CISPR 16-1-6:2014
(Main)Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC antenna calibration
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC antenna calibration
CISPR 16-1-6:2014 provides procedures and supporting information for the calibration of antennas for determining antenna factors (AF) that are applicable to antennas intended for use in radiated disturbance measurements. It has the status of a basic EMC Standard in accordance with IEC Guide 107, Electromagnetic compatibility. The AF of an antenna is influenced by nearby surroundings and by its position in space relative to the radiating source. This standard focuses on antenna calibrations that provide the AF in a free-space environment in the direction of the boresight of the antenna. The frequency range addressed is 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The relevant antenna types covered in this standard are monopole, loop, dipole, biconical, log-periodic dipole-array (LPDA), hybrid and horn antennas. Guidance is also provided on measurement uncertainties associated with each calibration method and configuration, and the test instrumentation used.
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Étalonnage des antennes CEM
La CISPR 16-1-6:2014 fournit des procédures et des informations à l'appui concernant l'étalonnage des antennes afin de déterminer les facteurs d'antenne (AF) applicables aux antennes destinées à être utilisées pour les mesurages des perturbations rayonnées. Elle a le statut de Norme fondamentale en CEM en accord avec le Guide 107 de l'IEC, Compatibilité électromagnétique. Le facteur d'antenne est influencé par l'environnement immédiat et par sa position dans l'espace par rapport à la source de rayonnement. La présente norme se concentre sur les étalonnages d'antennes qui fournissent l'AF dans un environnement en espace libre dans l'axe de visée de l'antenne. La gamme de fréquences traitée est comprise entre 9 kHz et 18 GHz. Les types d'antenne appropriés couverts dans la présente norme sont les suivants: antennes monopôles, boucles, doublets, biconiques, log-périodiques à doublet (LPDA), hybrides et cornets. Des lignes directrices sont également fournies concernant les incertitudes de mesure associées à chaque méthode et à chaque configuration d'étalonnage, ainsi qu'à l'instrumentation d'essai utilisée.
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Standards Content (Sample)
CISPR 16-1-6 ®
Edition 1.1 2017-01
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBTIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna
calibration
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Étalonnage des antennes CEM
CISPR 16-2-1:2014-02+AMD1:2017-01 CSV (en-fr)
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CISPR 16-1-6 ®
Edition 1.1 2017-01
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna
calibration
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Étalonnage des antennes CEM
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-3840-0
CISPR 16-1-6 ®
Edition 1.1 2017-01
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna
calibration
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Étalonnage des antennes CEM
CISPR 16-2-1:2014-02+AMD1:2017-01 CSV (en-fr)
– 2 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014+AMD1:2017 CSV
© IEC 2017
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 10
1 Scope . 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 13
3.1 Terms and definitions . 13
3.1.1 Antenna terms . 13
3.1.2 Antenna factor terms . 16
3.1.3 Measurement site terms . 17
3.1.4 Other terms . 18
3.2 Abbreviations . 19
4 Fundamental concepts . 20
4.1 General . 20
4.2 The concept of antenna factor . 20
4.3 Calibration methods for 30 MHz and above . 21
4.3.1 General . 21
4.3.2 Antenna minimum separation distances . 21
4.3.3 General considerations for the TAM . 21
4.3.4 General considerations for the SSM. 21
4.3.5 General considerations for the SAM. 22
4.4 Measurement uncertainties for antenna calibration measurement results . 22
4.5 Summary of methods of measurement to obtain AF . 23
5 Calibration methods for the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 25
5.1 Calibration of monopole antennas . 25
5.1.1 General . 25
5.1.2 Calibration by the ECSM . 26
5.2 Calibration of loop antennas . 32
5.2.1 General . 32
5.2.2 TEM (Crawford) cell method . 32
6 Frequencies, equipment and functional checks for calibrations at or above 30 MHz . 35
6.1 Calibration frequencies . 35
6.1.1 Calibration frequency ranges and increments . 35
6.1.2 Transition frequency for hybrid antennas . 36
6.2 Measurement instrumentation requirements for antenna calibrations . 37
6.2.1 Equipment types . 37
6.2.2 Mismatch . 38
6.2.3 Dynamic range and reproducibility of SIL measurement . 40
6.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio . 40
6.2.5 Antenna masts and cables . 41
6.3 Functional checks of an AUC . 41
6.3.1 General . 41
6.3.2 Balance of an antenna . 41
6.3.3 Cross-polar performance of an antenna . 41
6.3.4 Radiation patterns of an antenna . 42
7 Basic parameters and equations common to antenna calibration methods for
frequencies above 30 MHz . 43
7.1 Summary of methods for measurements to obtain AF . 43
© IEC 2017
7.2 Site insertion loss measurements . 43
7.2.1 General . 43
7.2.2 SIL and SA measurement procedure. 43
7.2.3 Common uncertainty components of a SIL measurement . 45
7.3 Basic equations for the calculation of AF from SIL and SA measurements . 46
7.3.1 Antenna factor from SIL measurements . 46
7.3.2 Relationship of AF and SIL for a free-space calibration site . 46
7.3.3 Relationship of AF and SIL for a calibration site with a metal ground
plane . 47
7.4 Equations for AF and measurement uncertainties using the TAM, SSM, and
SAM . 48
7.4.1 TAM . 48
7.4.2 SSM . 53
7.4.3 SAM . 55
7.5 Parameters for specifying antenna phase centre and position . 57
7.5.1 General . 57
7.5.2 Reference position and phase centres of LPDA and hybrid antennas . 58
7.5.3 Phase centres of horn antennas . 61
8 Details for TAM, SAM, and SSM calibration methods for frequencies of 30 MHz
and above . 63
8.1 General . 63
8.2 Considerations for F calibrations using TAM . 63
a
8.2.1 General considerations . 63
8.2.2 Calibration site and antenna set-up considerations for use with the TAM . 63
8.2.3 Antenna parameters for a free-space environment or a ground-plane
site . 65
8.2.4 Validation of calibration method . 66
8.3 Considerations for F calibrations using the SAM . 66
a
8.3.1 General considerations and calibration site for use of the SAM . 66
8.3.2 Calibration procedures and antenna set-ups for F by the SAM . 67
a
8.3.3 Parameters of the STA . 67
8.4 SSM calibrations at a ground-plane site, 30 MHz to 1 GHz . 68
8.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for SSM . 68
8.4.2 Calibration procedure for SSM . 69
8.4.3 Calculation of F . 69
a
8.4.4 Uncertainties of F obtained using SSM . 70
a
9 Calibration procedures for specific antenna types for frequencies of 30 MHz and
above . 71
9.1 General . 71
9.2 Calibrations for biconical and hybrid antennas in a free-space environment
for 30 MHz to 300 MHz, and tuned dipoles for 60 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 71
9.2.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements . 71
9.2.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up for use with the SAM . 71
9.2.3 Uncertainties of F determined by the SAM . 72
a
9.2.4 Antenna set-up for use with the TAM (alternative) . 74
9.3 Calibration of biconical (30 MHz to 300 MHz) and hybrid antennas, using
the SAM and VP at a ground-plane site . 74
9.3.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements . 74
9.3.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up . 75
9.3.3 Uncertainties of F determined with the SAM. 76
a
– 4 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014+AMD1:2017 CSV
© IEC 2017
9.4 Calibration of LPDA, hybrid, and horn antennas in a free-space environment,
200 MHz to 18 GHz . 77
9.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for a free-space
environment . 77
9.4.2 Calibrations using the TAM . 79
9.4.3 Antenna set-up for use with the SAM . 80
9.4.4 Alternative antenna set-up for site with absorber on the ground . 80
9.5 Calibration of horn and LPDA antennas in a FAR, 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 81
9.5.1 Calibration using the TAM . 81
9.5.2 Calibration and antenna set-up for the SAM . 85
Annex A (informative) Background information and rationale for the methods of
