ISO 704:2022
(Main)Terminology work — Principles and methods
Terminology work — Principles and methods
This document establishes the basic principles and methods for preparing and compiling terminologies both inside and outside the framework of standardization. It describes the links between objects, concepts, definitions and designations. It also establishes general principles for the formation of terms and proper names and the writing of definitions. This document is applicable to terminology work in scientific, technological, industrial, legal, administrative and other fields of knowledge. This document does not stipulate rules for the presentation of terminological entries in International Standards, which are treated in ISO 10241-1 and ISO 10241-2.
Travail terminologique — Principes et méthodes
Le présent document établit les principes fondamentaux et les méthodes permettant d’élaborer et de compiler des terminologies, qu’il s’agisse d’activités menées dans le cadre de la normalisation ou non. Il décrit les liens établis entre les objets, les concepts, les définitions et les désignations. Il énonce également des principes généraux pour la formation des termes et noms propres et la rédaction des définitions. Le présent document s’applique au travail terminologique effectué dans les domaines scientifiques, technologiques, industriels, juridiques, administratifs ainsi que dans d’autres domaines de connaissance. Le présent document ne décrit pas les règles de présentation des articles terminologiques dans les Normes internationales, qui sont traitées dans l’ISO 10241-1 et l’ISO 10241-2.
Terminološko delo - Načela in metode
Ta dokument vzpostavlja osnovna načela in metode za pripravo ter oblikovanje terminologije zunaj in znotraj okvira standardizacije. Opisuje povezave med predmeti, koncepti, definicijami in oznakami. Vzpostavlja tudi splošna načela za tvorbo izrazov in lastnih imen ter zapisovanje definicij.
Ta dokument se lahko uporablja pri terminološkem delu na znanstvenem, tehnološkem, industrijskem, pravnem in administrativnem področju ter drugih področjih znanja.
V njem niso predpisana pravila za predstavitev terminoloških vnosov v mednarodnih standardih, ki so opisani v standardih ISO 10241-1 in ISO 10241-2.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 704:2023
01-januar-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 704:2013
Terminološko delo - Načela in metode
Terminology work -- Principles and methods
Travail terminologique -- Principes et méthodes
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 704:2022
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
SIST ISO 704:2023 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 704:2023
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SIST ISO 704:2023
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 704
Fourth edition
2022-07
Terminology work — Principles and
methods
Travail terminologique — Principes et méthodes
Reference number
ISO 704:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 704:2023
ISO 704:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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SIST ISO 704:2023
ISO 704:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Reality and language . 2
5 Concepts . 3
5.1 Overview . 3
5.2 General concepts . 3
5.3 Individual concepts . 4
5.4 Characteristics. 4
5.4.1 General . 4
5.4.2 Terminological analysis . 5
5.4.3 Intension and extension . 7
5.4.4 Essential characteristics and non-essential characteristics . 7
5.4.5 Shared characteristics and delimiting characteristics . 7
5.5 Concept relations . 8
5.5.1 General . 8
5.5.2 Types . 8
5.5.3 Notations . 8
5.5.4 Hierarchical relations . 9
5.5.5 Associative relations .23
5.6 Concept systems . 25
5.6.1 General . 25
5.6.2 Development and visualization . 25
5.6.3 Types . 26
6 Definitions .33
6.1 General . 33
6.2 Intensional definitions . 33
6.3 Extensional definitions .34
6.4 Writing definitions.34
6.4.1 General .34
6.4.2 Nature of intensional definitions .34
6.4.3 Writing intensional definitions . 35
6.4.4 Applying the substitution principle .39
6.4.5 Writing extensional definitions .39
6.4.6 Indicating a domain or subject . 41
6.5 Deficient definitions . 41
6.5.1 General . 41
6.5.2 Circular definitions . 42
6.5.3 Inaccurate definitions. 43
6.5.4 Negative definitions .44
6.6 Information supplementing or replacing definitions . 45
6.6.1 General . 45
6.6.2 Contexts. 45
6.6.3 Encyclopaedic descriptions .46
6.6.4 Explanations.46
6.6.5 Notes . 47
6.6.6 Examples . 47
6.6.7 Other descriptions . 47
6.7 Indicating sources .48
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ISO 704:2022(E)
7 Designations .48
7.1 General .48
7.2 Types .48
7.3 Terms.49
7.3.1 General .49
7.3.2 Types of terms .49
7.3.3 Types of appellations .49
7.3.4 Nomenclatures .50
7.4 Proper names .50
7.4.1 General .50
7.4.2 Types . 51
7.5 Symbols . 51
7.6 Formation of terms (including appellations) and proper names .53
7.6.1 General .53
7.6.2 Principles .54
7.7 Relations between designations and concepts . 57
7.7.1 Mononymy and monosemy . 57
7.7.2 Synonymy . 57
7.7.3 Equivalence . 57
7.7.4 Antonymy .58
7.7.5 Polysemy and homonymy .58
7.7.6 Harmonization .58
7.7.7 Acceptability rating .58
Annex A (informative) Other types of definitions .60
Annex B (informative) Examples of term formation methods .65
Annex C (informative) Appellations and proper names .70
Bibliography .77
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SIST ISO 704:2023
ISO 704:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 1, Principles and methods.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 704:2009), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the structure and content have been adapted based on ISO 1087;
— concept models in accordance with ISO 24156-1 have been introduced;
— clauses on associative concept relations have been extended;
— appellations and proper names are treated more comprehensively and more systematically;
— where necessary, existing examples have been adapted or replaced, and new examples have been
introduced.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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SIST ISO 704:2023
ISO 704:2022(E)
Introduction
0.1 Overview
This document specifies state-of-the-art principles and methods of terminology work. According to
ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.1, terminology work is “work concerned with the systematic collection, description,
processing and presentation of concepts and their designations” in various domains and subjects. It is
multidisciplinary and draws support from several disciplines (e.g. logic, epistemology, philosophy of
science, linguistics, translation studies, information science, cognitive science). It combines elements
from many theoretical approaches that deal with the description, ordering and transfer of knowledge.
