98/70/EC [1] requires that every separate nationally defined fuel grade should comply with one specification as defined in the Directive. Therefore, for each nationally defined fuel grade, there will be a corresponding European parent fuel grade. For instance, unleaded petrol grades placed on the market in Europe can be 91, 95, 98 RON petrol. See also the example discussed in 5.4.2.
Some basic background ideas behind the FQMS are given in Annex A.
Since the specifications for automotive fuels contain climatic related requirements, the FQMS is run twice a year, once during the winter period and once during the summer period. Information about the dates for the summer and winter periods in a specific country are defined in the country's national annex to EN 228 and EN 590. Fuel samples taken during transition periods shall not be included in the FQMS.
For the purposes of this FQMS, grades of petrol that constitute less than 10% of the total amount of petrol placed on the market in any one country, and grades of automotive diesel fuels that constitute less than 10% of the total amount of automotive diesel fuel dispensed in any country may require separate handling as described in Clause 5 of this European Standard.

This European Standard specifies a procedure for drawing, from fuel dispensers, samples of unleaded petrol and diesel fuel to be used for the assessment of automotive fuel quality in accordance with EN 14274. This European Standard does not cover the sampling of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).
WARNING: The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This Technical Report provides information to the blender on all the effects when blending oxygenates and alcohols in order to fulfil legal limitations put in place through the revised Fuels Quality Directive and in order to remain in line with EN 228 unleaded petrol requirements. This Technical Report is published as background information.

This Technical Report provides information to the blender on all the effects when blending oxygenates and alcohols in order to fulfil legal limitations put in place through the revised Fuels Quality Directive and in order to remain in spec for EN 228 unleaded petrol requirements.
This Technical Report is published as background information.
NOTE   For the purposes of this Technical Report, the terms % (m/m) and % (V/V) are used to represent respectively the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction.

This European Standard specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) method for the direct determination of elements content in ethanol, namely phosphorus in the range (0,13 to 1,90) mg/kg, copper in the range (0,050 to 0,300) mg/kg, and sulfur in the range (2,0 to 15,0) mg/kg.

This European Standard specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method for the direct determination of elements content in ethanol, namely phosphorus in the range (0,13 to 1,90) mg/kg, copper in the range (0,050 to 0,300) mg/kg, and sulfur in the range (2,0 to 15,0) mg/kg.
WARNING - The use of this method may involve hazardous equipment, materials and operations. This method does not purport to address to all of the safety problems associated with its use, but it is the responsibility of the user to search and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE   For the purposes of this document, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction (w) and volume fraction (greek symbol phi).

This European Standard specifies a method for the direct determination of water in ethanol to be used in gasoline blends. It is applicable to ethanol having water contents in the range 0,039 % (m/m) to 0,5 % (m/m).
NOTE   For the purposes of this document, the term “% (m/m)” is used to represent the mass fraction.
WARNING — Use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This standard specifies a procedure for the determination of copper content in ethanol from 0,07 mg/kg to 0,20 mg/kg using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
NOTE   For the purpose of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and "% (V/V)" are used to represent the mass fraction, respectively the volume fraction of a material.
WARNING - Use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This standard specifies a potentiometric method for the determination of inorganic chloride content in ethanol from 4 mg/l to 30 mg/l. The chloride content is determined in aqueous solution after dissolution of the evaporation residue of the ethanol sample.
WARNING — Use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE   For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction.

This European Standard describes a procedure for the determination of acid strength, as a pHe value, of ethanol to be used as a blend component for gasoline.
NOTE   For the purposes of this European Standard, the term “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction.

This European Standard specifies a method for determining the total acidity, calculated as acetic acid, of ethanol to be used in petrol blends. It is applicable to ethanol having total acid contents of between 0,003 % (m/m) to 0,015 % (m/m).
NOTE   For the purposes of this European Standard, the term “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the mass fraction and the volume fraction respectively.
WARNING — Use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document specifies a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) test method for the determination of the sulfur content of ethanol from 7 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg.
NOTE   For the purposes of this European Standard, the term "% (m/m)" is used to represent the mass fraction of a material.

This document specifies an ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence test method for the determination of the sulfur content of ethanol from 5 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg. Other products may be analysed and higher sulfur contents may be determined according to this test method, however, no precision data for products other than ethanol and for results outside the specified range have been established for this document. Halogens interfere with this detection technique at concentrations above approximately 3 500 mg/kg.
NOTE   For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the mass fraction and the volume fraction of a material respectively.
WARNING — The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This standard specifies a procedure for the determination of phosphorus content measured as orthophosphate, in ethanol from 0,15 mg/l to 1,50 mg/l by ammonium molybdate spectrometric method. The phosphorus content is determined in aqueous solution after dissolution of the evaporation residue of the ethanol sample.
WARNING - Use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This standard specifies a procedure for the determination of copper content in ethanol from 0,07 mg/kg to 0,20 mg/kg using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
NOTE   For the purpose of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and "% (V/V)" are used to represent the mass fraction, respectively the volume fraction of a material.
WARNING — Use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This European Standard describes a procedure for the determination of acid strength, as a pHe value, of ethanol to be used as a blend component for gasoline.
NOTE   For the purposes of this European Standard, the term “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction.