CEN/TR 16443:2013
(Main)Backgrounds to the revision of EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Fly ash for concrete
Backgrounds to the revision of EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Fly ash for concrete
This Technical Report describes the backgrounds to the revision on EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007, Fly ash for concrete - Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria.
Hintergründe zur Überarbeitung der EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Flugasche für Beton
Contexte de la révision de l'EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Cendres volantes pour béton
Podlaga za revizijo EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Elektrofiltrski pepel
To tehnično poročilo opisuje ozadje revizije standarda EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007, Elektrofiltrski pepel za beton – 1. del: Opredelitev, specifikacije in merila skladnosti.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2013
Podlaga za revizijo EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Elektrofiltrski pepel
Backgrounds to the revision of EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Fly ash for concrete
Hintergründe zur Überarbeitung der EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Flugasche für Beton
Contexte de la révision de l'EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Cendres volantes pour béton
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16443:2013
ICS:
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 16443
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
March 2013
ICS 91.100.30
English Version
Backgrounds to the revision of EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Fly
ash for concrete
Contexte de la révision de l'EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Hintergründe zur Überarbeitung der EN 450-
Cendres volantes pour béton 1:2005+A1:2007 - Flugasche für Beton
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 29 October 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 104.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16443:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 List of relevant references .5
3 General .5
3.1 General and objective .5
3.2 Structure of the report .6
4 Overview of requirements in EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 and EN 450-1:2012 .6
5 Background for modification of the requirements in EN 450-1 .7
5.1 Definition of fly ash.7
5.2 Co-combustion materials .8
5.3 Loss on ignition . 11
5.4 Free calcium oxide. 13
5.5 Reactive silicon dioxide . 14
5.6 Phosphate . 15
6 Background for the statistical evaluation for assessment procedure by variables . 16
7 Background for modification of test methods in EN 450-1 . 18
7.1 Chemical composition . 18
7.2 Fineness wet/dry . 18
8 Measures within EN 450-1 to assure fly ash quality . 20
8.1 Production process . 20
8.2 Quality control and conformity evaluation technical properties . 21
8.3 Conformity evaluation toxicological and environmental aspects . 21
9 Impact of co-combustion on the release of regulated dangerous substances . 22
9.1 General . 22
9.2 Overruling regulation regarding toxicological and environmental aspects . 22
9.3 Environmental regulations (Leaching) . 23
Annex A (informative) List of abbreviations . 25
Annex B (informative) Generation of fly ash . 26
B.1 The chain from fuel to fly ash, ready for use in concrete . 26
B.2 Ash formation during combustion . 27
Annex C (informative) Overview of tested fly ashes obtained from co-combustion . 31
Annex D (informative) Calculated maximum co-combustion amounts . 33
D.1 Objective . 33
D.2 Method . 33
D.3 Data . 33
D.4 Results . 33
Bibliography . 36
Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 16443:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete
and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Introduction
Following five years of experience using EN 450-1, it was clear that some clauses need improvement within
the standards. In the existing standards the maximum amount of fly ash from co-combustion was limited to
certain proportions. Experience gained with fly ashes conforming to a European Technical Approval (ETA),
where higher co-combustion amounts were permitted, showed that the requirements in the corresponding
Common Understanding of Assessment Procedure (CUAP) were sufficient guarantee for fly ashes to produce
excellent performance in concretes, mortars, grouts and cements. As agreed in CEN/TC 104, the experience
gained with ETA fly ashes should be incorporated in the revision of EN 450-1.
In this background report it is proved that wider ranging limits and types of co-combustion materials can be
safely applied in the revised EN 450-1. It is also shown that in practice some requirements in EN 450-1 have
been proven to be unrealistic. Improvements have been proposed for the definition of fly ash, the loss on
ignition, free calcium oxide, reactive silicon dioxide and the limits for phosphate.
The conformity procedures have also been evaluated, especially the assessment procedure for inspection by
1)
variables. Based on this evaluation work, modifications are needed for the LOI classes B and C.
