ISO 11323:2002
(Main)Iron ore and direct reduced iron — Vocabulary
Iron ore and direct reduced iron — Vocabulary
ISO 11323 gives the definitions for terms used in Technical Committee 102 standards (Iron ore and direct reduced iron) for sampling, sample preparation, moisture and particle size analysis and physical testing of iron ore and direct reduced iron. Also included are some specific analytical terms used in the relevant International Standards.
Minerais de fer et minerais de fer préréduits — Vocabulaire
Železova ruda in neposredno reducirano železo - Slovar
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11323
Second edition
2002-04-15
Iron ore and direct reduced iron —
Vocabulary
Minerais de fer et minerais de fer préréduits — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 11323:2002(E)
©
ISO 2002
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
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© ISO 2002
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
1 Scope .1
2 Normative reference.1
3 Natural and processed iron ore .1
4 Direct reduced iron.3
5 Sampling.3
6 Particle size analysis.5
7 Physical testing .8
8 Chemical analysis.12
Annex A (informative) Concentration ranges of elements of interest .13
Annex B (informative) List of equivalent terms in English, French, Japanese, Chinese and Portuguese .14
Bibliography.22
Alphabetical Index .24
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 11323 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 102, Iron ore and direct reduced iron.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11323:1996) which has been technically revised.
Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11323:2002(E)
Iron ore and direct reduced iron — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This International Standard gives the definitions for terms used in TC 102 standards for sampling, sample
preparation, moisture and particle size analysis and physical testing of iron ore and direct reduced iron. Also
included are some specific analytical terms used in the relevant International Standards.
2 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 565:1990, Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes of
openings
3 Natural and processed iron ore
3.1
iron ore
any rocks, minerals or aggregates of minerals, natural or processed, from which iron can be produced
commercially
NOTE The principal ferriferous minerals occurring in iron ore either singly or severally are:
a) red, brown and specular hematites, martite and maghemite;
b) magnetite;
c) hydrated iron oxides, including goethite, limonite and limnite;
d) iron carbonates, including siderite or chalybite, ankerite and other mixed carbonates;
e) roasted iron pyrites or pyrite cinders;
f) ferrites (e.g. calcium ferrite) occurring sometimes in natural ores, but mainly in fluxed pellets and sinters.
Also included are manganiferous iron ore and concentrates that contain not more than 8 % manganese by mass (dry basis after
heating to 105 °C).
Excluded are finely ground ferriferous minerals used for pigments, glazes, dense medium suspension and other materials not
related to iron- and steelmaking.
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
3.2
natural iron ore
ores as extracted from mines and not subjected to any processes of beneficiation other than sizing
NOTE Such ores are also called direct shipping ores or run-of-mine ores.
3.3
lump ore
ore lump
ores consisting of coarse particles, with a specified lower size limit in the range of 10 mm to 6,3 mm
3.4
sized ores
ores that have been prepared to meet specific size limits
3.5
fine ores
ore fines
ores consisting entirely of small particles, with specified upper size limits in the range of 10 mm to 6,3 mm
3.6
processed ores
ores treated by physical or chemical processes to make them more suitable for the subsequent production of iron
and steel
NOTE Main purposes of processing include the following:
a) raising the iron content;
b) decreasing slag-forming constituents;
c) decreasing harmful impurities such as phosphorus, arsenic or sulfur compounds;
d) adjusting size distribution;
e) improving metallurgical behaviour of the metallic furnace burden.
3.7
concentrates
processed ores (3.6) in which the percentage iron content has been raised
3.8
agglomerates
processed ores (3.6) formed into coherent pieces which are substantially larger than the original particles (6.1)
NOTE The industrial processes for making agglomerates include sintering and pelletizing.
3.9
sinter
type of agglomerates (3.8) made from fine ores (3.5) by means of forced draught combustion of an admixed fuel
NOTE Sinter forms through adhesion between particles due to superficial melting, diffusion and recrystallization. Sinters
may be fluxed or superfluxed according to their acid and basic oxide contents.
3.10
pellets
spherical agglomerates (3.8) formed by balling fine ores (3.5), usually finer than 100 µm, with various additives
followed sometimes by hot or cold bonding induration
NOTE Pellets may be acid, partially fluxed, fluxed or super-fluxed, according to their acid and basic oxide contents.
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
4 Direct reduced iron
4.1
direct reduced iron
DRI
high grade feed for iron- and steelmaking obtained from the reduction of natural or processed iron ores, without
reaching the melting temperature
NOTE DRI includes metallized products that have been further processed by hot or cold briquetting.
4.2
briquettes
product formed by compressing direct reduced iron (4.1) in moulds
4.3
hot briquetted iron
HBI
direct reduced iron (4.1) briquetted at a temperature greater than 650 °C and having an apparent density (7.1.2)
3
greater than 5 g/cm
4.4
cold briquetted iron
CBI
direct reduced iron (4.1) briquetted at a temperature lower than 650 °C and having an apparent density (7.1.2)
3
lower than 5 g/cm
5 Sampling
5.1
lot
discrete and defined quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) for which quality characteristics are to
be assessed
5.2
strata
approximately equal parts of a lot (5.1) based on time, mass or space
NOTE Example of strata include production periods (e.g. 5 min), production masses (e.g. 1 000 t), holds in vessels,
wagons in a train, containers and trucks representing a lot.