antenna calibration . 86
A.1 Rationale for the need for several calibration methods and for use of a
ground-plane site . 86
A.2 Special measures for calibration of omnidirectional antennas. 87
A.2.1 General . 87
A.2.2 Difficulties with calibration of omnidirectional antennas . 88
A.2.3 Minimizing reflections from antenna supports and radiation from cables . 88
A.2.4 Field taper and monocone set-up for VP biconical calibration . 89
A.2.5 Use of HP or VP in a FAR . 90
A.2.6 Substitution where the STA is the same model as the AUC . 90
A.3 Calibrations using broadband calculable dipole antennas . 90
A.3.1 Disadvantages of tuned dipole antennas . 90
A.3.2 Advantages of broadband calculable dipole antennas . 91
A.3.3 Disadvantages of calculable dipole antennas . 91
A.4 Rationale for F and biconical/LPDA antenna cross-over frequency . 91
a
A.4.1 Rationale for F . 91
a
A.4.2 Cross-over frequency from biconical to LPDA antennas . 92
A.4.3 Biconical element designs . 92
A.5 Sources of increased uncertainty in measurement of F by the SSM. 93
a
A.6 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances . 95
A.6.1 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances . 95
A.6.2 Correction of electric field strength to account for phase centre of LPDA
antennas . 96
A.7 Cross-polar discrimination of LPDA antennas . 97
A.8 Tips for measurement instrumentation . 98
A.8.1 Signal-to-noise ratio . 98
A.8.2 Connector pin depth . 100
A.8.3 Effect of added adaptor in a “cable-through” measurement . 100
A.8.4 Compression level . 101
A.8.5 Source power slope function above 6 GHz . 101
A.8.6 Frequency increment for detection of resonances . 101
A.8.7 Return loss or VSWR . 101
A.9 Uncertainty considerations . 102
A.9.1 General . 102
A.9.2 Achievable uncertainties for F . 102
a
A.9.3 Uncertainties of dipoles above a ground plane . 102
A.9.4 Verification of uncertainty by comparison of methods . 103
Annex B (normative) Calibration of biconical antennas and tuned dipole antennas
above a ground plane using the TAM and the SAM . 104
© IEC 2017
B.1 General . 104
B.2 Characteristics of biconical antennas and dipole antennas . 104
B.3 Frequencies . 104
B.4 Measurement of F (h,p) of biconical and tuned dipole antennas and
a
derivation of F by averaging F (h,p), 30 MHz to 300 MHz . 105
a a
B.4.1 General . 105
B.4.2 Measurement of F (h,H) by the SAM and derivation of F . 105
a a
B.4.3 Measurement of F (h,H) by the TAM and derivation of F . 108
a a
B.5 Measurement of F of tuned dipoles placed high above a ground plane in
a
the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz. 110
B.5.1 General . 110
B.5.2 Measurement of F by the SAM . 110
a
B.5.3 Measurement of F by the TAM . 112
a
Annex C (informative) Rationale for the equations used in antenna calibration and
relevant information about antenna characteristics for uncertainty analysis in the
frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz . 114
C.1 General . 114
C.2 Antenna factor and antenna gain . 114
C.2.1 Relationship between AF and gain for antennas in a free-space
environment . 114
C.2.2 Relationship between AF and gain for monopole antennas on a large
ground plane . 116
C.3 Equations for the insertion loss between antennas . 116
C.3.1 Site insertion loss measured at a free-space calibration site . 116
C.3.2 Site insertion loss measured at a metal ground-plane site . 118
C.3.3 Site attenuation measured at a metal ground-plane site . 120
C.4 Uncertainty contribution caused by near-field effects . 121
C.5 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna proximity coupling . 122
C.6 Uncertainty contribution due to the ground plane reflection . 124
C.6.1 Coupling to image in ground plane . 124
C.6.2 Correction factors ΔF for F of biconical antenna . 129
a,SSM a
C.7 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna radiation pattern . 130
C.7.1 General . 130
C.7.2 Biconical antennas . 131
C.7.3 LPDA antennas. 131
C.7.4 Hybrid antennas . 132
C.7.5 Horn and LPDA antennas from 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 133
Annex D (informative) Background information and rationale for calibration of
antennas at frequencies above 1 GHz. 136
D.1 Mismatch uncertainty . 136
D.2 Mutual coupling between antennas and chamber reflection . 136
D.3 Antenna separation distance and phase centre . 136
D.4 Example gain of DRH at 1 m distance . 138
Annex E (informative) Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets . 140
E.1 General . 140
E.2 Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets . 140
Annex F (informative) Mismatch uncertainties from a two-port device connected
between a transmit port and a receive port . 150
Annex G (informative) Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas and
uncertainty analysis of the ECSM. 152
– 6 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014+AMD1:2017 CSV
© IEC 2017
G.1 Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave
method from 5 MHz to 30 MHz . 152
G.1.1 Calibration procedure . 152
G.1.2 Uncertainty evaluation for the calibration of monopole antennas by the
plane wave method . 153
G.2 Uncertainty analysis of the ECSM . 153
G.2.1 Effect of rod length longer than λ/8 . 153
G.2.2 Effect on AF of monopole antenna mounted on a tripod . 155
G.2.3 Monopole antenna receiving an electric field . 156
G.2.4 Equivalent capacitance substitution method (ECSM) . 156
G.2.5 Uncertainties associated with the ECSM . 158
G.2.6 An alternative to the dummy antenna, for which F = V − V . 160
ac D L
Annex H (informative) Helmholtz coil method for calibration of loop antennas up to
150 kHz . 161
H.1 Measurement procedure . 161
H.2 Uncertainties. 163
Annex I (normative) Antenna pattern measurement method in the frequency range
above 1 GHz, with measurement uncertainty budget . 165
I.1 General . 165
I.2 Test set-up . 165
I.3 Test method . 167
I.4 Test report . 170
I.5 Uncertainty budget . 170
Bibliography . 172
Figure 1 – Set-up for AF determination using a network analyzer . 29
Figure 2 – Set-up for AF determination using a measuring receiver and signal
generator . 29
Figure 3 – Example of mounting a capacitor in the dummy antenna . 30
Figure 4 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for passive loop antennas . 34
Figure 5 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for active loop antennas . 34
Figure 6 – Example of resonant spike due to poor biconical element connections, using
2 MHz increment . 36
Figure 7 – Antenna set-up for SIL measurement at a free-space calibration site . 44
Figure 8 – Antenna set-up for SIL and SA measurement at a ground-plane
calibration site . 44
Figure 9 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a free-space calibration site . 49
Figure 10 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane . 52
Figure 11 – Antenna set-up for the SSM . 54
Figure 12 – Antenna set-up for the SAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane . 56
Figure 13 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 59
Figure 14 – LPDA antenna with a tapered curved geometry . 61
Figure 15 – Separation distance with respect to the phase centre of horn antennas
(see [49] for details) . 62
Figure 16 – Schematic of a DRH showing relative locations of field point and phase
centre of the DRH . 63
Figure 17 – Biconical antenna set-up for SAM using vertical polarization, showing the
paired monocone antenna and an example collapsible-element biconical AUC . 76
© IEC 2017
Figure 18 – Test set-up for the calibration of LPDA and hybrid antennas positioned at
a large height . 79
Figure 19 – Set-up for LPDA antennas above absorber . 81
Figure 20 – Set-up for transmission measurements using a network analyzer . 83
Figure A.1 – Illustration of the angles of the electromagnetic rays subtended from the
scanned LPDA antenna to the fixed height LPDA antenna and to the ground plane . 94
Figure A.2 – F of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of
a
9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 without correction . 95
Figure A.3 – F of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of
a
9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 with correction . 95
Figure A.4 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 97
Figure A.5 – Statistical properties of multiple S sweeps (minimum, maximum, and
mean value) . 99
Figure A.6 – Standard deviation of S . 99
Figure A.7 – Normalized standard deviation of S . 100
Figure C.1 – Simplified model of a receive antenna . 115
