CEN/TR 16957:2016
(Main)Bio-based products - Guidelines for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for the End-of-life phase
Bio-based products - Guidelines for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for the End-of-life phase
This Technical Report provides guidance on how to compile an inventory for the end-of-life phase in LCA of bio-based products. All the end-of-life treatments here addressed are shown in Figure 1.
NOTE The order of the end-of-life options indicated in Figure 1 respect the Directive 2008/98/EC on waste. This list is not exhaustive, but illustrates the content of this Technical Report.
Biobasierte Produkte - Leitlinien für die Sachbilanzierung von Produkten in der Nachnutzungsphase
Produits biosourcés - Lignes directrices relatives à l'inventaire du cycle de vie (ICV) pour la phase de fin de vie
Bioizdelki - Smernice za popis življenjskega cikla (LCI) za fazo po izteku življenjske dobe
To tehnično poročilo podaja smernice o tem, kako izdelati popis za fazo po izteku življenjske dobe pri analizi življenjskega cikla (LCA) bioizdelkov. Vsi načini obdelave po izteku življenjske dobe, opisani v tem standardu, so prikazani na sliki 1.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2016
Bioizdelki - Smernice za popis življenjskega cikla (LCI) za fazo po izteku življenjske
dobe
Bio-based products - Guidelines for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for the End-of-life phase
Produits biosourcés - Lignes directrices relatives à l'inventaire du cycle de vie (ICV) pour
la phase de fin de vie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16957:2016
ICS:
13.020.55 Biološki izdelki Biobased products
13.020.60 Življenjski ciklusi izdelkov Product life-cycles
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEN/TR 16957
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
September 2016
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
ICS 13.020.60
English Version
Bio-based products - Guidelines for Life Cycle Inventory
(LCI) for the End-of-life phase
Produits biosourcés - Lignes directrices relatives à Biobasierte Produkte - Leitlinien für die
l'inventaire du cycle de vie (ICV) pour la phase de fin Sachbilanzierung von Produkten in der
de vie Nachnutzungsphase
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 22 May 2016. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 411.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16957:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Modelling end-of-life options for bio-based products . 6
4.1 General . 6
4.2 Documentation requirements . 8
4.3 Reuse and/or preparation for reuse . 8
4.4 Recycling . 9
4.4.1 Mechanical recycling . 9
4.4.2 Organic recycling . 10
4.5 Recovery . 13
4.5.1 Chemical recovery . 13
4.5.2 Energy recovery . 14
4.6 Incineration . 14
4.6.1 General . 14
4.6.2 Parameters specific for bio-based waste . 15
4.6.3 Parameters specific for incineration models . 15
4.6.4 Documentation requirements . 16
4.7 Landfill . 16
4.7.1 General . 16
4.7.2 Parameters specific for bio-based waste . 16
4.7.3 Parameters specific for landfill model . 16
4.7.4 Documentation requirements . 19
4.8 Wastewater treatment (WWT) . 19
4.8.1 Wastewater aerobic treatment . 19
4.8.2 Parameters specific for aerobic WWT models . 20
4.8.3 Product specific parameters . 20
4.8.4 Anaerobic primary sludge treatment . 20
4.9 Release of bio-based products in nature . 21
Annex A (informative) Examples of pathways . 22
Bibliography . 24
European foreword
This document (CEN/TR 16957:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 411 “Bio-
based products”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Introduction
Bio-based products from forestry and agriculture have a long history of application, such as paper,
board and various chemicals and materials. The last decades have seen the emergence of new bio-based
products in the market. Some of the reasons for the increased interest lie in the bio-based products’
benefits in relation to the depletion of fossil resources and climate change. Bio-based products may also
provide additional product functionalities. This has triggered a wave of innovation with the
development of knowledge and technologies allowing new transformation processes and product
development.
Acknowledging the need for common standards for bio-based products, the European Commission
issued mandate M/492, resulting in a series of standards developed by CEN/TC 411, with a focus on
bio-based products other than food, feed and biomass for energy applications.
The standards of CEN/TC 411 “Bio-based products” provide a common basis on the following aspects:
— Common terminology;
— Bio-based content determination;
— Life Cycle Assessment (LCA);
— Sustainability aspects;
— Declaration tools.