Terminology work according to this document is concerned with terminology used for unambiguous
communication in natural language, in particular special languages. The goal of terminology work as
described in this document is, thus, a clarification and standardization of terminology for communication
between humans. Terminology work can also support knowledge modelling, information modelling,
data modelling and classification, but this document does not cover these fields.
This document is intended to standardize the essential elements for terminology work. The general
purposes of this document are to provide a common theoretical framework and to explain how this
framework should be implemented by organizations or individuals involved in terminology work. This
document also provides the fundamentals for terminology science teaching and training, in particular
for the training of terminologists or terminology workers.
Thus, this document is intended to provide assistance to those carrying out various terminology
work activities. The principles and methods should be observed not only for the manipulation of
terminological information but also in the planning and decision-making involved in managing
terminology. The main activities include, but are not limited to, the following:
— identifying concepts and concept relations;
— analysing and structuring concept fields on the basis of identified concepts and concept relations;
— analysing and developing concept systems on the basis of concept fields;
— visualizing concept systems, for example by means of traditional concept diagrams or Unified
Modeling Language-based concept models;
— defining concepts;
— assigning linguistic or non-linguistic designations to concepts;
— creating and maintaining terminology resources, principally in print and electronic media
(terminography).
Objects, concepts, definitions and designations are fundamental to terminology work and therefore
form the basis of this document. Objects are perceived or conceived and abstracted into concepts.
Concepts are represented by designations and/or definitions. The set of designations and concepts
belonging to one special language constitutes the terminology of a specific domain or subject.
For referencing objects, concepts, definitions and designations in accordance with the current state of
the art, the following wording conventions are used in this document:
— Objects:
— are perceived or conceived;
— are abstracted into or conceptualized as concepts.
— Concepts:
— depict or correspond to objects or groups of objects;
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SIST ISO 704:2023
ISO 704:2022(E)
— are represented or expressed by linguistic or non-linguistic designations or by definitions;
— are connected by concept relations and organized into concept systems that are structured
according to concept relations.
— Definitions:
— define, represent or describe concepts.
— Designations:
— designate or represent concepts;
— are assigned to concepts;
— refer to objects.
Figure 1 illustrates these wording conventions in graphical form.
Figure 1 — Graphical illustration of wording conventions
0.2 Notations
In running text of this document, the following notations are used starting with Clause 4:
— terms designating concepts defined in ISO 1087 and in this document are in italics;
— other terms and proper names are indicated by double quotation marks;
— objects, concepts, properties, characteristics, types of characteristics and criteria of subdivision are
indicated by single quotation marks;
— examples are boxed;
— symbols do not have any specific markup.
These notations are intended to facilitate the distinction between different types of references and
other text throughout this document.
The examples in this document have been chosen for illustrative purposes and are specific to the
language(s) in question. Translation into other languages can necessitate the selection of other examples
to illustrate the points.
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SIST ISO 704:2023
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SIST ISO 704:2023
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 704:2022(E)
Terminology work — Principles and methods
1 Scope
This document establishes the basic principles and methods for preparing and compiling terminologies
both inside and outside the framework of standardization. It describes the links between objects,
concepts, definitions and designations. It also establishes general principles for the formation of terms
and proper names and the writing of definitions.
This document is applicable to terminology work in scientific, technological, industrial, legal,
administrative and other fields of knowledge.
This document does not stipulate rules for the presentation of terminological entries in International
Standards, which are treated in ISO 10241-1 and ISO 10241-2.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1087, Terminology work and terminology science — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
domain
subject field
field of special knowledge
Note 1 to entry: The borderlines and the granularity of a domain are determined from a purpose-related point of
view. If a domain is subdivided, the result is again a domain.
EXAMPLE 1 The domain of chemistry can be subdivided into pure chemistry and applied chemistry.
EXAMPLE 2 Amongst others, the domains of agriculture and food production relate to the subject of cereals.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.4, modified — Examples added.]
3.2
subject
area of interest or expertise
Note 1 to entry: A subject may touch upon two or more domains (3.1).
EXAMPLE The subject of cereals relates to various domains such as agriculture and food production.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.5, modified — Note 1 to entry added (from ISO 10241-1:2011, 3.3.2) and
example added.]
1
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SIST ISO 704:2023
ISO 704:2022(E)
3.3
intensional definition
definition that conveys the intension of a concept by stating the immediate superordinate concept and
the delimiting characteristic(s)
EXAMPLE 1 optical mouse: computer mouse in which movement is detected by light sensors.
EXAMPLE 2 mechanical mouse: computer mouse in which movement is detected by rollers and a ball.
Note 1 to entry: Intensional definitions are preferable to other types of definitions because they clearly reveal
the delimiting characteristics of a concept within a concept system: they should be used whenever possible.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.3.2, modified — “generic concept” replaced by “superordinate concept” in
the definition, “movements are” replaced by “movement is” in the Examples, and “delimiting” added
before “characteristics” in Note 1 to entry.]
3.4
terminological entry
concept entry
collection of terminological data related to only one concept
Note 1 to entry: A terminological entry prepared in accordance with the principles and methods given in this
document follows the same structural principles whether it is monolingual or multilingual.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.2, modified — “concept entry” added as an admitted term, and “ISO 704”
replaced by “this document” in Note 1 to entry.]
3.5
full form
designation that is complete
EXAMPLE “solid-state drive” is the full form of “SSD”.