Figure C.2 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a free-space
calibration site . 117
Figure C.3 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a calibration site
with a metal ground plane . 119
Figure C.4 – Comparison of field strength given by Equation (C.17) versus in near-field
region given by Equation (C.31) . 122
Figure C.5 – Theoretical calculations of proximity coupling effects on the AF from the
TAM (free-space conditions) . 124
Figure C.6 – Deviation of AF from free-space value, F , caused by mutual coupling to
a
the image in a metal ground plane (theoretical results) . 126
Figure C.7 – Variation of F (h,H) of biconical antenna with 50 Ω balun, 30 MHz to
a
320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m . 127
Figure C.8 – AF of Figure C.7 normalized to free-space AF . 127
Figure C.9 – Variation of F (h,H) of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun, 30 MHz to
a
320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m . 128
Figure C.10 – Diagram of one triangular section of a biconical antenna element . 130
Figure C.11 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of two example
biconical antennas compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 131
Figure C.12 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of three example
LPDA antennas, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 132
Figure C.13 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of an example
hybrid antenna, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 133
Figure C.14 – Example radiation patterns for classical DRH antenna . 134
Figure C.15 – Example radiation patterns for novel DRH antenna . 134
Figure C.16 – Example radiation patterns for classical LPDA antenna . 135
Figure C.17 – Example radiation patterns for V-type LPDA antenna . 135
Figure D.1 – Relative phase centres of a DRH antenna and an LPDA antenna . 137
Figure D.2 – A transmission system between a horn antenna and an LPDA antenna . 138
Figure D.3 – Measured AFs of a DRH antenna at 4,5 GHz . 138
Figure D.4 – Graph showing the realized gain at 1 m for a DRH antenna . 139
Figure E.1 – Comparison of measured and predicted SIL for calculable dipole antenna
– 60 MHz element . 143
– 8 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014+AMD1:2017 CSV
© IEC 2017
Figure E.2 – Comparison of measured and predicted SIL for calculable dipole antenna
– 180 MHz element . 144
Figure E.3 – Reflectivity of chamber absorbing materials . 148
Figure E.4 – Laser alignment system . 148
Figure F.1 – Flow graph representation of a two-port device between a transmit port
and a receiver port . 150
Figure F.2 – Signal flow reduction . 150
Figure G.1 – Diagram showing how the brass rod connects to the type N male
bulkhead connector . 153
Figure G.2 – Graph of the magnitude of the tan(…) ratio term in Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 . 154
Figure G.3 – Graphical presentation of Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 self-capacitance C of a
a
1 m monopole . 154
Figure G.4 – Graphical presentation of Equation (5) of 5.1.2.2 height correction
factor L . 155
h
Figure G.5 – Calibration set-up consisting of a biconical and a loop antenna, and an
elevated monopole antenna with vertical feed wires . 156
Figure G.6 – Equivalent circuit representation for a monopole antenna system . 156
Figure G.7 – Monopole antenna calibration using the ECSM . 157
Figure G.8 – Equivalent circuit representation for the ECSM . 157
Figure G.9 – Simplified circuit representation for Figure G.8 . 158
Figure G.10 – Circuit for dummy antenna simulating the effects of the antenna effective
height, h . 160
e
Figure H.1 – Diagram of Helmholtz coil method set-up . 161
Figure H.2 – Variation of H/I across the central plane between the coils . 163
Figure I.1 – Typical set-up for antenna pattern measurement . 166
Figure I.2 − Definition of d . 166
Figure I.3 − Definition of d . 167
Figure I.4 − With d held constant, d is increased in x cm steps . 168
1 2
Figure I.5 − With d held constant, d is increased in x cm steps . 168
2 1
Figure I.6 − Distance and angle correction . 170
Table 1 – Summary of calibration methods above 30 MHz for F . 24
a
Table 2 – Calibration methods above 30 MHz by subclause number . 25
Table 3 – Frequency increments for monopole antenna calibration . 26
Table 4 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a monopole antenna
ac
calibrated by the ECSM using Equation (9) . 32
Table 5 –Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a loop antenna
aH
measured in a TEM cell . 35
Table 6 – Frequency increments for broadband antenna calibration . 35
Table 7 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for common components of a SIL
measurement result evaluated from Equation (20) . 46
Table 8 – Parameters used to determine phase centres of segments A and B . 61
Table 9 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a horizontally-polarized
a
biconical antenna measured by the SSM. 70
Table 10 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a biconical antenna
a
measured by the SAM in a FAR over the frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz . 73
© IEC 2017
Table 11 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a tuned dipole an
...
CISPR 16-1-6 ®
Edition 1.0 2014-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna
calibration
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Étalonnage des antennes CEM
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CISPR 16-1-6 ®
Edition 1.0 2014-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna
calibration
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Étalonnage des antennes CEM
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XH
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-1931-7
– 2 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 10
1 Scope . 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 13
3.1 Terms and definitions . 13
3.1.1 Antenna terms . 13
3.1.2 Antenna factor terms . 16
3.1.3 Measurement site terms . 17
3.1.4 Other terms . 18
3.2 Abbreviations . 19
4 Fundamental concepts . 20
4.1 General . 20
4.2 The concept of antenna factor . 20
4.3 Calibration methods for 30 MHz and above . 21
4.3.1 General . 21
4.3.2 Antenna minimum separation distances . 21
4.3.3 General considerations for the TAM . 21
4.3.4 General considerations for the SSM. 21
4.3.5 General considerations for the SAM. 22
4.4 Measurement uncertainties for antenna calibration measurement results . 22
4.5 Summary of methods of measurement to obtain AF . 23
5 Calibration methods for the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 25
5.1 Calibration of monopole antennas . 25
5.1.1 General . 25
5.1.2 Calibration by the ECSM . 26
5.2 Calibration of loop antennas . 32
5.2.1 General . 32
5.2.2 TEM (Crawford) cell method . 32
6 Frequencies, equipment and functional checks for calibrations at or above 30 MHz . 35
6.1 Calibration frequencies . 35
6.1.1 Calibration frequency ranges and increments . 35
6.1.2 Transition frequency for hybrid antennas . 36
6.2 Measurement instrumentation requirements for antenna calibrations . 37
6.2.1 Equipment types . 37
6.2.2 Mismatch . 38
6.2.3 Dynamic range and reproducibility of SIL measurement . 40
6.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio . 40
6.2.5 Antenna masts and cables . 41
6.3 Functional checks of an AUC . 41
6.3.1 General . 41
6.3.2 Balance of an antenna . 41
6.3.3 Cross-polar performance of an antenna . 41
6.3.4 Radiation patterns of an antenna . 42
7 Basic parameters and equations common to antenna calibration methods for
frequencies above 30 MHz . 43
7.1 Summary of methods for measurements to obtain AF . 43
7.2 Site insertion loss measurements . 43
7.2.1 General . 43
7.2.2 SIL and SA measurement procedure. 43
7.2.3 Common uncertainty components of a SIL measurement . 44
7.3 Basic equations for the calculation of AF from SIL and SA measurements . 46
7.3.1 Antenna factor from SIL measurements . 46
7.3.2 Relationship of AF and SIL for a free-space calibration site . 46
7.3.3 Relationship of AF and SIL for a calibration site with a metal ground
plane . 47
7.4 Equations for AF and measurement uncertainties using the TAM, SSM, and
SAM . 48
7.4.1 TAM . 48
7.4.2 SSM . 53
7.4.3 SAM . 55
7.5 Parameters for specifying antenna phase centre and position . 57
7.5.1 General . 57
7.5.2 Reference position and phase centres of LPDA and hybrid antennas . 58
7.5.3 Phase centres of horn antennas . 61
