EN 14780:2011
(Main)Solid biofuels - Sample preparation
Solid biofuels - Sample preparation
This European Standard describes methods for reducing combined samples (or increments) to laboratory samples and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples and is applicable to solid biofuels.
The methods described in this European Standard may be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for calorific value, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting behaviour, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenherstellung
Diese Europäische Norm legt Verfahren zur Reduktion von Gesamtproben (oder Einzelproben) auf Laboratoriumsproben und von Laboratoriumsproben auf Teilproben und allgemeine Analysenproben fest und gilt für feste Biobrennstoffe. Die in dieser Europäische Norm festgelegten Verfahren dürfen bei der Probenvorbereitung angewendet werden, zum Beispiel, wenn Proben im Hinblick auf Energiegehalt, Wasser- und Aschegehalt, Schüttdichte, mechanische Festigkeit, Partikelgrößenverteilung, Ascheschmelzverhalten, chemische Zusammensetzung und Verunreinigungen zu prüfen sind. Die Verfahren sind nicht dafür vorgesehen, auf sehr große Proben angewendet zu werden, die zur Prüfung der Neigung zur Brückenbildung erforderlich sind.
Biocombustibles solides - Préparation des échantillons
La présente Norme européenne décrit les méthodes permettant de réduire les échantillons composites (ou les prélèvements élémentaires) en échantillons pour laboratoire et les échantillons pour laboratoire en sous échantillons et en échantillons pour analyse générale. Elle s’applique aux biocombustibles solides.
Les méthodes décrites dans la présente Norme européenne peuvent être utilisées pour la préparation d’échantillons devant, par exemple, être soumis à des essais portant sur le pouvoir calorique, le taux d’humidité, la teneur en cendres, la masse volumique apparente, la durabilité, la distribution granulométrique des particules, la fusibilité de cendre, la composition chimique et les impuretés. Ces méthodes ne visent pas à s’appliquer aux très grands échantillons utilisés pour évaluer les propriétés de pontage.
Trdna biogoriva - Priprava vzorcev
Ta standard določa metode za zmanjševanje združenih vzorcev v laboratorijske vzorce in laboratorijskih vzorcev v podvzorce ter splošne preskusne vzorce ter velja za trdna biogoriva, ki so lahko:
- drobni delci pravilnih oblik z velikostjo do približno 10 mm, ki se lahko vzorčijo z zajemalko ali cevjo, na primer: žagovina, olivne koščice in lesni peleti;
- grobi delci ali delci nepravilnih oblik z velikostjo do približno 200 mm, ki se lahko vzorčijo z vilami ali lopato, na primer: lesni sekanci in lupine oreškov, sekanci gozdnih ostankov in nevezana slama;
- veliki delci z nazivno največjo velikostjo nad 200 mm;
Metode, opisane v tem standardu, se lahko uporabljajo za pripravo vzorcev, na primer pri preskusu vzorcev za volumensko gostoto, trajnost, porazdelitev velikosti delcev, vsebnost vlage, vsebnost pepela, karakterizacijo tališča pepela, kalorično vrednost, kemično sestavo in nečistoče. Metode niso primerne za uporabo pri zelo velikih vzorcih, potrebnih za preskušanje premostitvenih lastnosti.
General Information
- Status
- Withdrawn
- Publication Date
- 14-Jun-2011
- Withdrawal Date
- 13-Apr-2025
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 335 - Solid biofuels
- Drafting Committee
- CEN/TC 335/WG 3 - Sampling and sample reduction
- Current Stage
- 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
- Start Date
- 17-May-2017
- Completion Date
- 14-Apr-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 18-Jun-2011
- Effective Date
- 07-May-2014
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 14780:2011 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Solid biofuels - Sample preparation". This standard covers: This European Standard describes methods for reducing combined samples (or increments) to laboratory samples and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples and is applicable to solid biofuels. The methods described in this European Standard may be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for calorific value, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting behaviour, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.
This European Standard describes methods for reducing combined samples (or increments) to laboratory samples and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples and is applicable to solid biofuels. The methods described in this European Standard may be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for calorific value, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting behaviour, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.