[SOURCE: ISO 10241-1:2011, 3.4.1.2.3, modified — “complete representation of a” removed before
“designation” and “that is complete” added after “designation” in the definition, example replaced.]
3.6
terminologist
expert who performs terminology work as a main function of a professional activity
[SOURCE: ISO 12616-1:2021, 3.30]
3.7
terminology worker
person whose role is to perform terminology work as an ancillary function of other professional
activities
[SOURCE: ISO 12616-1:2021, 3.29]
4 Reality and language
In terminology work, an object is anything perceivable or conceivable. Some objects, such as a given
‘engine’, ‘sheet of paper’ or ‘diamond’, are material. Other objects, such as a given ‘conversion ratio’
or ‘project planning’, are immaterial. Still other objects, for example a given ‘unicorn’ or ‘scientific
hypothesis’, are imagined. Discussions on whether an object actually exists in reality are unproductive
and should thus be avoided. Attention should be focused on how one deals with objects for the purposes
of communication.
Objects are made up of and identified by their properties (see 5.4.1, Example), but neither information
on properties of specific objects nor information on the objects themselves is commonly recorded in
terminology resources. However, in some cases, such as terminology work in support of technical
documentation, objects or their properties can be represented.
2
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SIST ISO 704:2023
ISO 704:2022(E)
5 Conc
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 704
Fourth edition
2022-07
Terminology work — Principles and
methods
Travail terminologique — Principes et méthodes
Reference number
ISO 704:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 704:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 704:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Reality and language . 2
5 Concepts . 3
5.1 Overview . 3
5.2 General concepts . 3
5.3 Individual concepts . 4
5.4 Characteristics. 4
5.4.1 General . 4
5.4.2 Terminological analysis . 5
5.4.3 Intension and extension . 7
5.4.4 Essential characteristics and non-essential characteristics . 7
5.4.5 Shared characteristics and delimiting characteristics . 7
5.5 Concept relations . 8
5.5.1 General . 8
5.5.2 Types . 8
5.5.3 Notations . 8
5.5.4 Hierarchical relations . 9
5.5.5 Associative relations .23
5.6 Concept systems . 25
5.6.1 General . 25
5.6.2 Development and visualization . 25
5.6.3 Types . 26
6 Definitions .33
6.1 General . 33
6.2 Intensional definitions . 33
6.3 Extensional definitions .34
6.4 Writing definitions.34
6.4.1 General .34
6.4.2 Nature of intensional definitions .34
6.4.3 Writing intensional definitions . 35
6.4.4 Applying the substitution principle .39
6.4.5 Writing extensional definitions .39
6.4.6 Indicating a domain or subject . 41
6.5 Deficient definitions . 41
6.5.1 General . 41
6.5.2 Circular definitions . 42
6.5.3 Inaccurate definitions. 43
6.5.4 Negative definitions .44
6.6 Information supplementing or replacing definitions . 45
6.6.1 General . 45
6.6.2 Contexts. 45
6.6.3 Encyclopaedic descriptions .46
6.6.4 Explanations.46
6.6.5 Notes . 47
6.6.6 Examples . 47
6.6.7 Other descriptions . 47
6.7 Indicating sources .48
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ISO 704:2022(E)
7 Designations .48
7.1 General .48
7.2 Types .48
7.3 Terms.49
7.3.1 General .49
7.3.2 Types of terms .49
7.3.3 Types of appellations .49
7.3.4 Nomenclatures .50
7.4 Proper names .50
7.4.1 General .50
7.4.2 Types . 51
7.5 Symbols . 51
7.6 Formation of terms (including appellations) and proper names .53
7.6.1 General .53
7.6.2 Principles .54
7.7 Relations between designations and concepts . 57
7.7.1 Mononymy and monosemy . 57
7.7.2 Synonymy . 57
7.7.3 Equivalence . 57
7.7.4 Antonymy .58
7.7.5 Polysemy and homonymy .58
7.7.6 Harmonization .58
7.7.7 Acceptability rating .58
Annex A (informative) Other types of definitions .60
Annex B (informative) Examples of term formation methods .65
Annex C (informative) Appellations and proper names .70
Bibliography .77
iv
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 704:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 1, Principles and methods.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 704:2009), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the structure and content have been adapted based on ISO 1087;
— concept models in accordance with ISO 24156-1 have been introduced;
— clauses on associative concept relations have been extended;
— appellations and proper names are treated more comprehensively and more systematically;
— where necessary, existing examples have been adapted or replaced, and new examples have been
introduced.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 704:2022(E)
Introduction
0.1 Overview
This document specifies state-of-the-art principles and methods of terminology work. According to
ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.1, terminology work is “work concerned with the systematic collection, description,
processing and presentation of concepts and their designations” in various domains and subjects. It is
multidisciplinary and draws support from several disciplines (e.g. logic, epistemology, philosophy of
science, linguistics, translation studies, information science, cognitive science). It combines elements
from many theoretical approaches that deal with the description, ordering and transfer of knowledge.
Terminology work according to this document is concerned with terminology used for unambiguous
communication in natural language, in particular special languages. The goal of terminology work as
described in this document is, thus, a clarification and standardization of terminology for communication
between humans. Terminology work can also support knowledge modelling, information modelling,
data modelling and classification, but this document does not cover these fields.
This document is intended to standardize the essential elements for terminology work. The general
purposes of this document are to provide a common theoretical framework and to explain how this
framework should be implemented by organizations or individuals involved in terminology work. This
document also provides the fundamentals for terminology science teaching and training, in particular
for the training of terminologists or terminology workers.
