EN 1992-1-1:2023

Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures

1.1    Scope of FprEN 1992-1-1
(1)   This document gives the general basis for the design of structures in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal weight, lightweight and heavyweight aggregates. It gives specific rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, including temporary structures; additional requirements specific to bridges are given in Annex K. The rules are valid under temperature conditions between −40 °C and +100 °C generally. This document complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, durability and robustness of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.
(2)   This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability, robustness and fire resistance of concrete structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
(3)    This document does not cover:
-   resistance to fire (see EN 1992 1 2);
-   fastenings in concrete (see EN 1992 4);
-   seismic design (see EN 1998 (all parts));
-   particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as dams, pressure vessels);
-   structures made with no-fines concrete, aerated or cellular concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete with open structure components;
-   structures containing steel sections considered in design (see EN 1994 (all parts)) for composite steel and concrete structures;
-   structural parts made of concrete with a smallest value of the upper sieve aggregate size Dlower < 8 mm (or if known Dmax < 8 mm) unless otherwise stated in this Eurocode.
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprEN 1992-1-1.
(2)   It is assumed that the requirements for execution and workmanship given in EN 13670 are complied with.

Eurocode 2: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbeton- und Spannbetontragwerken - Teil 1 1: Allgemeine Regeln und Regeln für Hochbauten, Brücken und Ingenieurbauwerke

(1) Dieses Dokument bildet die allgemeine Grundlage für die Bemessung und Konstruktion von Tragwerken aus unbewehrtem Beton, Stahlbeton und Spannbeton mit normalen, leichten und schweren Gesteinskörnungen. Es enthält spezifische Regeln für Hochbauten, Brücken und Ingenieurbauwerke, einschließlich temporären Tragwerken. Zusätzliche Anforderungen speziell für Brücken sind in Anhang K angegeben. Die Regeln gelten im Allgemeinen unter Temperaturbedingungen zwischen −40 °C und +100 °C. Dieses Dokument entspricht den Grundsätzen und Anforderungen an die Tragfähigkeit, Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Dauerhaftigkeit und Robustheit von Tragwerken sowie den Grundlagen für ihre Bemessung und den Nachweisen, die in EN 1990 enthalten sind.
(2) Dieses Dokument behandelt ausschließlich die Anforderungen an die Tragfähigkeit, die Gebrauchstauglichkeit, die Dauerhaftigkeit und die Robustheit von Tragwerken aus Beton. Andere Anforderungen, wie z. B. Wärmeschutz oder Schallschutz, werden nicht berücksichtigt.
(3) Dieses Dokument behandelt folgende Themen nicht:
—   Tragfähigkeit im Brandfall (siehe EN 1992 1 2);
—   Befestigungen in Beton (siehe EN 1992 4);
—   Auslegung von Bauwerken gegen Erdbeben [siehe EN 1998 (alle Teile)];
—   besondere Gesichtspunkte bei speziellen Ingenieurbauwerken (z. B. Talsperren, Druckbehälter);
—   Tragwerke hergestellt mit Ein-Korn-Beton, Gasbeton, Porenbeton oder haufwerksporigem Leichtbeton;
—   Tragwerke mit bei der Bemessung berücksichtigten Stahl-Querschnitten für Verbundtragwerke aus Stahl und Beton [siehe EN 1994 (alle Teile)];
—   tragende Bauteile aus Beton mit einem kleinsten Wert des Größtkorns der Gesteinskörnung Dlower < 8 mm (oder, falls bekannt Dmax < 8 mm), sofern nicht anders in diesem Dokument angegeben.
1.2   Voraussetzungen
(1) Die Annahmen von EN 1990 gelten für EN 1992 1 1.
(2) Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Anforderungen an die Bauausführung und Verarbeitung nach EN 13670 erfüllt werden.