EN 14780:2011 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.10 - Solid fuels; 75.160.40 - Biofuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 14780:2011 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to CEN/TS 14780:2005, EN ISO 14780:2017. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 14780:2011 is associated with the following European legislation: Standardization Mandates: M/298. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Trdna biogoriva - Priprava vzorcevFeste Biobrennstoffe - ProbenherstellungBiocombustibles solides - Préparation des échantillonsSolid biofuels - Sample preparation75.160.10Trda gorivaSolid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14780:2011SIST EN 14780:2011en,fr,de01-september-2011SIST EN 14780:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 14780:20051DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14780
June 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 14780:2005English Version
Solid biofuels - Sample preparation
Biocombustibles solides - Préparation des échantillons
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Probenherstellung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14780:2011: ESIST EN 14780:2011
Foreword .3Introduction .41Scope .52Normative references .53Terms and definitions .54Symbols and abbreviations .65Principles of correct sample reduction .66Apparatus .77Sample reduction – general principles . 108Methods for sample division . 129Method for reducing laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples . 1510Storage and labelling . 1711Performance characteristics . 17Annex A (informative)
Precision in relation to division method . 18Bibliography . 24 SIST EN 14780:2011
Biofuels are a major source of renewable energy. European Standards are needed for production, trade and use of solid biofuels. For sampling and sample preparation of biofuels the following European Standards can be used: EN 14778, Solid biofuels – Sampling EN 14780, Solid biofuels – Sample preparation This European Standard can be used in regard to production, controlling and analysis of solid biofuels in general.
3.12 sub-lot
part of a lot for which a test result is required 3.13 sub-sample portion of a sample 3.14 test portion sub-sample either of a laboratory sample or a test sample 3.15 test-sample laboratory sample after an appropriate preparation made by the laboratory 4 Symbols and abbreviations Mp
is the moisture loss, in percentage msample,1 is the initial mass of the sample, g msample,2 is the mass of the sample after pre-drying, g W
is the width and is at least 2,5 times the nominal top size of the material 5 Principles of correct sample reduction The main purpose of sample preparation is that a sample is reduced to one or more test portions that are in general smaller than the original sample. The main principle for sample reduction is that the composition of the sample as taken on site shall not be changed during each stage of the sample preparation. Each sub sample shall be representative of the original sample. To reach this goal every particle in the sample before sample division shall have an equal probability of being included in the sub-sample following sample division. Two basic methods are used during the sample preparation. These methods are: sample division; particle size-reduction of the sample. SIST EN 14780:2011
6 Apparatus 6.1 Apparatus for sample division 6.1.1 General Sample division is the process of reducing the mass of the sample without reducing the size of the particles. This subclause gives some suitable apparatus for this purpose. To determine the correct use of each apparatus for different purposes refer to Clause 8. 6.1.2 Riffle boxes A riffle box shall have an equal number of slots and at least 6 at each side (preferably more if possible), with adjacent slots directing material into different sub-samples, and the width of the slots shall be at least 2,5 times the nominal top size of the material to be riffled (see Figure 1).
Key 1 W - slot width is at least 2,5 times the nominal top size of the material Figure 1 — Example of a riffle box 6.1.3 Rotary sample dividers The inner dimensions of the equipment where the sample is fed shall be at least 2,5 times as wide as the nominal top size of the material to be processed. The rotary sample divider shall have a feeder device adjusted, so that the number of compartments multiplied by the number of rotations shall not be less than 120 while the sample is being divided. See Figure 2 for an example of a rotating divider.
Key 1 feeder 2 funnel 3 rotating receivers 4 divided sample Figure 2 — Example of a rotary sample divider 6.1.4 Shovels and scoops A shovel or scoop are tools used for manual sample division. They shall have a flat bottom, with edges raised high enough to prevent particles rolling off, and be at least 2,5 times as wide as the nominal top size of the material to be processed. See Figures 3 and 4 for examples of a scoop and a shovel respectively.
Key 1 W
width of the scoop Figure 3 — Example of a scoop SIST EN 14780:2011
Figure 4 — Example of a shovel
NOTE For very large sample sizes, it is more practical to use a push dozer or bulldozer or any other heavy machinery that has a large "scoop" with raised edges. 6.2 Apparatus for particle size-reduction CAUTION — When analysing metals, take care that there is no contamination from the sample preparation or reduction equipment. 6.2.1 Coarse cutting mill or wood crusher Coarse cutting mills are used for cutting materials into lengths of about 10 mm to 30 mm (depending on the biofuel and the analyses to be performed). Drying of the material during coarse cutting should be avoided, by limiting heat production and air flow through the material. The equipment shall be designed so that it does not lose dust or contaminate the material with pieces of metal, and shall be easy to clean.
NOTE To prevent losses of moisture during particle size reduction a grinder with as low a grinding speed as possible is preferred.
6.2.2 Cutting mill Cutting mills are used for reducing the nominal top size of materials used as biofuels from about 10 mm to
30 mm down to about 1 mm or less (depending on the biofuel and the analyses to be performed). The mill shall be provided with screens of various aperture sizes covering this range, including an appropriate sieve to control the nominal top size of the material produced. Other apparatus may be used provided that they are designed so that they do not get blocked with the material that is being processed. Avoid the use of cutting mills whose cutting faces contain significant quantities of an element that is to be determined in the analysis.