Thus, this document is intended to provide assistance to those carrying out various terminology
work activities. The principles and methods should be observed not only for the manipulation of
terminological information but also in the planning and decision-making involved in managing
terminology. The main activities include, but are not limited to, the following:
— identifying concepts and concept relations;
— analysing and structuring concept fields on the basis of identified concepts and concept relations;
— analysing and developing concept systems on the basis of concept fields;
— visualizing concept systems, for example by means of traditional concept diagrams or Unified
Modeling Language-based concept models;
— defining concepts;
— assigning linguistic or non-linguistic designations to concepts;
— creating and maintaining terminology resources, principally in print and electronic media
(terminography).
Objects, concepts, definitions and designations are fundamental to terminology work and therefore
form the basis of this document. Objects are perceived or conceived and abstracted into concepts.
Concepts are represented by designations and/or definitions. The set of designations and concepts
belonging to one special language constitutes the terminology of a specific domain or subject.
For referencing objects, concepts, definitions and designations in accordance with the current state of
the art, the following wording conventions are used in this document:
— Objects:
— are perceived or conceived;
— are abstracted into or conceptualized as concepts.
— Concepts:
— depict or correspond to objects or groups of objects;
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© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 704:2022(E)
— are represented or expressed by linguistic or non-linguistic designations or by definitions;
— are connected by concept relations and organized into concept systems that are structured
according to concept relations.
— Definitions:
— define, represent or describe concepts.
— Designations:
— designate or represent concepts;
— are assigned to concepts;
— refer to objects.
Figure 1 illustrates these wording conventions in graphical form.
Figure 1 — Graphical illustration of wording conventions
0.2 Notations
In running text of this document, the following notations are used starting with Clause 4:
— terms designating concepts defined in ISO 1087 and in this document are in italics;
— other terms and proper names are indicated by double quotation marks;
— objects, concepts, properties, characteristics, types of characteristics and criteria of subdivision are
indicated by single quotation marks;
— examples are boxed;
— symbols do not have any specific markup.
These notations are intended to facilitate the distinction between different types of references and
other text throughout this document.
The examples in this document have been chosen for illustrative purposes and are specific to the
language(s) in question. Translation into other languages can necessitate the selection of other examples
to illustrate the points.
vii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 704:2022(E)
Terminology work — Principles and methods
1 Scope
This document establishes the basic principles and methods for preparing and compiling terminologies
both inside and outside the framework of standardization. It describes the links between objects,
concepts, definitions and designations. It also establishes general principles for the formation of terms
and proper names and the writing of definitions.
This document is applicable to terminology work in scientific, technological, industrial, legal,
administrative and other fields of knowledge.
This document does not stipulate rules for the presentation of terminological entries in International
Standards, which are treated in ISO 10241-1 and ISO 10241-2.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1087, Terminology work and terminology science — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
domain
subject field
field of special knowledge
Note 1 to entry: The borderlines and the granularity of a domain are determined from a purpose-related point of
view. If a domain is subdivided, the result is again a domain.
EXAMPLE 1 The domain of chemistry can be subdivided into pure chemistry and applied chemistry.
EXAMPLE 2 Amongst others, the domains of agriculture and food production relate to the subject of cereals.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.4, modified — Examples added.]
3.2
subject
area of interest or expertise
Note 1 to entry: A subject may touch upon two or more domains (3.1).
EXAMPLE The subject of cereals relates to various domains such as agriculture and food production.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.5, modified — Note 1 to entry added (from ISO 10241-1:2011, 3.3.2) and
example added.]
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ISO 704:2022(E)
3.3
intensional definition
definition that conveys the intension of a concept by stating the immediate superordinate concept and
the delimiting characteristic(s)
EXAMPLE 1 optical mouse: computer mouse in which movement is detected by light sensors.
EXAMPLE 2 mechanical mouse: computer mouse in which movement is detected by rollers and a ball.
Note 1 to entry: Intensional definitions are preferable to other types of definitions because they clearly reveal
the delimiting characteristics of a concept within a concept system: they should be used whenever possible.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.3.2, modified — “generic concept” replaced by “superordinate concept” in
the definition, “movements are” replaced by “movement is” in the Examples, and “delimiting” added
before “characteristics” in Note 1 to entry.]
3.4
terminological entry
concept entry
collection of terminological data related to only one concept
Note 1 to entry: A terminological entry prepared in accordance with the principles and methods given in this
document follows the same structural principles whether it is monolingual or multilingual.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.2, modified — “concept entry” added as an admitted term, and “ISO 704”
replaced by “this document” in Note 1 to entry.]
3.5
full form
designation that is complete
EXAMPLE “solid-state drive” is the full form of “SSD”.
[SOURCE: ISO 10241-1:2011, 3.4.1.2.3, modified — “complete representation of a” removed before
“designation” and “that is complete” added after “designation” in the definition, example replaced.]
3.6
terminologist
expert who performs terminology work as a main function of a professional activity
[SOURCE: ISO 12616-1:2021, 3.30]
3.7
terminology worker
person whose role is to perform terminology work as an ancillary function of other professional
activities
[SOURCE: ISO 12616-1:2021, 3.29]
4 Reality and language
In terminology work, an object is anything perceivable or conceivable. Some objects, such as a given
‘engine’, ‘sheet of paper’ or ‘diamond’, are material. Other objects, such as a given ‘conversion ratio’
or ‘project planning’, are immaterial. Still other objects, for example a given ‘unicorn’ or ‘scientific
hypothesis’, are imagined. Discussions on whether an object actually exists in reality are unproductive
and should thus be avoided. Attention should be focused on how one deals with objects for the purposes
of communication.
Objects are made up of and identified by their properties (see 5.4.1, Example), but neither information
on properties of specific objects nor information on the objects themselves is commonly recorded in
terminology resources. However, in some cases, such as terminology work in support of technical
documentation, objects or their properties can be represented.