8 Details for TAM, SAM, and SSM calibration methods for frequencies of 30 MHz
and above . 63
8.1 General . 63
8.2 Considerations for F calibrations using TAM . 63
a
8.2.1 General considerations . 63
8.2.2 Calibration site and antenna set-up considerations for use with the TAM . 63
8.2.3 Antenna parameters for a free-space environment or a ground plane
site . 65
8.2.4 Validation of calibration method . 66
8.3 Considerations for F calibrations using the SAM . 66
a
8.3.1 General considerations and calibration site for use of the SAM . 66
8.3.2 Calibration procedures and antenna set-ups for F by the SAM . 67
a
8.3.3 Parameters of the STA . 67
8.4 SSM calibrations at a ground-plane site, 30 MHz to 1 GHz . 68
8.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for SSM . 68
8.4.2 Calibration procedure for SSM . 69
8.4.3 Calculation of F . 69
a
8.4.4 Uncertainties of F obtained using SSM . 70
a
9 Calibration procedures for specific antenna types for frequencies of 30 MHz and
above . 71
9.1 General . 71
9.2 Calibrations for biconical and hybrid antennas in a free-space environment
for 30 MHz to 300 MHz, and tuned dipoles for 60 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 71
9.2.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements . 71
9.2.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up for use with the SAM . 71
9.2.3 Uncertainties of F determined by the SAM . 72
a
9.2.4 Antenna set-up for use with the TAM (alternative) . 74
9.3 Calibration of biconical (30 MHz to 300 MHz) and hybrid antennas, using
the SAM and VP at a ground plane site . 74
9.3.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements . 74
9.3.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up . 75
9.3.3 Uncertainties of F determined with the SAM. 76
a
– 4 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014
9.4 Calibration of LPDA, hybrid, and horn antennas in a free-space environment,
200 MHz to 18 GHz . 77
9.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for a free-space
environment . 77
9.4.2 Calibrations using the TAM . 79
9.4.3 Antenna set-up for use with the SAM . 80
9.4.4 Alternative antenna set-up for site with absorber on the ground . 80
9.5 Calibration of horn and LPDA antennas in a FAR, 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 81
9.5.1 Calibration using the TAM . 81
9.5.2 Calibration and antenna set-up for the SAM . 84
Annex A (informative) Background information and rationale for the methods of
antenna calibration . 85
A.1 Rationale for the need for several calibration methods and for use of a
ground plane site . 85
A.2 Special measures for calibration of omnidirectional antennas. 86
A.2.1 General . 86
A.2.2 Difficulties with calibration of omnidirectional antennas . 87
A.2.3 Minimizing reflections from antenna supports and radiation from cables . 87
A.2.4 Field taper and monocone set-up for VP biconical calibration . 88
A.2.5 Use of HP or VP in a FAR . 89
A.2.6 Substitution where the STA is the same model as the AUC . 89
A.3 Calibrations using broadband calculable dipole antennas . 89
A.3.1 Disadvantages of tuned dipole antennas . 89
A.3.2 Advantages of broadband calculable dipole antennas . 90
A.3.3 Disadvantages of calculable dipole antennas . 90
A.4 Rationale for F and biconical/LPDA antenna cross-over frequency . 90
a
A.4.1 Rationale for F . 90
a
A.4.2 Cross-over frequency from biconical to LPDA antennas . 91
A.4.3 Biconical element designs . 91
A.5 Sources of increased uncertainty in measurement of F by the SSM. 92
a
A.6 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances . 94
A.6.1 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances . 94
A.6.2 Correction of electric field strength to account for phase centre of LPDA
antennas . 95
A.7 Cross-polar discrimination of LPDA antennas . 96
A.8 Tips for measurement instrumentation . 97
A.8.1 Signal-to-noise ratio . 97
A.8.2 Connector pin depth . 99
A.8.3 Effect of added adaptor in a “cable-through” measurement . 99
A.8.4 Compression level . 100
A.8.5 Source power slope function above 6 GHz . 100
A.8.6 Frequency increment for detection of resonances . 100
A.8.7 Return loss or VSWR . 100
A.9 Uncertainty considerations . 101
A.9.1 General . 101
A.9.2 Achievable uncertainties for F . 101
a
A.9.3 Uncertainties of dipoles above a ground plane . 101
A.9.4 Verification of uncertainty by comparison of methods . 102
Annex B (normative) Calibration of biconical antennas and tuned dipole antennas
above a ground plane using the TAM and the SAM . 103
B.1 General . 103
B.2 Characteristics of biconical antennas and dipole antennas . 103
B.3 Frequencies . 103
B.4 Measurement of F (h,p) of biconical and tuned dipole antennas and
a
derivation of F by averaging F (h,p), 30 MHz to 300 MHz . 104
a a
B.4.1 General . 104
B.4.2 Measurement of F (h,H) by the SAM and derivation of F . 104
a a
B.4.3 Measurement of F (h,H) by the TAM and derivation of F . 107
a a
B.5 Measurement of F of tuned dipoles placed high above a ground plane in
a
the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz. 109
B.5.1 General . 109
B.5.2 Measurement of F by the SAM . 109
a
B.5.3 Measurement of F by the TAM . 111
a
Annex C (informative) Rationale for the equations used in antenna calibration and
relevant information about antenna characteristics for uncertainty analysis in the
frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz . 113
C.1 General . 113
C.2 Antenna factor and antenna gain . 113
C.2.1 Relationship between AF and gain for antennas in a free-space
environment . 113
C.2.2 Relationship between AF and gain for monopole antennas on a large
ground plane . 115
C.3 Equations for the insertion loss between antennas . 115
C.3.1 Site insertion loss measured at a free-space calibration site . 115
C.3.2 Site insertion loss measured at a metal ground plane site . 117
C.3.3 Site attenuation measured at a metal ground plane site . 119
C.4 Uncertainty contribution caused by near-field effects . 120
C.5 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna proximity coupling . 121
C.6 Uncertainty contribution due to the ground plane reflection . 123
C.6.1 Coupling to image in ground plane . 123
C.6.2 Correction factors ΔF for F of biconical antenna . 127
a,SSM a
C.7 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna radiation pattern . 128
C.7.1 General . 128
C.7.2 Biconical antennas . 129
C.7.3 LPDA antennas. 129
C.7.4 Hybrid antennas . 130
C.7.5 Horn and LPDA antennas from 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 131
Annex D (informative) Background information and rationale for calibration of
antennas at frequencies above 1 GHz. 134
D.1 Mismatch uncertainty . 134
D.2 Mutual coupling between antennas and chamber reflection . 134
D.3 Antenna separation distance and phase centre . 134
D.4 Example gain of DRH at 1 m distance . 136
Annex E (informative) Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets . 138
E.1 General . 138
E.2 Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets . 138
Annex F (informative) Mismatch uncertainties from a two-port device connected
between a transmit port and a receive port . 147
Annex G (informative) Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas and
uncertainty analysis of the ECSM. 149
– 6 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014
G.1 Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave
method from 5 MHz to 30 MHz . 149
G.1.1 Calibration procedure . 149
G.1.2 Uncertainty evaluation for the calibration of monopole antennas by the
plane wave method . 150
G.2 Uncertainty analysis of the ECSM . 150
G.2.1 Effect of rod length longer than λ/8 . 150
G.2.2 Effect on AF of monopole antenna mounted on a tripod . 152
G.2.3 Monopole antenna receiving an electric field . 153
G.2.4 Equivalent capacitance substitution method (ECSM) . 153
G.2.5 Uncertainties associated with the ECSM . 155
G.2.6 An alternative to the dummy antenna, for which F = V − V . 157
ac D L
Annex H (informative) Helmholtz coil method for calibration of loop antennas up to
150 kHz . 158
H.1 Measurement procedure . 158
H.2 Uncertainties. 160
Bibliography . 162
Figure 1 – Set-up for AF determination using a network analyzer . 29
Figure 2 – Set-up for AF determination using a measuring receiver and signal
generator . 29
Figure 3 – Example of mounting a capacitor in the dummy antenna . 30
Figure 4 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for passive loop antennas . 34
Figure 5 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for active loop antennas . 34