Eurocode 2 : Calcul des structures en béton - Partie 1-1 : Règles générales et règles pour les bâtiments, les ponts et les ouvrages de génie civil

1.1   Domaine d'application de l'EN 1992-1-1
(1)   Le présent document donne la base générale pour le calcul des structures en béton non armé, armé et précontraint réalisé à partir de granulats de poids normal, légers et lourds. Il donne des règles spécifiques pour les bâtiments, les ponts et les structures de génie civil, y compris les structures provisoires ; des exigences spécifiques additionnelles sont données dans l’Annexe K. Les règles sont valides pour des températures comprises entre −40 °C et +100 °C. Le présent document est conforme aux principes et exigences de sécurité, d’aptitude au service et de robustesse des structures et aux bases de calcul et de vérification données dans l'EN 1990.
(2)   Le présent document ne traite que ce qui concerne les exigences de résistance mécanique, d'aptitude au service, de durabilité, de robustesse et de résistance au feu des structures en béton. Les autres exigences, telles que celles relatives à l’isolation thermique ou sonore, ne sont pas traitées.
(3)   Le présent document ne couvre pas :
—   la résistance au feu (voir l’EN 1992-1-2) ;
—   les dispositifs de fixation dans le béton (voir l’EN 1992-4) ;
—   le calcul sismique (voir l’EN 1998 (toutes les parties)) ;
—   les aspects particuliers des ouvrages spéciaux de génie civil (tels que les barrages, les enceintes sous pression) ;
—   les structures fabriquées à partir de béton caverneux, aéré ou cellulaire, ou à partir de béton à base de granulats légers présentant des composants à structure ouverte ;
—   les structures contenant des sections d’acier de structure pris en compte dans le calcul (voir l’EN 1994 (toutes les parties)) pour les structures mixtes en acier-béton ;
—   les parties structurales fabriquées avec un béton dont la plus petite valeur du plus gros granulat est Dlower < 8 mm (ou si connu, Dmax < 8 mm), sauf indication contraire du présent Eurocode.
1.2   Hypothèses
(1)   Les hypothèses de l’EN 1990 s’appliquent à l’EN 1992-1-1.
(2)   Il est supposé que les exigences d'exécution et de mise en œuvre données dans l’EN 13670 sont respectées.

Evrokod 2 - Projektiranje betonskih konstrukcij - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za stavbe, mostove in gradbene konstrukcije

Ta standard podaja splošno osnovo za projektiranje konstrukcij v navaden, armiran in prednapet beton, izdelan iz agregatov z običajno težo, lahkih in težkih agregatov skupaj s posebnimi pravili za projektiranje stavb, mostov in gradbenih struktur, vključno z začasnimi konstrukcijami, pri temperaturi med –40 °C in +100 °C. Upošteva načela in zahteve glede varnosti, uporabnosti, vzdržljivosti in zanesljivosti konstrukcij ter podlago za njihovo projektiranje in preverjanje, ki so podane v standardu EN 1990 – Osnove projektiranja konstrukcij in geotehničnega projektiranja.
Standard EN 1992 se nanaša le na posebne zahteve za odpornost, uporabnost, vzdržljivost, zanesljivost in požarno odpornost betonskih konstrukcij. Ostale zahteve, na primer glede toplotne in zvočne izolativnosti, niso obravnavane.
Ta Del 1-1 ne zajema:
– odpornosti proti požaru (glej standard EN 1992-1-2),
– sidranja v beton (glej standard EN 1992-4),
– protipotresnega projektiranja (glej standard EN 1998),
– posebnih vidikov posebnih tipov gradbenih struktur (kot so jezovi, tlačne
posode),
– projektiranja s pocinkanim jeklom za armiranje,
– konstrukcij iz betona brez finih delcev, celičnega betona, lahkega betona za agregate s komponentami odprte konstrukcije,
– konstrukcij s sklopi konstrukcijskega jekla (glej standard EN 1994 za sovprežne konstrukcije iz jekla in betona),
– delov konstrukcij iz betona z D_lower < 8 mm, razen če ni drugače navedeno v pravilniku.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 21-Nov-2023
• ICS: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects
• ICS: 91.080.40 - Concrete structures
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 250 - Structural Eurocodes
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 250/SC 2 - Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 22-Nov-2023
• Due Date: 03-Feb-2023
• Completion Date: 22-Nov-2023
• Mandate: M/515 - Mandate for amending existing Eurocodes and extending the scope of structural Eurocodes
• Ref Project: kSIST FprEN 1992-1-1:2023 - Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures