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ISO 704:2022(E)
5 Concepts
5.1 Overview
In communication, not every individual object in the world is differentiated and named. Instead,
through observation and a process called conceptualization, objects are grouped into categories. These
categories correspond to units of knowledge called concepts. Concepts are made up of characteristics
(see 5.4.2, Example 2). They are represented in various forms of communication (object → concept →
communication). This document does not deal with all concepts represented in natural language, but
only with those belonging to domains or subjects.
In terminology work, concepts shall be considered units of knowledge that correspond to objects or
groups of objects. Concepts are not to be confused with immaterial or imagined objects: objects in a given
situation are observed and conceptualized mentally and then a designation is assigned to the concept
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 704
Quatrième édition
2022-07
Travail terminologique — Principes et
méthodes
Terminology work — Principles and methods
Numéro de référence
ISO 704:2022(F)
© ISO 2022
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ISO 704:2022(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2022
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
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ISO 704:2022(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction . vi
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives .1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Réalité et langage . 3
5 Concepts . 3
5.1 Vue d’ensemble . 3
5.2 Concepts généraux . 4
5.3 Concepts individuels . 4
5.4 Caractéristiques . 5
5.4.1 Généralités . 5
5.4.2 Analyse terminologique . 5
5.4.3 Intension et extension . 7
5.4.4 Caractéristiques essentielles et non essentielles . 7
5.4.5 Caractéristiques communes et caractéristiques distinctives . 8
5.5 Relations entre concepts . 8
5.5.1 Généralités . 8
5.5.2 Types . 8
5.5.3 Notations . 9
5.5.4 Relations hiérarchiques . 10
5.5.5 Relations associatives .25
5.6 Systèmes de concepts . 27
5.6.1 Généralités . 27
5.6.2 Développement et visualisation.28
5.6.3 Types .28
6 Définitions .34
6.1 Généralités .34
6.2 Définitions par intension . . . 35
6.3 Définitions par extension. 36
6.4 Rédaction des définitions .36
6.4.1 Généralités .36
6.4.2 Nature des définitions par intension .36
6.4.3 Rédaction des définitions par intension .38
6.4.4 Application du principe de substitution . 42
6.4.5 Rédaction des définitions par extension . 42
6.4.6 Indication d’un domaine ou d’un sujet .44
6.5 Définitions inadaptées .44
6.5.1 Généralités .44
6.5.2 Définitions circulaires .44
6.5.3 Définitions inexactes .46
6.5.4 Définitions négatives . 47
6.6 Informations complétant ou remplaçant les définitions .48
6.6.1 Généralités .48
6.6.2 Contextes .49
6.6.3 Descriptions encyclopédiques .49
6.6.4 Explications.50
6.6.5 Notes . 50
6.6.6 Exemples . 50
6.6.7 Autres descriptions . 51
6.7 Mention des sources . 51
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ISO 704:2022(F)
7 Désignations .52
7.1 Généralités . 52
7.2 Types . 52
7.3 Termes . 52
7.3.1 Généralités . 52
7.3.2 Types de termes . 53
7.3.3 Types d’appellations .53
7.3.4 Nomenclatures .53
7.4 Noms propres .54
7.4.1 Généralités .54
7.4.2 Types . 55
7.5 Symboles . 55
7.6 Formation des termes (appellations comprises) et noms propres . 57
7.6.1 Généralités . 57
7.6.2 Principes .58
7.7 Relations entre les désignations et les concepts . 61
7.7.1 Mononymie et monosémie . 61
7.7.2 Synonymie . 61
7.7.3 Équivalence . 62
7.7.4 Antonymie . 62
7.7.5 Polysémie et homonymie . 62
7.7.6 Harmonisation .63
7.7.7 Cote d’acceptabilité .63
Annexe A (informative) Autres types de définitions .65
Annexe B (informative) Exemples de méthodes de formation des termes .71
Annexe C (informative) Appellations et noms propres .77
Bibliographie .84
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ISO 704:2022(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 37, Langage et terminologie, sous-
comité SC 1, Principes et méthodes.
Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition (ISO 704:2009), qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision technique.
Les principales modifications sont les suivantes:
— adaptation de la structure et du contenu sur la base de l’ISO 1087;
— introduction de modèles conceptuels selon l’ISO 24156-1;
— approfondissement des articles sur les relations associatives entre concepts;
— traitement des appellations et des noms propres de manière plus complète et plus systématique;
— le cas échéant, adaptation ou remplacement des exemples existants et introduction de nouveaux
exemples.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
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ISO 704:2022(F)
Introduction
0.1 Vue d’ensemble
Le présent document spécifie les principes et méthodes de référence en matière de travail
terminologique. Conformément à l’ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.1, le travail terminologique est l’« activité
portant sur la systématisation de la collecte, de la description, du traitement et de la présentation des
concepts et de leurs désignations » dans divers domaines et sujets. Il est pluridisciplinaire et se fonde
sur plusieurs disciplines (par exemple, logique, épistémologie, philosophie des sciences, linguistique,
études en traduction, sciences de l’information, sciences cognitives). Il combine les éléments provenant
de différentes approches théoriques traitant de la description, de l’organisation et du transfert des
connaissances.
Le travail terminologique au sens du présent document se rapporte à la terminologie utilisée en vue
de communications univoques dans les langues, et notamment les langues de spécialité. L’objectif du
travail terminologique, tel que décrit dans le présent document, est par conséquent la clarification et la
normalisation des terminologies pour la communication entre humains. Le travail terminologique peut
également servir à la modélisation des connaissances et des informations, ainsi qu’à la modélisation et
la classification des données; toutefois, le présent document ne couvre pas ces domaines.