Figure 6 – Example of resonant spike due to poor biconical element connections, using
2 MHz increment . 36
Figure 7 – Antenna set-up for SIL measurement at a free-space calibration site . 44
Figure 8 – Antenna set-up for SIL and SA measurement at a ground-plane calibration site . 44
Figure 9 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a free-space calibration site . 49
Figure 10 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane . 52
Figure 11 – Antenna set-up for the SSM . 54
Figure 12 – Antenna set-up for the SAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane . 56
Figure 13 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 59
Figure 14 – LPDA antenna with a tapered curved geometry . 61
Figure 15 – Separation distance with respect to the phase centre of horn antennas
(see [49] for details) . 62
Figure 16 – Schematic of a DRH showing relative locations of field point and phase
centre of the DRH . 63
Figure 17 – Biconical antenna set-up for SAM using vertical polarization, showing the
paired monocone antenna and an example collapsible-element biconical AUC . 76
Figure 18 – Test set-up for the calibration of LPDA and hybrid antennas positioned at
a large height . 79
Figure 19 – Set-up for LPDA antennas above absorber . 81
Figure 20 – Set-up for transmission measurements using a network analyzer . 82
Figure A.1 – Illustration of the angles of the electromagnetic rays subtended from the
scanned LPDA antenna to the fixed height LPDA antenna and to the ground plane . 93
Figure A.2 – F of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of
a
9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 without correction . 94
Figure A.3 – F of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of
a
9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 with correction . 94
Figure A.4 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 96
Figure A.5 – Statistical properties of multiple S sweeps (minimum, maximum, and
mean value) . 98
Figure A.6 – Standard deviation of S . 98
Figure A.7 – Normalized standard deviation of S . 99
Figure C.1 – Simplified model of a receive antenna . 114
Figure C.2 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a free-space
calibration site . 116
Figure C.3 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a calibration site
with a metal ground plane . 118
Figure C.4 – Comparison of field strength given by Equation (C.17) versus in near-field
region given by Equation (C.31) . 121
Figure C.5 – Theoretical calculations of proximity coupling effects on the AF from the
TAM (free-space conditions) . 123
Figure C.6 – Deviation of AF from free-space value, F , caused by mutual coupling to
a
the image in a metal ground plane (theoretical results) . 124
Figure C.7 – Variation of F (h,H) of biconical antenna with 50 Ω balun, 30 MHz to
a
320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m . 125
Figure C.8 – AF of Figure C.7 normalized to free-space AF . 125
Figure C.9 – Variation of F (h,H) of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun, 30 MHz to
a
320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m . 126
Figure C.10 – Diagram of one triangular section of a biconical antenna element . 128
Figure C.11 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of two example
biconical antennas compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 129
Figure C.12 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of three example
LPDA antennas, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 130
Figure C.13 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of an example
hybrid antenna, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 131
Figure C.14 – Example radiation patterns for classical DRH antenna . 132
Figure C.15 – Example radiation patterns for novel DRH antenna . 132
Figure C.16 – Example radiation patterns for classical LPDA antenna . 133
Figure C.17 – Example radiation patterns for V-type LPDA antenna . 133
Figure D.1 – Relative phase centres of a DRH antenna and an LPDA antenna . 135
Figure D.2 – A transmission system between a horn antenna and an LPDA antenna . 136
Figure D.3 – Measured AFs of a DRH antenna at 4,5 GHz . 136
Figure D.4 – Graph showing the realized gain at 1 m for a DRH antenna . 137
Figure E.1 – Comparison of measured and predicted SIL for calculable dipole antenna
– 60 MHz element . 141
Figure E.2 – Comparison of measured and predicted SIL for calculable dipole antenna
– 180 MHz element . 141
Figure E.3 – Reflectivity of chamber absorbing materials . 145
Figure E.4 – Laser alignment system . 146
Figure F.1 – Flow graph representation of a two-port device between a transmit port
and a receiver port . 147
Figure F.2 – Signal flow reduction . 147
– 8 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014 © IEC 2014
Figure G.1 – Diagram showing how the brass rod connects to the type N male
bulkhead connector . 150
Figure G.2 – Graph of the magnitude of the tan(…) ratio term in Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 . 151
Figure G.3 – Graphical presentation of Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 self-capacitance C of a
a
1 m monopole . 151
Figure G.4 – Graphical presentation of Equation (5) of 5.1.2.2 height correction factor L . 152
h
Figure G.5 – Calibration set-up consisting of a biconical and a loop antenna, and an
elevated monopole antenna with vertical feed wires . 153
Figure G.6 – Equivalent circuit representation for a monopole antenna system . 153
Figure G.7 – Monopole antenna calibration using the ECSM . 154
Figure G.8 – Equivalent circuit representation for the ECSM . 154
Figure G.9 – Simplified circuit representation for Figure G.8 . 155
Figure G.10 – Circuit for dummy antenna simulating the effects of the antenna effective
height, h . 157
e
Figure H.1 – Diagram of Helmholtz coil method set-up . 158
Figure H.2 – Variation of H/I across the central plane between the coils . 160
Table 1 – Summary of calibration methods above 30 MHz for F . 24
a
Table 2 – Calibration methods above 30 MHz by subclause number . 25
Table 3 – Frequency increments for monopole antenna calibration . 26
Table 4 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a monopole antenna
ac
calibrated by the ECSM using Equation (9) . 32
Table 5 –Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a loop antenna
aH
measured in a TEM cell . 35
Table 6 – Frequency increments for broadband antenna calibration . 35
Table 7 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for common components of a SIL
measurement result evaluated from Equation (20) . 46
Table 8 – Parameters used to determine phase centres of segments A and B . 61
Table 9 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a horizontally-polarized
a
biconical antenna measured by the SSM. 70
Table 10 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a biconical antenna
a
measured by the SAM in a FAR over the frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz . 73
Table 11 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a tuned dipole antenna
a
obtained by the SAM in a FAR at a free-space calibration site, using a calculable tuned
dipole as the STA in the frequency range above 60 MHz . 74
Table 12 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a biconical antenna
a
measured using the SAM for vertical polarization over the frequency range 30 MHz to
300 MHz . 77
Table 13 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of LPDA and hybrid
a
antennas measured by the TAM at 4 m height for the frequency range 200 MHz to
3 GHz . 80
Table 14 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a horn antenna
a
measured by the TAM above 1 GHz for 3 m separation in free space . 84
Table A.1 – Example type N male and female connector pin depths and tolerances
using a type N pin-depth gauge . 99
Table A.2 – Typical type N adaptor characteristics . 100
Table B.1 – Antenna set-up for the SAM for tuned dipole antennas with averaging of
F (h,H) . 104
a
Table B.2 – Antenna set-up for the SAM for biconical antennas with averaging of
F (h,H) . 105
a
Table B.3 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F (h,H) of a biconical
a
antenna measured by the SAM over the frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz . 105
Table B.4 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F of a biconical antenna
a
obtained by the SAM with averaging of F (h,H) in the frequency range below 300 MHz . 107
a
Table B.5 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for F (h,H) of a bic
...