The revised version of the standard incorporates the European Technical Approvals (ETA) and EU members
experience gained with fly ash in concrete. The requirements of the revised standard will result in fly ashes
which will perform similarly to those conforming to EN 450-1:2005.
1) LOI – Loss on ignition.
1 Scope
This Technical Report describes the backgrounds to the revision on EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007, Fly ash for
concrete Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria.
2 List of relevant references
The following references are covered by the present document:
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007, Fly ash for concrete — Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria;
2)
), Fly ash for concrete — Part 1: Definition, specifications and
EN 450-1:2012 (revised EN 450-1
conformity criteria;
EN 450-2:2005, Fly ash for concrete — Part 2: Conformity evaluation;
EN 196-2, Methods of testing cement — Part 2: Chemical analysis of cement;
EN 197-1:2000, Cement — Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common
cements;
EN 14588:2010, Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions.
3 General
3.1 General and objective
Fly ash has been used for many decades in concrete as an addition for its positive influence on workability,
heat of hydration, strength development and durability. After the encouraging pilot projects some decades ago
with positive results, licenses for regular use and later on technical approvals were granted by the national
building authorities, certificates and standards. Today, regulations and standards exist for the use of fly ash in
mortar and concrete.
In 1995, the first EU standard was published, namely EN 450, Fly ash for concrete — Definitions,
requirements and quality control. This edition was followed up by a harmonised standard based on
Mandate M 128 in 2005 (EN 450-1:2005), together with a second standard (EN 450-2:2005), specific for
conformity evaluation.
The scope of EN 450-1:2005 states that fly ashes with percentages of co-combustion material higher than
those covered in EN 450-1:2005, Clause 4 or with other types of co-combustion material are outside the
scope of EN 450-1:2005.
In some countries, the use of fly ash with a higher percentage of co-combustion material was already common
practice and it was not accepted by these countries that these fly ashes, containing higher amounts of co-
combustion and other co-combustion materials, were excluded from CE marking.
It was agreed that European Technical Approvals (ETAs) could be granted for this product according to
Article 8.2 of the Construction Products Directive. The mandate M 128 was updated with the clarification that
fly ash produced with other types than those covered by EN 450-1 and fly ash produced with a percentage of
co-combustion material outside the limits defined in EN 450 (all parts), can be subject to ETAs, in order to
allow these products to be CE marked. The experience gained with the fly ashes conforming to these ETAs
has been used for the next revision of EN 450-1.
Due to the regular five-year revision, WG 4 of CEN TC 104 incorporated the knowledge gained with the fly
ashes conforming to these ETAs with EN 450-1. Other issues for the revision were identified as a lack of
clarity regarding the conformity evaluation and some of the other requirements.
2) In this present Technical Report a reference to the revised EN 450-1 always refers to EN 450-1:2012.
The objective of this report is to provide insight into the background to the modifications that have been taken
up in EN 450-1:2012 (revised EN 450-1) and of those requirements that have been deleted from
EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007
3.2 Structure of the report
Clause 4 provides an overview of the requirements of EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 and EN 450-1:2012. In Clause
5 the background for the modifications of the requirements within EN 450-1 is described. Clause 6 gives the
background for the statistical evaluation for assessment procedure by variables, Clause 7, the background for
the required test methods, regarding chemical composition and the determination of fineness. In Clause 8, an
overview how fly ash quality is assured within the production process itself, the quality control system and the
conformity evaluation of toxicological and environmental aspects is given. Clause 9 deals with the impact of
co-combustion on the release of regulated dangerous substances.
More background information about the generation of fly ash can be found in Annex B.
4 Overview of requirements in EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 and EN 450-1:2012
An overview of the requirements in the revised EN 450-1 is presented in Table 1. The requirements are
related to fresh and hardened concrete. The chemical requirements concern Loss On Ignition (LOI), chloride
(Cl), reactive and free Calcium Oxide or lime (CaO), reactive Silicon Dioxide (SiO ), the sum of SiO + Al O
2 2 2 3
+ Fe O , Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and soluble Phosphorus Pentoxide (P O ). The physical requirements
2 3 2 5
c
...
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