Relations

• Replaces: EN 1992-1-1:2004/A1:2014 - Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 29-Nov-2023
• Replaces: EN 1992-2:2005/AC:2008 - Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Concrete bridges - Design and detailing rules
• Effective Date: 29-Nov-2023
• Replaces: EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC:2010 - Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 29-Nov-2023
• Replaces: EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC:2008 - Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 29-Nov-2023
• Replaces: EN 1992-2:2005 - Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Concrete bridges - Design and detailing rules
• Effective Date: 25-Oct-2023
• Replaces: EN 1992-3:2006 - Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structures
• Effective Date: 25-Oct-2023
• Replaces: EN 1992-1-1:2004 - Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 19-Jan-2023

Overview - EN 1992-1-1:2023 (Eurocode 2)

EN 1992-1-1:2023, part of Eurocode 2, sets the general basis and rules for the design of concrete structures in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete. Published by CEN (approved 23 July 2023), the standard addresses buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures (including temporary works) made with normal-weight, lightweight and heavyweight aggregates and applies for ambient temperatures generally between −40 °C and +100 °C. It implements the safety, serviceability, durability and robustness principles established in EN 1990.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope and assumptions
  • General design basis for plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete.
  • Complies with EN 1990 assumptions; execution and workmanship are assumed to follow EN 13670.
• Materials
  • Guidance on concrete, reinforcing and prestressing steels, material properties, creep, shrinkage and related design assumptions.
• Durability and concrete cover
  • Environmental exposure classes, requirements for durability and rules for nominal/minimum concrete cover.
• Basis of design
  • Structural reliability, design service life, partial factor methodology and verification principles.
• Structural analysis
  • Modelling rules, linear/non-linear analysis, second‑order effects, lateral instability and prestressed member behavior.
• Limit states
  • Requirements for Ultimate Limit States (ULS) and Serviceability Limit States (SLS) including bending, shear and robustness checks.
• Special provisions
  • Rules for bridges included; additional bridge requirements are given in Annex K.
• Exclusions
  • Does NOT cover resistance to fire (see EN 1992-1-2), seismic design (see EN 1998), fastenings in concrete (EN 1992-4), composite concrete/steel (see EN 1994) or certain special concretes and civil works (e.g., dams, pressure vessels, cellular or no‑fines concrete).

Practical applications and users

Who uses EN 1992-1-1:

• Structural and bridge engineers for design checks and specification of concrete element geometry, reinforcement and prestress.
• Designers preparing calculations for ULS/SLS, durability and service life estimation.
• Contractors, detailers and quality controllers to ensure compliance with material and workmanship assumptions.
• Regulators, approval bodies and inspectors verifying conformity to European design practice.

Typical uses:

• Building and bridge design (new and temporary structures)
• Selection of concrete cover and exposure class for durability
• Defining assumptions for creep, shrinkage and time-dependent effects
• Structural modelling and limit state verification

Related standards

• EN 1990 - Basis of structural design
• EN 1992-1-2 - Fire design of concrete structures
• EN 1992-4 - Fastenings in concrete
• EN 1994 - Composite steel and concrete structures
• EN 1998 - Seismic design
• EN 13670 - Execution of concrete structures

Keywords: EN 1992-1-1:2023, Eurocode 2, design of concrete structures, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, concrete durability, concrete cover, bridge design, structural analysis, CEN.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2024
01-marec-2024
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2005
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2005/A1:2015
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2005/AC:2008
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2005/AC:2011
SIST EN 1992-2:2005
SIST EN 1992-2:2005/AC:2008
SIST EN 1992-3:2006
Evrokod 2 - Projektiranje betonskih konstrukcij - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila in
pravila za stavbe, mostove in gradbene konstrukcije
Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures
Eurocode 2 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbeton- und Spannbetontragwerken
- Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Regeln und Regeln für Hochbauten, Brücken und
Ingenieurbauwerke
Eurocode 2 : Calcul des structures en béton - Partie 1-1 : Règles générales - Règles
pour les bâtiments, les ponts et les ouvrages de génie civil
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1992-1-1:2023
ICS:
91.010.30 Tehnični vidiki Technical aspects
91.080.40 Betonske konstrukcije Concrete structures
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2024 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

SIST EN 1992-1-1:2024
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2024
EN 1992-1-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.40 Supersedes EN 1992-1-1:2004, EN 1992-2:2005, EN
1992-3:2006
English Version
Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1:
General rules and rules for buildings, bridges and civil
engineering structures
Eurocode 2 : Calcul des structures en béton - Partie 1-1 Eurocode 2 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von
: Règles générales - Règles pour les bâtiments, les ponts Stahlbeton- und Spannbetontragwerken - Teil 1-1:
et les ouvrages de génie civil Allgemeine Regeln und Regeln für Hochbauten,
Brücken und Ingenieurbauwerke
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 July 2023.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1992-1-1:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