NOTE Cross beater mills can be used without any excessive dusting, when fitted with dust filters (like a filter sock) between the mill and the receiving container. They are suitable for final grinding of hard, wood type materials after the pre-grinding with cutting type mills.
NOTE This guideline does not take in to account: particle size distribution, shape of a particle, density of a particle, etc. Figure 5 summarises the range of steps that can be taken during sample reduction. SIST EN 14780:2011
NOTE List of optional sub-sample extractions may not be exhaustive
Figure 5 —
Flow sheet for sample preparation and optional extraction of sub-samples
8 Methods for sample division 8.1 General Combined samples may be divided into two or more laboratory samples and laboratory samples are in general further divided in sub-samples (test-portions). This clause describes the methods and procedures for sample division. For every division step the mass of retained material given in Table 1 shall be taken into account.
8.2 Riffling g) This may be used for materials that can be passed through the riffle without bridging. It is not suitable for straw, bark, or other materials containing elongated particles, or for wet and/or sticky materials. Brittle materials should be handled with care to avoid the production of fine materials. Place the whole of the SIST EN 14780:2011
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SIST EN 14780:2011 표준은 고형 바이오 연료의 샘플 준비를 위한 방법을 상세히 설명하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 범위는 결합 샘플(또는 인크리먼트)을 실험실 샘플로, 그리고 실험실 샘플을 하위 샘플과 일반 분석 샘플로 줄이는 방법을 포함합니다. 고형 바이오 연료에 적용 가능한 이 표준은 샘플 준비에 필요한 여러 가지 방법을 제공합니다. EN 14780:2011 표준의 강점 중 하나는 다양한 분석 요구에 맞는 샘플 처리를 지원하는 것입니다. 예를 들어, 이 표준에서 제시된 방법은 calorific value, moisture content, ash content, bulk density 및 durability와 같은 물리적 특성을 테스트하기 위해 샘플을 준비하는 데 유용합니다. 또한, particle size distribution, ash melting behaviour, chemical composition 및 impurities와 같은 화학적 특성을 분석할 때도 활용될 수 있습니다. 더욱이, 표준은 고형 바이오 연료에 특화되어 있어, 해당 분야에서의 연구 및 실험의 정확성을 높이는 데 기여합니다. 그러나 주의해야 할 점은, 이 표준이 특정한 큰 샘플에 필요한 브리징 특성을 테스트하는 데는 적용되지 않는다는 것입니다. 이는 특정 용도에 맞춰 잘 정의된 범위를 제공하여 품질 관리를 더욱 용이하게 합니다. 결론적으로, SIST EN 14780:2011 표준은 고형 바이오 연료 샘플의 준비 및 처리를 위한 신뢰할 수 있는 프레임워크를 제공하며, 이는 바이오 연료의 분석 및 연구에 필수적인 자료로 활용될 수 있습니다.
La norme EN 14780:2011, intitulée "Biomasses solides - Préparation d'échantillons", présente un cadre méthodologique essentiel pour la préparation des échantillons de biomasses solides. Son champ d'application est clairement défini, visant spécifiquement la réduction d'échantillons combinés (ou incréments) en échantillons de laboratoire, puis de ces derniers en sous-échantillons et échantillons pour analyses générales. Cela confère à la norme une réelle pertinence pour les professionnels travaillant avec les biocombustibles solides. Parmi les forces notables de cette norme, on peut souligner sa capacité à couvrir une gamme variée de méthodes de préparation d'échantillons, adaptées à divers tests cruciaux tels que la détermination de la valeur calorifique, du taux d'humidité, de la teneur en cendres, de la densité en vrac, de la durabilité, de la distribution des tailles de particules, du comportement de fusion des cendres, de la composition chimique et des impuretés. Cela permet aux laboratoires de garantir des résultats d'analyse fiables et cohérents, ce qui est fondamental pour l'évaluation de la qualité des biomasses solides. En outre, bien que les méthodes décrites ne soient pas destinées à des échantillons très volumineux nécessaires pour les tests relatifs aux propriétés de pontage, leur applicabilité aux échantillons de taille standard fait d'EN 14780:2011 une norme précieuse dans le domaine des biocombustibles. Cette spécificité favorise une approche ciblée et efficace pour les analystes, fournissant les outils nécessaires pour mieux comprendre et analyser les propriétés des biomasses solides. Globalement, la norme EN 14780:2011 se distingue par sa méthodologie précise et son application pratique dans le domaine des biocombustibles solides, renforçant ainsi son importance dans les processus de préparation d'échantillons et d'analyse des biomasses.