CISPR 16-1-6 ®
Edition 1.2 2022-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna
calibration
Spécification des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Étalonnage des antennes CEM
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
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CISPR 16-1-6 ®
Edition 1.2 2022-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna
calibration
Spécification des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Étalonnage des antennes CEM
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-3993-3
CISPR 16-1-6 ®
Edition 1.2 2022-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC antenna
calibration
Spécification des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-6: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Étalonnage des antennes CEM
– 2 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014+AMD1:2017
+AMD2:2022 CSV © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 11
1 Scope . 13
2 Normative references . 13
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 14
3.1 Terms and definitions . 14
3.1.1 Antenna terms . 14
3.1.2 Antenna factor terms . 17
3.1.3 Measurement site terms . 18
3.1.4 Other terms . 19
3.2 Abbreviations . 20
4 Fundamental concepts . 21
4.1 General . 21
4.2 The concept of antenna factor . 21
4.3 Calibration methods for 30 MHz and above . 22
4.3.1 General . 22
4.3.2 Antenna minimum separation distances . 22
4.3.3 General considerations for the TAM . 22
4.3.4 General considerations for the SSM. 22
4.3.5 General considerations for the SAM. 23
4.4 Measurement uncertainties for antenna calibration measurement results . 23
4.5 Summary of methods of measurement to obtain AF . 24
5 Calibration methods for the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 26
5.1 Calibration of monopole antennas . 26
5.1.1 General . 26
5.1.2 Calibration by the ECSM . 27
5.2 Calibration of loop antennas . 33
5.2.1 General . 33
5.2.2 TEM (Crawford) cell method . 34
5.2.3 Three antenna method (TAM) . 37
5.2.4 Current probe method (CPM) . 47
5.2.5 Standard antenna method . 50
6 Frequencies, equipment and functional checks for calibrations at or above 30 MHz . 52
6.1 Calibration frequencies . 52
6.1.1 Calibration frequency ranges and increments . 52
6.1.2 Transition frequency for hybrid antennas . 53
6.2 Measurement instrumentation requirements for antenna calibrations . 53
6.2.1 Equipment types . 53
6.2.2 Mismatch . 55
6.2.3 Dynamic range and reproducibility of SIL measurement . 56
6.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio . 57
6.2.5 Antenna masts and cables . 57
6.3 Functional checks of an AUC . 58
6.3.1 General . 58
6.3.2 Balance of an antenna . 58
6.3.3 Cross-polar performance of an antenna . 58
6.3.4 Radiation patterns of an antenna . 59
+AMD2:2022 CSV © IEC 2022
7 Basic parameters and equations common to antenna calibration methods for
frequencies above 30 MHz . 59
7.1 Summary of methods for measurements to obtain AF . 59
7.2 Site insertion loss measurements . 60
7.2.1 General . 60
7.2.2 SIL and SA measurement procedure. 60
7.2.3 Common uncertainty components of a SIL measurement . 61
7.3 Basic equations for the calculation of AF from SIL and SA measurements . 63
7.3.1 Antenna factor from SIL measurements . 63
7.3.2 Relationship of AF and SIL for a free-space calibration site . 63
7.3.3 Relationship of AF and SIL for a calibration site with a metal ground
plane . 63
7.4 Equations for AF and measurement uncertainties using the TAM, SSM, and
SAM . 65
7.4.1 TAM . 65
7.4.2 SSM . 70
7.4.3 SAM . 72
7.5 Parameters for specifying antenna phase centre and position . 74
7.5.1 General . 74
7.5.2 Reference position and phase centres of LPDA and hybrid antennas . 75
7.5.3 Phase centres of horn antennas . 78
8 Details for TAM, SAM, and SSM calibration methods for frequencies of 30 MHz
and above . 80
8.1 General . 80
8.2 Considerations for F calibrations using TAM . 80
a
8.2.1 General considerations . 80
8.2.2 Calibration site and antenna set-up considerations for use with the TAM . 80
8.2.3 Antenna parameters for a free-space environment or a ground-plane
site . 82
8.2.4 Validation of calibration method . 83
8.3 Considerations for F calibrations using the SAM . 83
a
8.3.1 General considerations and calibration site for use of the SAM . 83
8.3.2 Calibration procedures and antenna set-ups for F by the SAM . 84
a
8.3.3 Parameters of the STA . 84
8.4 SSM calibrations at a ground-plane site, 30 MHz to 1 GHz . 85
8.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for SSM . 85
8.4.2 Calibration procedure for SSM . 86
8.4.3 Calculation of F . 86
a
8.4.4 Uncertainties of F obtained using SSM . 87
a
9 Calibration procedures for specific antenna types for frequencies of 30 MHz and
above . 88
9.1 General . 88
9.2 Calibrations for biconical and hybrid antennas in a free-space environment
for 30 MHz to 300 MHz, and tuned dipoles for 60 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 88
9.2.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements . 88
9.2.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up for use with the SAM . 88
9.2.3 Uncertainties of F determined by the SAM . 89
a
9.2.4 Antenna set-up for use with the TAM (alternative) . 91
9.3 Calibration of biconical (30 MHz to 300 MHz) and hybrid antennas, using
the SAM and VP at a ground-plane site . 91
– 4 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014+AMD1:2017
+AMD2:2022 CSV © IEC 2022
9.3.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements . 91
9.3.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up . 92
9.3.3 Uncertainties of F determined with the SAM. 93
a
9.4 Calibration of LPDA, hybrid, and horn antennas in a free-space environment,
200 MHz to 18 GHz . 94
9.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for a free-space
environment . 94
9.4.2 Calibrations using the TAM . 96
9.4.3 Antenna set-up for use with the SAM . 97
9.4.4 Alternative antenna set-up for site with absorber on the ground . 97
9.5 Calibration of horn and LPDA antennas in a FAR, 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 98
9.5.1 Calibration using the TAM . 98
9.5.2 Calibration and antenna set-up for the SAM . 102
Annex A (informative) Background information and rationale for the methods of
antenna calibration . 103
A.1 Rationale for the need for several calibration methods and for use of a
ground-plane site . 103
A.2 Special measures for calibration of omnidirectional antennas. 104
A.2.1 General . 104
A.2.2 Difficulties with calibration of omnidirectional antennas . 105
A.2.3 Minimizing reflections from antenna supports and radiation from cables . 105
A.2.4 Field taper and monocone set-up for VP biconical calibration . 106
A.2.5 Use of HP or VP in a FAR . 107
A.2.6 Substitution where the STA is the same model as the AUC . 107
A.3 Calibrations using broadband calculable dipole antennas . 107
A.3.1 Disadvantages of tuned dipole antennas . 107
A.3.2 Advantages of broadband calculable dipole antennas . 108
A.3.3 Disadvantages of calculable dipole antennas . 108
A.4 Rationale for F and biconical/LPDA antenna cross-over frequency . 108
a
A.4.1 Rationale for F . 108
a
A.4.2 Cross-over frequency from biconical to LPDA antennas . 109
A.4.3 Biconical element designs . 109
A.5 Sources of increased uncertainty in measurement of F by the SSM. 110
a
A.6 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances . 112
A.6.1 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances . 112
A.6.2 Correction of electric field strength to account for phase centre of LPDA
antennas . 113
A.7 Cross-polar discrimination of LPDA antennas . 114
A.8 Tips for measurement instrumentation . 115
A.8.1 Signal-to-noise ratio . 115
A.8.2 Connector pin depth . 117
A.8.3 Effect of added adaptor in a “cable-through” measurement . 117
A.8.4 Compression level . 118
A.8.5 Source power slope function above 6 GHz . 118
A.8.6 Frequency increment for detection of resonances . 118
A.8.7 Return loss or VSWR . 118