Le présent document est destiné à normaliser les éléments essentiels du travail terminologique.
Les objectifs généraux du présent document sont de fournir un cadre théorique commun et d’expliquer
comment il convient que les organisations ou les personnes impliquées dans des activités de travail
terminologique mettent en œuvre ce cadre. Le présent document fournit également les bases pour
l’enseignement et la formation de la science de la terminologie, notamment pour la formation des
terminologues ou des travailleurs en terminologie.
Le présent document est, de ce fait, destiné à aider les personnes qui mènent diverses activités de
travail terminologique. Il convient que ses principes et méthodes soient observés non seulement lors
du traitement des données terminologiques, mais également lors de la planification et de la prise
de décisions relatives à la gestion terminologique. Les principales activités concernées incluent,
sans toutefois s’y limiter:
— l’identification des concepts et des relations entre concepts;
— l’analyse et la structuration des champs conceptuels à partir des concepts et des relations entre
concepts identifiés;
— l’analyse et le développement des systèmes de concepts à partir des champs conceptuels;
— la visualisation des systèmes de concepts, par exemple au moyen de schémas conceptuels
traditionnels ou de modèles conceptuels basés sur la notation UML (Unified Modeling Language);
— la définition des concepts;
— l’attribution de désignations linguistiques ou non linguistiques à des concepts;
— la création et le maintien de ressources terminologiques, essentiellement sur des supports imprimés
ou électroniques (terminographie).
Les objets, les concepts, les définitions et les désignations sont les éléments fondamentaux du travail
terminologique et forment par conséquent la base du présent document. Les objets sont perçus ou conçus
puis, par abstraction, ramenés à des concepts. Les concepts sont représentés par des désignations et/
ou des définitions. L’ensemble des désignations et des concepts appartenant à une langue de spécialité
constitue la terminologie d’un domaine ou sujet particulier.
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ISO 704:2022(F)
Pour faire référence aux objets, aux concepts, aux définitions et aux désignations conformément à
l’état actuel de la technique, les conventions de formulation suivantes ont été adoptées dans le présent
document:
— les objets:
— sont perçus ou conçus;
— sont abstraits ou conceptualisés sous forme de concepts;
— les concepts:
— décrivent ou correspondent à des objets ou à des groupes d’objets;
— sont représentés ou exprimés par des désignations linguistiques ou non linguistiques ou par
des définitions;
— sont reliés par des relations entre concepts et organisés en systèmes de concepts qui sont
structurés selon les relations entre concepts;
— les définitions:
— définissent, représentent ou décrivent des concepts;
— les désignations:
— désignent ou représentent des concepts;
— sont attribuées à des concepts;
— font référence à des objets.
La Figure 1 illustre ces conventions de formulation sous forme de graphique.
Figure 1 — Illustration graphique des conventions de formulation
0.2 Notations
Les notations suivantes sont utilisées tout au long du présent document à partir de l’Article 4:
— les termes désignant les concepts définis dans l’ISO 1087 et dans le présent document sont en
italiques;
— les autres termes et les noms propres sont signalés par des guillemets doubles;
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ISO 704:2022(F)
— les objets, concepts, propriétés, caractéristiques, types de caractéristiques et critères de subdivision
sont signalés par des guillemets simples;
— les exemples figurent dans des encadrés;
— les symboles n’ont pas de balisage spécifique.
Ces notations ont pour but de faciliter la distinction entre les différents types de références et le reste
du texte tout au long du présent document.
Les exemples figurant dans le présent document ont été choisis à des fins d’illustration et sont
spécifiques à ou aux langues concernées. Lors de la traduction dans d’autres langues, il peut être
nécessaire de choisir d’autres exemples pour illustrer les points en question.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 704:2022(F)
Travail terminologique — Principes et méthodes
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document établit les principes fondamentaux et les méthodes permettant d’élaborer et
de compiler des terminologies, qu’il s’agisse d’activités menées dans le cadre de la normalisation ou
non. Il décrit les liens établis entre les objets, les concepts, les définitions et les désignations. Il énonce
également des principes généraux pour la formation des termes et noms propres et la rédaction des
définitions.
Le présent document s’applique au travail terminologique effectué dans les domaines scientifiques,
technologiques, industriels, juridiques, administratifs ainsi que dans d’autres domaines de connaissance.
Le présent document ne décrit pas les règles de présentation des articles terminologiques dans les
Normes internationales, qui sont traitées dans l’ISO 10241-1 et l’ISO 10241-2.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu’ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les
éventuels amendements).
ISO 1087, Travail terminologique et science de la terminologie — Vocabulaire
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et les définitions de l'ISO 1087 ainsi que les suivants
s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
domaine
branche spécialisée de la connaissance
Note 1 à l'article: Les limites et la granularité d’un domaine sont déterminées selon un point de vue particulier lié
à l’objectif visé. Si un domaine est subdivisé, le résultat est de nouveau un domaine.
EXEMPLE 1 Le domaine de la chimie peut être subdivisé en chimie pure et chimie appliquée.
EXEMPLE 2 Entre autres, les domaines de l’agriculture et de la production alimentaire concernent la question
des céréales.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.4, modifié — Les exemples ont été ajoutés.]
3.2
sujet
domaine d’intérêt ou d’expertise
Note 1 à l'article: Un sujet peut concerner deux domaines (3.1) ou plus.
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ISO 704:2022(F)
EXEMPLE Le sujet des céréales concerne divers domaines tels que l’agriculture et la production alimentaire.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.5, modifié — La Note 1 à l’article a été ajoutée (issue de l’ISO 10241-1:2011,
3.3.2) et l’exemple a été ajouté.]