Die EN 14780:2011 ist ein wesentlicher europäischer Standard, der sich auf die Probenvorbereitung von festen Biomassebrennstoffen konzentriert. Das Dokument definiert präzise Methoden zur Reduzierung von Mischproben (oder Inkrementen) auf Laborproben sowie von Laborproben zu Unterproben und allgemeinen Analysenproben. Diese Standardisierung bietet einen klaren Rahmen für die Verfahren, die für die Analyse von festen Bioenergieträgern erforderlich sind. Ein herausragendes Merkmal dieser Norm ist ihr umfassender Anwendungsbereich. Die beschriebenen Methoden sind nicht nur auf die Vorbereitung von Proben für die Bestimmung des Heizwerts von festen Biomassebrennstoffen ausgelegt, sondern decken auch eine Vielzahl anderer wichtiger Parameter ab, wie Feuchtigkeitsgehalt, Aschegehalt, Schüttdichte, Haltbarkeit, Partikelgrößenverteilung, Schmelzverhalten der Asche, chemische Zusammensetzung und Verunreinigungen. Diese Vielfalt an Analyseaspekten unterstreicht die Relevanz des Standards für die Qualitätskontrolle und die Forschung im Bereich der biologischen Brennstoffe. Ein weiterer bedeutender Vorteil der EN 14780:2011 ist die klare Abgrenzung der Methoden. Es wird betont, dass die beschriebenen Verfahren speziell für die normalen Laborbedingungen und nicht für die sehr großen Proben geeignet sind, die für Tests von Brückeneigenschaften erforderlich sind. Dies reduziert die Verwirrung über die Anwendbarkeit der Methoden und trägt zur Standardisierung in der Branche bei. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die EN 14780:2011 einen klaren, strukturierten und relevanten Ansatz zur Probenvorbereitung von festen Biomassebrennstoffen bietet. Ihre umfassende Abdeckung von Analyseparametern und die präzisen Anwendungsbereiche machen diesen Standard zu einem unverzichtbaren Werkzeug für Fachleute in der Biomassebranche, die sich mit der Qualitätssicherung und der analytischen Charakterisierung von festen Bioenergieträgern beschäftigen.
The standard EN 14780:2011 provides a comprehensive framework for the preparation of samples related to solid biofuels, which is essential for ensuring accurate and reliable analysis in various applications. The scope of this European Standard is clearly defined, as it details specific methodologies for reducing combined samples or increments to smaller laboratory samples, as well as further refining these to sub-samples and general analysis samples. This rigorous approach enhances the reliability of the testing process, ultimately supporting the quality management of solid biofuels. One of the prime strengths of EN 14780:2011 is its versatility. The methods outlined are applicable to a wide array of testing scenarios, including the evaluation of calorific value, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting behavior, and the examination of chemical composition and impurities. This broad applicability positions the standard as a critical tool for laboratories engaged in the analysis of solid biofuels, facilitating a more detailed understanding of their properties and performance. Additionally, the standard underscores the importance of precision in sample preparation. By providing clear guidelines that prevent large samples-which may not yield accurate results in various testing conditions-it promotes reliability and consistency in results. This ensures that laboratories can confidently produce findings that reflect the true characteristics of the biofuels being analyzed. In terms of relevance, EN 14780:2011 aligns well with current market needs, as there is an increasing emphasis on sustainable energy solutions and the utilization of biofuels. The standard supports industries by providing robust, scientific methods to prepare and analyze solid biofuels, which is crucial for regulatory compliance and quality assurance purposes. Overall, EN 14780:2011 stands out as a vital document in the field of biofuel analysis, offering solid methodologies that enhance the accuracy and comprehensiveness of sample testing. Its strengths in versatility and precision make it a key resource for professionals seeking to uphold the quality of solid biofuels in an evolving market landscape.
SIST EN 14780:2011の標準は、固体バイオ燃料に特化したサンプル準備のための方法を詳細に定義しています。この欧州標準は、結合されたサンプルやインクリメントをラボサンプル、さらにはサブサンプルおよび一般的な分析サンプルに減少させる手順を示しています。この明確な範囲は、固体バイオ燃料を取り扱うあらゆる研究機関や業界にとって非常に重要です。 この標準の強みは、多様な試験に対応できる点です。具体的には、カロリックバリュー、含水率、灰分含量、バルク密度、耐久性、粒径分布、灰の融解挙動、化学組成および不純物の分析に関して、効果的なサンプル準備手法を提供しています。この広範な適用性により、研究者や技術者は、様々な条件下での固体バイオ燃料の質を正確に評価することが可能です。 さらに、この標準は、サンプルの準備過程において一貫性と再現性を確保するための基盤を提供します。特に、顕著な特性を持つ固体バイオ燃料のサンプル要件に対する明確なガイドラインが含まれているため、業界内での標準化と品質管理に寄与します。 したがって、SIST EN 14780:2011は、固体バイオ燃料に関連するサンプル準備における極めて重要な基準として、その適用性、明確な範囲、および質の高いガイドラインを通じて、持続可能なエネルギーソリューションの発展に貢献します。
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