A.9 Uncertainty considerations . 119
A.9.1 General . 119
A.9.2 Achievable uncertainties for F . 119
a
A.9.3 Uncertainties of dipoles above a ground plane . 119
+AMD2:2022 CSV © IEC 2022
A.9.4 Verification of uncertainty by comparison of methods . 120
Annex B (normative) Calibration of biconical antennas and tuned dipole antennas
above a ground plane using the TAM and the SAM . 121
B.1 General . 121
B.2 Characteristics of biconical antennas and dipole antennas . 121
B.3 Frequencies . 121
B.4 Measurement of F (h,p) of biconical and tuned dipole antennas and
a
derivation of F by averaging F (h,p), 30 MHz to 300 MHz . 122
a a
B.4.1 General . 122
B.4.2 Measurement of F (h,H) by the SAM and derivation of F . 122
a a
B.4.3 Measurement of F (h,H) by the TAM and derivation of F . 125
a a
B.5 Measurement of F of tuned dipoles placed high above a ground plane in
a
the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz. 127
B.5.1 General . 127
B.5.2 Measurement of F by the SAM . 127
a
B.5.3 Measurement of F by the TAM . 129
a
Annex C (informative) Rationale for the equations used in antenna calibration and
relevant information about antenna characteristics for uncertainty analysis in the
frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz . 131
C.1 General . 131
C.2 Antenna factor and antenna gain . 131
C.2.1 Relationship between AF and gain for antennas in a free-space
environment . 131
C.2.2 Relationship between AF and gain for monopole antennas on a large
ground plane . 133
C.3 Equations for the insertion loss between antennas . 133
C.3.1 Site insertion loss measured at a free-space calibration site . 133
C.3.2 Site insertion loss measured at a metal ground-plane site . 135
C.3.3 Site attenuation measured at a metal ground-plane site . 137
C.4 Uncertainty contribution caused by near-field effects . 138
C.5 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna proximity coupling . 139
C.6 Uncertainty contribution due to the ground plane reflection . 141
C.6.1 Coupling to image in ground plane . 141
C.6.2 Correction factors ΔF for F of biconical antenna . 146
a,SSM a
C.7 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna radiation pattern . 147
C.7.1 General . 147
C.7.2 Biconical antennas . 148
C.7.3 LPDA antennas. 148
C.7.4 Hybrid antennas . 149
C.7.5 Horn and LPDA antennas from 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 150
Annex D (informative) Background information and rationale for calibration of
antennas at frequencies above 1 GHz. 153
D.1 Mismatch uncertainty . 153
D.2 Mutual coupling between antennas and chamber reflection . 153
D.3 Antenna separation distance and phase centre . 153
D.4 Example gain of DRH at 1 m distance . 155
Annex E (informative) Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets . 157
E.1 General . 157
E.2 Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets . 157
– 6 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014+AMD1:2017
+AMD2:2022 CSV © IEC 2022
Annex F (informative) Mismatch uncertainties from a two-port device connected
between a transmit port and a receive port . 167
Annex G (informative) Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas and
uncertainty analysis of the ECSM. 169
G.1 Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave
method from 5 MHz to 30 MHz . 169
G.1.1 Calibration procedure . 169
G.1.2 Uncertainty evaluation for the calibration of monopole antennas by the
plane wave method . 170
G.2 Uncertainty analysis of the ECSM . 170
G.2.1 Effect of rod length longer than λ/8 . 170
G.2.2 Effect on AF of monopole antenna mounted on a tripod . 172
G.2.3 Monopole antenna receiving an electric field . 173
G.2.4 Equivalent capacitance substitution method (ECSM) . 173
G.2.5 Uncertainties associated with the ECSM . 175
G.2.6 An alternative to the dummy antenna, for which F = V − V . 177
ac D L
Annex H (informative) Helmholtz coil method for calibration of loop antennas up to
150 kHz . 178
H.1 Measurement procedure . 178
H.2 Uncertainties. 180
Annex I (normative) Antenna pattern measurement method in the frequency range
above 1 GHz, with measurement uncertainty budget . 182
I.1 General . 182
I.2 Test set-up . 182
I.3 Test method . 184
I.4 Test report . 187
I.5 Uncertainty budget . 187
Annex J (informative) Monte Carlo simulation of TAM loop antenna calibration
measurement uncertainty – Example source code. 189
Bibliography . 192
Figure 1 – Set-up for AF determination using a network analyzer . 30
Figure 2 – Set-up for AF determination using a measuring receiver and signal
generator . 30
Figure 3 – Example of mounting a capacitor in the dummy antenna . 31
Figure 4 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for passive loop antennas . 35
Figure 5 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for active loop antennas . 36
Figure 21 – Loop antenna pair arrangements for the TAM . 41
Figure 22 – Accuracy of Greene’s formula and integral formula vs. frequency for r =
i
0,05 m, r = 0,3 m, and d = 0,39 m . 42
j
Figure 23 – Examples of influence of ground plane on SIL in free-space condition . 43
Figure 24 – Definitions of the parameters used in measurement uncertainty evaluation
for K(i,j) . 45
Figure 25 – Antenna arrangement for the current probe method (CPM) . 47
Figure 26 – Antenna arrangement for the standard antenna method . 51
Figure 6 – Example of resonant spike due to poor biconical element connections, using
2 MHz increment . 53
Figure 7 – Antenna set-up for SIL measurement at a free-space calibration site . 61
+AMD2:2022 CSV © IEC 2022
Figure 8 – Antenna set-up for SIL and SA measurement at a ground-plane
calibration site . 61
Figure 9 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a free-space calibration site . 66
Figure 10 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane . 69
Figure 11 – Antenna set-up for the SSM . 71
Figure 12 – Antenna set-up for the SAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane . 73
Figure 13 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 76
Figure 14 – LPDA antenna with a tapered curved geometry . 78
Figure 15 – Separation distance with respect to the phase centre of horn antennas
(see [49] for details) . 79
Figure 16 – Schematic of a DRH showing relative locations of field point and phase
centre of the DRH . 80
Figure 17 – Biconical antenna set-up for SAM using vertical polarization, showing the
paired monocone antenna and an example collapsible-element biconical AUC . 93
Figure 18 – Test set-up for the calibration of LPDA and hybrid antennas positioned at
a large height . 96
Figure 19 – Set-up for LPDA antennas above absorber . 98
Figure 20 – Set-up for transmission measurements using a network analyzer . 100
Figure A.1 – Illustration of the angles of the electromagnetic rays subtended from the
scanned LPDA antenna to the fixed height LPDA antenna and to the ground plane . 111
Figure A.2 – F of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of
a
9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 without correction . 112
Figure A.3 – F of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of
a
9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 with correction . 112
Figure A.4 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna . 114
Figure A.5 – Statistical properties of multiple S sweeps (minimum, maximum, and
mean value) . 116
Figure A.6 – Standard deviation of S . 116
Figure A.7 – Normalized standard deviation of S . 117
Figure C.1 – Simplified model of a receive antenna . 132
Figure C.2 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a free-space
calibration site . 134
Figure C.3 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a calibration site
with a metal ground plane . 136
Figure C.4 – Comparison of field strength given by Equation (C.17) versus in near-field
region given by Equation (C.31) . 139
Figure C.5 – Theoretical calculations of proximity coupling effects on the AF from the
TAM (free-space conditions) . 141