3.3
définition par intension
définition qui véhicule l’intension d’un concept en indiquant le concept superordonné immédiat et la ou
les caractéristiques distinctives
EXEMPLE 1 souris optique: souris d’ordinateur dont le mouvement est détecté par des capteurs de lumière.
EXEMPLE 2 souris mécanique: souris d’ordinateur dont le mouvement est détecté par des rouleaux et une
boule.
Note 1 à l'article: Les définitions par intension sont préférables à d’autres types de définitions car elles révèlent
clairement les caractéristiques distinctives d’un concept dans un système de concepts: il convient de les utiliser
chaque fois que possible.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.3.2, modifié — « concept générique » a été remplacé par « concept
superordonné » dans la définition, « les mouvements sont détectés » a été remplacé par « le mouvement
est détecté » dans les Exemples, et « distinctives » a été ajouté après « caractéristiques » dans la Note 1
à l’article.]
3.4
article terminologique
article conceptuel
ensemble de données terminologiques relatives à un seul concept
Note 1 à l'article: Un article terminologique élaboré conformément aux principes et méthodes donnés dans le
présent document suit les mêmes principes de structuration, qu’il soit monolingue ou multilingue.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.6.2, modifié — « article conceptuel » a été ajouté comme terme admis et
« l’ISO 704 » a été remplacé par « le présent document » dans la Note 1 à l’article.]
3.5
forme complète
désignation qui est complète
EXEMPLE « télévision à haute définition » est la forme complète de « TVHD ».
[SOURCE: ISO 10241-1:2011, 3.4.1.2.3, modifié — « représentation complète d’une » a été supprimé
devant « désignation » et « qui est complète » a été ajouté après « désignation » dans la définition;
l’exemple a été remplacé.]
3.6
terminologue
expert qui effectue un travail terminologique en tant que fonction principale d’une activité
professionnelle
[SOURCE: ISO 12616-1:2021, 3.30]
3.7
travailleur en terminologie
personne dont le rô
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 704:2021
01-oktober-2021
Terminološko delo - Načela in metode
Terminology work -- Principles and methods
Travail terminologique -- Principes et méthodes
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 704
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
oSIST ISO/DIS 704:2021 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST ISO/DIS 704:2021
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oSIST ISO/DIS 704:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 704
ISO/TC 37/SC 1 Secretariat: SAC
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-06-22 2021-09-14
Terminology work — Principles and methods
Travail terminologique — Principes et méthodes
ICS: 01.020
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 704:2021(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2021
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oSIST ISO/DIS 704:2021
ISO/DIS 704:2021(E)
ISO/DIS 704:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . vi
Introduction . viii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Reality and language . 4
5 Concepts . 4
5.1 Introduction . 4
5.2 General concepts . 5
5.3 Individual concepts . 5
5.4 Characteristics . 6
5.4.1 Introduction . 6
5.4.2 Terminological analysis . 7
5.4.3 Intension and extension . 9
5.4.4 Essential characteristics and non-essential characteristics . 10
5.4.5 Shared characteristics and delimiting characteristics . 10
5.5 Concept relations . 10
5.5.1 Introduction . 10
5.5.2 Types . 11
5.5.3 Notations . 11
5.5.4 Hierarchical relations . 13
5.5.5 Associative relations . 27
5.6 Concept systems . 30
5.6.1 Introduction . 30
5.6.2 Development and visualisation . 30
5.6.3 Types . 31
6 Definitions . 38
6.1 Introduction . 38
6.2 Intensional definitions . 38
6.3 Extensional definitions . 39
6.4 Writing definitions . 39
6.4.1 General . 39
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT 6.4.2 Nature of intensional definitions . 40
6.4.3 Writing intensional definitions . 41
© ISO 2021
6.4.4 Applying the substitution principle . 45
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
6.4.5 Writing extensional definitions . 45
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
6.4.6 Indicating a domain or subject. 47
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
6.5 Deficient definitions . 48
ISO copyright office
6.5.1 General . 48
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
6.5.2 Circular definitions . 48
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
6.5.3 Inaccurate definitions . 50
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
6.5.4 Negative definitions . 50
Website: www.iso.org
6.6 Information supplementing or substituting for definitions. 52
Published in Switzerland
6.6.1 General . 52
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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Contents Page
Foreword . vi
Introduction . viii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Reality and language . 4
5 Concepts . 4
5.1 Introduction . 4
5.2 General concepts . 5
5.3 Individual concepts . 5
5.4 Characteristics . 6
5.4.1 Introduction . 6
5.4.2 Terminological analysis . 7
5.4.3 Intension and extension . 9
5.4.4 Essential characteristics and non-essential characteristics . 10
5.4.5 Shared characteristics and delimiting characteristics . 10
5.5 Concept relations . 10
5.5.1 Introduction . 10
5.5.2 Types . 11
5.5.3 Notations . 11
5.5.4 Hierarchical relations . 13
5.5.5 Associative relations . 27
5.6 Concept systems . 30
5.6.1 Introduction . 30
5.6.2 Development and visualisation . 30
5.6.3 Types . 31
6 Definitions . 38
6.1 Introduction . 38
6.2 Intensional definitions . 38
6.3 Extensional definitions . 39
6.4 Writing definitions . 39
6.4.1 General . 39
6.4.2 Nature of intensional definitions . 40
6.4.3 Writing intensional definitions . 41
6.4.4 Applying the substitution principle . 45
6.4.5 Writing extensional definitions . 45
6.4.6 Indicating a domain or subject. 47
6.5 Deficient definitions . 48
6.5.1 General . 48
6.5.2 Circular definitions . 48
6.5.3 Inaccurate definitions . 50
6.5.4 Negative definitions . 50
6.6 Information supplementing or substituting for definitions. 52
6.6.1 General . 52
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6.6.2 Contexts . 52
6.6.3 Encyclopaedic descriptions . 53
6.6.4 Explanations . 54
6.6.5 Notes . 54
6.6.6 Examples . 54
6.6.7 Other descriptions. 55
6.7 Indicating sources . 55
7 Designations . 55
7.1 Introduction . 55
7.2 Types . 56
7.3 Terms . 56
7.3.1 General . 56
7.3.2 Types of terms . 57
7.3.3 Types of appellations . 57
7.3.4 Nomenclatures. 57
7.4 Proper names . 58