SIST EN 1992-1-1:2024
Contents Page
European foreword . 12
0 Introduction . 14
1 Scope . 17
1.1 Scope of EN 1992-1-1 . 17
1.2 Assumptions . 17
2 Normative references . 17
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 19
3.1 Terms and definitions. 19
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations. 31
3.2.1 Latin upper case letters . 31
3.2.2 Latin lower case letters . 36
3.2.3 Greek letters . 45
3.3 Symbols in Annex A. 53
3.3.1 Latin upper case letters . 53
3.3.2 Latin lower case letters . 54
3.3.3 Greek lower case letters . 54
3.4 Symbols in Annex I . 54
3.4.1 Latin upper case letters . 54
3.4.2 Latin lower case letters . 54
3.4.3 Greek lower case letters . 55
3.5 Symbols in Annex J . 55
3.5.1 Latin upper case letters . 55
3.5.2 Latin lower-case letters . 56
3.5.3 Greek lower-case letters . 57
3.6 Symbols in Annex L . 58
3.6.1 Latin upper case letters . 58
3.6.2 Latin lower case letters . 58
3.6.3 Greek letters . 59
3.7 Symbols in Annex R . 59
3.7.1 Latin upper case letters . 59
3.7.2 Latin lower case letters . 60
3.7.3 Greek letters . 60
3.8 Abbreviations . 60
3.9 Units . 61
3.10 Sign conventions . 61
4 Basis of design . 61
4.1 General rules . 61
4.1.1 Basic requirements . 61
4.1.2 Structural reliability and quality management . 62
4.1.3 Design service life . 62
4.2 Basic variables . 62
4.2.1 Actions and time-dependent effects . 62
4.2.2 Geometric data . 64
4.3 Verification by the partial factor method . 64
4.3.1 Partial factor for shrinkage action . 64
4.3.2 Partial factors for prestress action . 64
4.3.3 Partial factors for materials . 65
4.4 Requirements for connection of elements to concrete members . 65
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5 Materials . 66
5.1 Concrete . 66
5.1.1 General . 66
5.1.2 Properties and related conditions . 66
5.1.3 Strength . 67
5.1.4 Elastic deformation . 68
5.1.5 Creep and shrinkage . 68
5.1.6 Design assumptions . 70
5.2 Reinforcing steel . 72
5.2.1 General . 72
5.2.2 Properties . 72
5.2.3 Welding of reinforcing bars . 73
5.2.4 Design assumptions . 73
5.2.5 Reinforcement bar couplers . 74
5.2.6 Headed bars for reinforcement . 74
5.3 Prestressing steel . 74
5.3.1 General . 74
5.3.2 Properties . 75
5.3.3 Design assumptions . 76
5.4 Prestressing systems . 77
5.4.1 General . 77
5.4.2 Anchorage zones . 78
6 Durability and concrete cover . 78
6.1 General . 78
6.2 Requirements for durability . 78
6.3 Environmental exposure conditions . 79
6.4 Exposure resistance classes . 83
6.5 Concrete cover . 84
6.5.1 Nominal cover . 84
6.5.2 Minimum cover . 84
6.5.3 Allowance in design for deviation in cover . 88
7 Structural analysis . 89
7.1 General . 89
7.2 Structural modelling for analysis . 89
7.2.1 Geometric imperfections . 89
7.2.2 Idealisation of the structure . 93
7.2.3 Geometric data . 93
7.3 Methods of analysis . 95
7.3.1 Linear elastic analysis . 95
7.3.2 Linear elastic analysis with redistribution . 96
7.3.3 Plastic analysis . 98
7.3.4 Non-linear analysis . 98
7.4 Second order structural analysis of members and systems with axial force . 99
7.4.1 General . 99
7.4.2 Creep . 100
7.4.3 Methods of analysis . 100
7.4.4 Compression member with biaxial bending . 102
7.5 Lateral instability of slender beams . 103
7.6 Prestressed members and structures . 103
7.6.1 General . 103
7.6.2 Prestressing force . 104
7.6.3 Immediate losses of prestress . 104
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7.6.4 Time dependent losses of prestress . 106
7.6.5 Effects of prestressing at ultimate limit state . 107
8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS) . 108
8.1 Bending with or without axial force . 108
8.1.1 General . 108
8.1.2 Stress distribution in the compression zones . 110
8.1.3 Bending in slabs . 110
8.1.4 Confined concrete . 111
8.2 Shear . 113
8.2.1 General verification procedure . 113
8.2.2 Detailed verification for members without shear reinforcement . 117