It is important to understand what the term bio-based product covers and how it is being used. The
term ‘bio-based’ means 'derived from biomass'. Bio-based products (bottles, insulation materials, wood
and wood products, paper, solvents, chemical intermediates, composite materials, etc.) are products
which are wholly or partly derived from biomass. It is essential to characterize the amount of biomass
contained in the product by for instance its bio-based content or bio-based carbon content.
The bio-based content of a product does not provide information on its environmental impact or
sustainability, which may be assessed through LCA and sustainability criteria. In addition, transparent
and unambiguous communication within bio-based value chains is facilitated by a harmonized
framework for certification and declaration.
1 Scope
This Technical Report provides guidance on how to compile an inventory for the end-of-life phase in
LCA of bio-based products. All the end-of-life treatments here addressed are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 — End-of-life treatments addressed in this TR and related clauses
NOTE The order of the end-of-life options indicated in Figure 1 respect the Directive 2008/98/EC on waste.
This list is not exhaustive, but illustrates the content of this Technical Report.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 16575, Bio-based products - Vocabulary
EN 16760, Bio-based products - Life Cycle Assessment
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 16575, EN 16760 and the
following apply.
3.1
chemical recovery
process to recover valuable chemical substances by chemical treatment of used materials by hydrolysis,
glycolysis, methanolysis, catalytic reaction, thermal reaction, and other chemical processes
[SOURCE: ISO 18601:2013, definition 3.1, modified - “packaging” replaced by “materials”, “process to
substitute used packaging for natural resources” deleted.]
4 Modelling end-of-life options for bio-based products
4.1 General
The end-of-life options for bio-based products are in general the same as the options available for non
bio-based products. Each end-of-life option has different environmental impacts to be evaluated as part
of the LCA.
Life cycle inventory data (e.g. emissions to air, water and soil) related to the bio-based product end-of-
life option depends on the type of treatment technology, processing conditions, the local infrastructure
for collection (e.g. separate collection of biodegradable waste for composting), sorting and processing,
the location (i.e. the contribution of for example the electricity used) and the physical-chemical
characteristics of the disposed material such as the chemical composition and the biodegradation
behaviour.
The end of life options recycling (mechanical or organic) and chemical recovery can lead to secondary
materials, and consequently saving primary materials, keeping the bio-based carbon fixed in the
material or preserving nutrients.
NOTE 1 Collection, transportation and sorting of the waste from bio-based products are considered under the
LCA but are not detailed in this Technical Report. Regardless of the origin of the process module applied in the
LCA study (generic modules from LCA databases, other public data, or modules developed by the practitioner of
the LCA study), the parameters shown in Table 1 need to be defined in order to reflect the material properties of
the studied bio-based waste.
Table 1 — Properties of waste from bio-based products
Parameters Unit
Combustion characteristics
Lower Heating Value (LHV) MJ/kg
Share of biodegradable carbon actually decomposed
into inorganic components within a defined time
period
In composting %
In landfill %
years
Time period covered
In incineration %
In anaerobic digestion %
Water content %
(weight)
Chemical composition (in dry mass)
Carbon (fossil) (C) g/kg
Carbon (biogenic) (C) g/kg
Hydrogen (H) g/kg
Oxygen (O) g/kg
Sulphur (S) g/kg
Nitrogen (N) g/kg
Fluorine (F) g/kg
Chlorine (Cl) g/kg
Magnesium (Mn) g/kg
Potassium (K) g/kg
Calcium (Ca) g/kg
Arsenic (As) g/kg
Cadmium (Cd) g/kg
Nickel (Ni) g/kg
Cobalt (Co) g/kg
Chromium (Cr) g/kg
Copper (Cu) g/kg
Mercury (Hg) g/kg
Manganese (Mg) g/kg
Lead (Pb) g/kg
Zinc (Zn) g/kg
Other elements (e.g. Se and Mo) g/kg
NOTE 2 Very low concentrations (ppm) of some of these elements may have a high impact and therefore need
to be included in the LCI.
The quantity of energy contained in a material is generally expressed through the Lower Heating Value
(LHV). This parameter points out the maximum energy obtainable from the complete combustion of the
material, without considering the heat of the water vapour generated by the combustion. The lower
heating value of bio-based product waste can be measured according to EN 15359.
LHV can be estimated using the following formula, based on the chemical composition of the bio-based
material.
LHV MJ /kg HHV−H O×2,2−×H 2,2×9
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