Figure C.6 – Deviation of AF from free-space value, F , caused by mutual coupling to
a
the image in a metal ground plane (theoretical results) . 143
Figure C.7 – Variation of F (h,H) of biconical antenna with 50 Ω balun, 30 MHz to
a
320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m . 144
Figure C.8 – AF of Figure C.7 normalized to free-space AF . 144
Figure C.9 – Variation of F (h,H) of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun, 30 MHz to
a
320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m . 145
Figure C.10 – Diagram of one triangular section of a biconical antenna element . 147
Figure C.11 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of two example
biconical antennas compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 148
– 8 – CISPR 16-1-6:2014+AMD1:2017
+AMD2:2022 CSV © IEC 2022
Figure C.12 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of three example
LPDA antennas, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 149
Figure C.13 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of an example
hybrid antenna, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna . 150
Figure C.14 – Example radiation patterns for classical DRH antenna . 151
Figure C.15 – Example radiation patterns for novel DRH antenna . 151
Figure C.16 – Example radiation patterns for classical LPDA antenna . 152
Figure C.17 – Example radiation patterns for V-type LPDA antenna . 152
Figure D.1 – Relative phase centres of a DRH antenna and an LPDA antenna . 154
Figure D.2 – A transmission system between a horn antenna and an LPDA antenna . 155
Figure D.3 – Measured AFs of a DRH antenna at 4,5 GHz . 155
Figure D.4 – Graph showing the realized gain at 1 m for a DRH antenna . 156
Figure E.1 – Comparison of measured and predicted SIL for calculable dipole antenna
– 60 MHz element . 160
Figure E.2 – Comparison of measured and predicted SIL for calculable dipole antenna
– 180 MHz element . 161
Figure E.3 – Reflectivity of chamber absorbing materials . 165
Figure E.4 – Laser alignment system . 165
Figure F.1 – Flow graph representation of a two-port device between a transmit port
and a receiver port . 167
Figure F.2 – Signal flow reduction . 167
Figure G.1 – Diagram showing how the brass rod connects to the type N male
bulkhead connector . 170
Figure G.2 – Graph of the magnitude of the tan(…) ratio term in Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 . 171
Figure G.3 – Graphical presentation of Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 self-capacitance C of a
a
1 m monopole . 171
Figure G.4 – Graphical presentation of Equation (5) of 5.1.2.2 height correction
factor L . 172
h
Figure G.5 – Calibration set-up consisting of a biconical and a loop antenna, and an
elevated monopole antenna with vertical feed wires . 173
Figure G.6 – Equivalent circuit representation for a monopole antenna system . 173
Figure G.7 – Monopole antenna calibration using the ECSM . 174
Figure G.8 – Equivalent circuit representation for the ECSM . 174
Figure G.9 – Simplified circuit representation for Figure G.8 . 175
Figure G.10 – Circuit for dummy antenna simulating the effects of the antenna effective
height, h . 177
e
Figure H.1 – Diagram of Helmholtz coil method set-up . 178
Figure H.2 – Variation of H/I across the central plane between the coils . 180
Figure I.1 – Typical set-up for antenna pattern measurement . 183
Figure I.2 − Definition of d . 183
Figure I.3 − Definition of d . 184
Figure I.4 − With d held constant, d is increased in x cm steps . 185
1 2
Figure I.5 − With d held constant, d is increased in x cm steps . 185
2 1
Figure I.6 − Distance and angle correction . 187
Table 1 – Summary of calibration methods above 30 MHz for F . 25
a
+AMD2:2022 CSV © IEC 2022
Table 2 – Calibration methods above 30 MHz by subclause number . 26
Ta
...
Frequently Asked Questions
CISPR 16-1-6:2014 is a standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Its full title is "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC antenna calibration". This standard covers: CISPR 16-1-6:2014 provides procedures and supporting information for the calibration of antennas for determining antenna factors (AF) that are applicable to antennas intended for use in radiated disturbance measurements. It has the status of a basic EMC Standard in accordance with IEC Guide 107, Electromagnetic compatibility. The AF of an antenna is influenced by nearby surroundings and by its position in space relative to the radiating source. This standard focuses on antenna calibrations that provide the AF in a free-space environment in the direction of the boresight of the antenna. The frequency range addressed is 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The relevant antenna types covered in this standard are monopole, loop, dipole, biconical, log-periodic dipole-array (LPDA), hybrid and horn antennas. Guidance is also provided on measurement uncertainties associated with each calibration method and configuration, and the test instrumentation used.
CISPR 16-1-6:2014 provides procedures and supporting information for the calibration of antennas for determining antenna factors (AF) that are applicable to antennas intended for use in radiated disturbance measurements. It has the status of a basic EMC Standard in accordance with IEC Guide 107, Electromagnetic compatibility. The AF of an antenna is influenced by nearby surroundings and by its position in space relative to the radiating source. This standard focuses on antenna calibrations that provide the AF in a free-space environment in the direction of the boresight of the antenna. The frequency range addressed is 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The relevant antenna types covered in this standard are monopole, loop, dipole, biconical, log-periodic dipole-array (LPDA), hybrid and horn antennas. Guidance is also provided on measurement uncertainties associated with each calibration method and configuration, and the test instrumentation used.
CISPR 16-1-6:2014 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 33.100.10 - Emission; 33.100.20 - Immunity. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
CISPR 16-1-6:2014 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to CISPR 16-1-6:2014/AMD1:2017, CISPR 16-1-6:2014/AMD2:2022. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
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CISPR 16-1-6:2014는 전자파 간섭 및 면역 측정 장치 및 방법에 대한 규격으로, 방사 간섭 측정에 사용되는 안테나의 보정 절차와 지원 정보를 제공합니다. 이것은 IEC Guide 107, 전자파 간섭 호환성에 따라 기본 EMC 표준의 지위를 갖고 있습니다. 안테나의 안테나 팩터(AF)는 인근 환경과 방사 소스에 대한 공간 상의 위치에 영향을 받습니다. 이 표준은 안테나의 정면 방향에서 자유 공간 환경에서 AF를 제공하는 안테나 보정에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 다루는 주파수 범위는 9 kHz에서 18 GHz입니다. 이 표준에서 다루는 관련 안테나 유형은 단일 막대, 루프, 이중 막대, 양탄자, 로그주기적 이중 막대배열(LPDA), 혼합형 및 호른 안테나입니다. 각 보정 방법과 구성에 따른 측정 불확실성 및 테스트 기기에 대한 지침도 제공됩니다.
記事タイトル：CISPR 16-1-6：2014-無線妨害および耐性測定装置および方法の仕様-第1-6部：無線妨害および耐性測定装置-EMCアンテナのキャリブレーション 記事内容：CISPR 16-1-6：2014は、放射同時測定に使用されるアンテナのキャリブレーション手順とそのサポート情報を提供しています。IECガイド107、電磁環境適合性に基づく基本的なEMCの標準としての地位を持っています。アンテナファクター（AF）は、周囲環境と放射源に対して空間内のアンテナの位置に影響を受けます。この標準は、アンテナのボアサイトの方向でのフリースペース環境でのAFを提供するアンテナのキャリブレーションに焦点を当てています。対象周波数範囲は9 kHzから18 GHzです。この標準でカバーされているアンテナのタイプには、単極、ループ、二極、バイコニカル、ログ・ペリオディック・ダイポール・アレイ（LPDA）、ハイブリッド、ホーンアンテナが含まれます。また、各キャリブレーション方法と構成、および使用されるテスト機器に関連する測定の不確かさについてもガイダンスが提供されています。
The article discusses the CISPR 16-1-6:2014 standard, which provides procedures and information for calibrating antennas used in radiated disturbance measurements. The standard focuses on determining antenna factors (AF) in a free-space environment in the direction of the antenna's boresight. It covers a frequency range of 9 kHz to 18 GHz and various antenna types such as monopole, loop, dipole, biconical, log-periodic dipole-array (LPDA), hybrid, and horn antennas. The standard also includes guidance on measurement uncertainties and test instrumentation.
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