8.2.3 Members with shear reinforcement . 121
8.2.4 In-plane shear and transverse bending . 126
8.2.5 Shear between web and flanges . 127
8.2.6 Shear at interfaces . 129
8.3 Torsion and combined actions . 134
8.3.1 General considerations for torsion . 134
8.3.2 Internal forces due to torsion in compact or closed sections. 134
8.3.3 Internal forces due to torsion in open sections . 135
8.3.4 Torsional resistance of compact or closed sections . 135
8.3.5 Design procedure for combination of actions . 136
8.3.6 Interaction formula . 137
8.4 Punching . 137
8.4.1 General . 137
8.4.2 Shear-resisting effective depth, control perimeter and shear stress . 138
8.4.3 Punching shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement . 142
8.4.4 Punching shear resistance of slabs with shear reinforcement . 145
8.5 Design with strut-and-tie models and stress fields. 148
8.5.1 General . 148
8.5.2 Struts and compression fields . 150
8.5.3 Ties . 152
8.5.4 Nodes . 152
8.5.5 Transfer of concentrated forces into a member . 155
8.6 Partially loaded areas . 157
9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS) . 160
9.1 General . 160
9.2 Stress limitations and crack control . 161
9.2.1 General considerations . 161
9.2.2 Minimum reinforcement areas to avoid yielding . 163
9.2.3 Refined control of cracking . 165
9.3 Deflection control . 171
9.3.1 General consideration . 171
9.3.2 Simplified deflection control by span/depth-ratio for buildings . 171
9.3.3 Simplified calculation of deflections for reinforced concrete building structures 173
9.3.4 General method for deflection calculations. 174
9.4 Vibrations . 175
10 Fatigue . 176
10.1 General . 176
10.2 Combination of actions . 176
10.3 Internal forces and stresses for fatigue verification . 176
10.4 Simplified verification of reinforcing or prestressing steel. 178
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2024
10.5 Simplified verification of concrete under compression . 178
10.6 Simplified verification of concrete under shear . 179
10.7 Simplified verification of shear at interfaces . 179
11 Detailing of reinforcement and post-tensioning tendons . 180
11.1 General . 180
11.2 Spacing of bars . 180
11.3 Permissible mandrel diameters for bent bars . 181
11.4 Anchorage of reinforcing steel in tension and compression . 182
11.4.1 General . 182
11.4.2 Anchorage of straight bars . 183
11.4.3 Anchorage of bundles . 186
11.4.4 Anchorage of bars with bends and hooks. 187
11.4.5 Anchorage of bars with welded transverse reinforcement . 187
11.4.6 Anchorage of U-bar loops . 188
11.4.7 Anchorage of headed bars in tension . 188
11.4.8 Anchorage of bonded post-installed reinforcing steel . 190
11.5 Laps of reinforcing steel in tension and compression and mechanical couplers . 191
11.5.1 General . 191
11.5.2 All types of laps . 191
11.5.3 Laps of bundles . 195
11.5.4 Laps using U-bar loops . 196
11.5.5 Laps using headed bars . 198
11.5.6 Mechanical couplers . 200
11.5.7 Full penetration butt weld and fillet weld splices . 200
11.6 Post-tensioning tendons . 201
11.6.1 General . 201
11.6.2 Minimum spacing of ducts . 201
11.6.3 Minimum radius of curvature and straight length of tendons adjacent to anchorages
............................................................................................................................................................... 202
11.6.4 Anchorages, couplers and deviators of post-tensioning tendons . 203
11.7 Deviation forces due to curved tensile and compressive chords . 203
12 Detailing of members and particular rules . 204
12.1 General . 204
12.2 Minimum reinforcement rules . 204
12.3 Beams . 206
12.3.1 General . 206
12.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement . 208
12.3.3 Shear and torsion reinforcement . 209
12.3.4 Suspension reinforcement for indirect support . 211
12.4 Slabs . 211
12.4.1 General . 211
12.4.2 Shear reinforcement . 213