7.4.1 General . 58
7.4.2 Types . 59
7.5 Symbols . 60
7.6 Formation of terms, appellations and proper names . 61
7.6.1 General . 61
7.6.2 Principles . 62
7.7 Designation — concept relations . 65
7.7.1 Mononymy and monosemy . 65
7.7.2 Synonymy . 66
7.7.3 Equivalence . 66
7.7.4 Antonymy . 66
7.7.5 Polysemy and homonymy . 66
7.7.6 Harmonization . 67
7.7.7 Acceptability rating. 67
Annex A (informative) Other types of definitions . 69
A.1 Introduction . 69
A.2 Ostensive definitions . 69
A.3 Lexical definitions . 72
A.4 Précising definitions . 72
A.5 Stipulative definitions . 73
A.5.1 Using stipulative definitions . 73
A.5.2 Writing stipulative definitions . 73
Annex B (informative) Examples of term formation methods . 75
B.1 Introduction . 75
B.2 Coining new terms . 75
B.2.1 General . 75
B.2.2 Derivation . 75
B.2.3 Compounding . 75
B.2.4 Creation of abbreviations . 76
B.3 Using existing forms . 78
B.3.1 General . 78
B.3.2 Conversion . 78
B.3.3 Terminologization . 78
B.3.4 Semantic transfer within a special language . 79
B.3.5 Transdisciplinary borrowing . 80
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B.4 Translingual borrowing . 80
B.4.1 General . 80
B.4.2 Direct loan . 80
B.4.3 Loan translation . 80
Annex C (informative) Appellations and proper names . 81
C.1 Introduction . 81
C.2 Categories of appellations . 81
C.2.1 Product names . 81
C.2.2 Names of scientific and technological phenomena . 82
C.2.3 Names of honorary distinctions . 82
C.2.4 Names covered by nomenclatures . 82
C.2.5 Document names . 83
C.2.6 Position titles . 83
C.3 Categories of proper names . 83
C.3.1 Institutional names . 84
C.3.2 Company names . 84
C.3.3 Place names. 84
C.3.4 Settlement names (oikonyms, oeconyms, econyms) . 85
C.3.5 Street names and names of public spaces (hodonyms) . 85
C.3.6 Country names . 85
C.3.7 Oronyms . 85
C.3.8 Hydronyms . 85
C.3.9 Meteorological names . 86
C.3.10 Building names . 86
C.3.11 Temporal names . 86
C.3.12 Event names . 86
C.3.13 Names of means of transport . 86
C.3.14 Names of works of art . 87
C.3.15 Astronomical names (astronyms) . 87
C.4 Specific forms of proper names and appellations . 87
Bibliography. 88
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International
Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body
interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right
to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical
standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further
maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different
approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This
document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives,
Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be
the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the
document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations
received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users
and does not constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms
and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's
adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and
Terminology, Subcommittee SC 1, Principles and methods.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 704:2009), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— structure and content have been adapted based on ISO 1087;
— concept models according to ISO 24156-1 have been introduced;
— clauses on associative concept relations have been extended;
— appellations and proper names are treated more comprehensively and more
systematically;
— where necessary, existing examples have been adapted or replaced, and new
examples have been introduced.
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Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national
standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org/members.html.
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Introduction
0.1 Overview
This document specifies state-of-the-art principles and methods of terminology work.
According to ISO 1087:2019, 3.5.1, terminology work is “work concerned with the
systematic collection, description, processing and presentation of concepts and their
designations” in various domains and subjects. It is multidisciplinary and draws support
from a number of disciplines (e.g. logic, epistemology, philosophy of science, linguistics,
translation studies, information science and cognitive science). It combines elements
from many theoretical approaches that deal with the description, ordering and transfer
of knowledge.
Terminology work according to this document is concerned with terminology used for
unambiguous communication in natural language, in particular special languages. The
goal of terminology work as described in this document is, thus, a clarification and
standardization of terminology for communication between humans. Terminology work
can also support knowledge modelling, information modelling, data modelling and
classification, but this document does not cover these fields.
This document is intended to standardize the essential elements for terminology work.
The general purposes of this document are to provide a common theoretical framework
and to explain how this framework should be implemented by organizations or
individuals involved in terminology work. This document also provides the fundamentals
for terminology science teaching and training, in particular for the training of
terminologists.
Thus, this document is intended to provide assistance to those carrying out various
terminology work activities. The principles and methods should be observed not only for
the manipulation of terminological information but also in the planning and decision-
making involved in managing terminology. The main activities include, but are not limited
to, the following:
— identifying concepts and concept relations;
— analysing and structuring concept fields on the basis of identified concepts and
concept relations;
— analysing and developing concept systems on the basis of concept fields;
— visualising concept systems, for example by means of traditional concept
diagrams or Unified Modeling Language-based concept models;
— defining concepts;
— attributing linguistic or non-linguistic designations to concepts;
— creating and maintaining terminology resources, principally in print and
electronic media (terminography).
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Objects, concepts, definitions and designations are fundamental to terminology work and
therefore form the basis of this document. Objects are perceived or conceived and
abstract
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
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