12.5 Slab-column connections and column bases . 213
12.5.1 Punching shear reinforcement. 213
12.5.2 Integrity reinforcement against progressive collapse of flat slabs. 216
12.6 Columns . 217
12.7 Walls and deep beams . 218
12.8 Foundations . 219
12.9 Tying systems for robustness of buildings . 221
12.9.1 General . 221
12.9.2 Dimensioning of ties . 222
12.9.3 Required resistances for ties . 222
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2024
12.10 Supports, bearings and expansion joints . 223
13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures . 226
13.1 General . 226
13.2 Specific requirements . 226
13.3 Concrete . 226
13.3.1 Strength for heat curing . 226
13.3.2 Creep and shrinkage . 226
13.4 Structural analysis . 227
13.4.1 General . 227
13.4.2 Losses of prestress during heat curing . 227
13.5 Design and detailing of pre-tensioning tendons . 228
13.5.1 Arrangement of tendons . 228
13.5.2 Anchorage zones . 229
13.5.3 Transfer of prestress . 229
13.5.4 Anchorage of tensile force at ULS . 230
13.5.5 Shear resistance of precast members without shear reinforcement . 231
13.6 Floor systems for buildings . 232
13.6.1 Distribution of loads. 232
13.6.2 Diaphragm action . 233
13.6.3 Tying systems for buildings . 233
13.7 Connections and supports . 234
13.7.1 Connections . 234
13.7.2 Supports . 236
13.8 Pocket foundations for buildings . 236
13.8.1 General . 236
13.8.2 Pocket foundations with keyed surface . 236
13.8.3 Pocket foundations with smooth or rough surfaces . 237
14 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures . 238
14.1 General . 238
14.2 Concrete . 238
14.3 Structural analysis . 238
14.4 Ultimate limit states . 239
14.4.1 General . 239
14.4.2 Design resistance to bending with axial force . 239
14.4.3 Shear . 239
14.4.4 Torsion . 240
14.4.5 Ultimate limit states induced by structural deformation (buckling) . 240
14.5 Serviceability limit states . 242
14.6 Detailing of members and particular rules . 243
14.6.1 Structural members . 243
14.6.2 Construction joints. 243
14.6.3 Strip and pad footings . 243
Annex A (informative) Adjustment of partial factors for materials . 244
A.1 Use of this annex . 244
A.2 Scope and fields of application . 244
A.3 General . 244
Annex B (normative) Time dependent behaviour of materials: strength, creep, shrinkage
and elastic strain of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel . 251
B.1 Use of this annex . 251
SIST EN 1992-1-1:2024
B.2 Scope and field of application . 251
B.3 General . 251
B.4 Development of concrete strength and stiffness with time . 252
B.5 Basic formulae for determining the creep coefficient . 253
B.6 Basic formulae for determining the shrinkage strain . 256
B.7 Tests on elastic deformations, creep and shrinkage . 258
B.8 Detailed analysis for creep at variable loading . 259
B.9 Relaxation of prestressing steel. 260
Annex C (normative) Requirements for materials . 262
C.1 Use of this annex . 262
C.2 Scope and field of application . 262
C.3 Concrete . 262
C.4 Reinforcing steel . 262
C.5 Prestressing steel . 265
C.6 Couplers . 268
C.7 Headed bars . 269
C.8 Post-installed reinforcing steel systems . 269
Annex D (informative) Evaluation of early-age and long-term cracking due to restraint . 271
D.1 Use of this annex . 271
D.2 Scope and field of application . 271
D.3 General . 271
D.4 Assessment of temperature history . 272
D.5 Stress calculations . 274
D.6 Crack width calculations . 275
Annex E (normative) Additional rules for fatigue verification . 276
E.1 Use of this annex . 276
E.2 Scope and field of application . 276
E.3 General . 276
E.4 Verification using damage equivalent stress range. 276
E.5 Explicit verifications using Palmgren-Miner Rule . 278
Annex F (informative) Safety formats for non-linear analysis . 281
F.1 Use of this annex . 281
F.2 Scope and field of application . 281
F.3 General .
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