5.3
sample
relatively small quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1), so taken from a lot (5.1) as to be
representative in respect of the quality characteristics to be assessed
5.4
gross sample
sample (5.3) comprising all increments (5.8), entirely representative of all quality characteristics of a lot (5.1)
5.5
partial sample
sample (5.3) comprising less than the complete number of increments (5.8) needed for a gross sample (5.4)
5.6
test sample
sample (5.3) prepared to meet all specific conditions for a test
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
5.7
test portion
part of a test sample (5.6) that is actually and entirely subjected to the specific test
5.8
increment
quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) taken in a single operation of a device for sampling or
sample division (5.15)
5.9
cut
increment (5.8) taken in a single traverse of a sample cutter through a stream, bed or stratum of iron ore (3.1) and
direct reduced iron (4.1)
5.10
sampling regime
collection plan for constituting a sample (5.3) that defines the number of, mass of and interval between
increments (5.8)
5.11
sampling scheme
methodical and detailed sequence of all sampling stages (5.13), defining successive sampling operations and all
associated steps of preparation and division
5.12
sampling procedure
instructions specifying the operational requirements of a particular sampling scheme (5.11)
5.13
sampling stage
single sample division (5.15) operation, together with any associated sample preparation (5.14)
5.14
sample preparation
process of rendering a sample (5.3) suitable for the determination of specified quality characteristics
NOTE Preparation can include various processes such as drying, mixing, sieving, sample division or comminution which
may be employed at several stages of sampling.
5.15
sample division
any procedure, without comminution, to decrease the mass of any sample (5.3) or increment (5.8) retained at any
sampling stage (5.13)
NOTE Division should be controlled so that each divided sample or the total sum of the divided increments remains
representative of the lot for specific purposes of the tests.
5.16
proportional mass division
division of samples (5.3) or increments (5.8) such that the mass of each retained divided portion is a fixed
proportion of the mass being divided
5.17
constant mass division
division of sample (5.3) or increments (5.8) such that the retained divided portions are of almost uniform mass,
irrespective of variations in mass of the samples or increments divided
NOTE This method is required for sampling on mass basis. "Almost uniform" means that variations in mass are less than
20 % in terms of the coefficient of variation.
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
5.18
split use of sample
separate use of parts of a sample (5.3), as test samples (5.6) for separate determinations of quality
characteristics
5.19
multiple use of sample
use of a sample (5.3) in its entirety for the determination of one quality characteristic, followed by the use of the
same sample in its entirety for the determination of one or more other quality characteristics
5.20
interleaved samples
samples (5.3) constituted by placing consecutive primary increments (5.8) alternately into two sample containers
5.21
manual sampling
collecting samples (5.3) or increments (5.8) by human effort
5.22
mechanical sampling
collecting samples (5.3) or increments (5.8) by mechanical means
5.23
stratified sampling
sampling of a lot (5.1) carried out by taking increments (5.8) from specified positions and in appropriate
proportions from strata (5.2)
5.24
stratified random sampling
stratified sampling (5.23) of a lot (5.1) carried out by taking one or more increments (5.8) at random within each
stratum
5.25
systematic sampling
sampling carried out by taking increments (5.8) from a lot (5.1) at regular intervals
5.26
mass-basis sampling
sampling carried out so that increments (5.8) are taken at equal mass intervals, increments being as near as
possible of uniform mass
5.27
time-basis sampling
sampling carried out so that increments (5.8) are taken from falling streams, or from conveyors, at uniform time
intervals, the mass of each increment being proportional to the mass flow rate at the instant of taking the increment
6 Particle size analysis
6.1
particle
discrete and coherent piece of iron ore (3.1) or direct reduced iron (4.1), regardless of size, shape or mineral
content
6.2
particle size
practical size definition, irrespective of particle (6.1) shape, obtained by sieving (6.10)
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
NOTE The particle size may be defined by the size of the smallest sieve aperture through which the particle has passed
and the size of the largest sieve aperture on which the particle has been retained (− a + b mm). Particle size may be less
precisely defined by stating one sieve aperture size (+ x mm) or (− z mm).
6.3
specification size
sieve aperture size (or sizes) chosen to define a percentage mass limit (or limits) for any size fraction (or fractions)
considered to be significant
NOTE A specification sieve has the aperture size that corresponds to the specification size; e.g., a pellet feed may be
specified as not more than m % + x mm, or a sinter feed as not more than n % − z mm.
6.4
nominal top size
particle size (6.2) expressed by the smallest aperture size of the test sieve (from a square opening complying with
the R20 series in ISO 565), such that no more than 5 % by mass of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) is
retained on the sieve
NOTE This definition applies to iron ore and crushed HBI, but not to HBI prior to crushing.
6.5
size fraction
sample portion separated by using one sieve, or two sieves of different aperture sizes
6.6
oversize fraction
coarsest portion of a sample (5.3), retained on the sieve of largest aperture used in a test, designated as + x mm
and quoted as a percentage of the total mass of the sample
6.7
intermediate size fraction
sieved sample portion specified by two sizes, i.e. the smallest sieve aperture (a mm) through which it has passed
and the largest sieve aperture (b mm) on which it has been retained, designated as − a + b mm and quoted as a
percentage of the total mass of the sample (5.3)
6.8
undersize fraction
finest portion of a sample (5.3), comprising all particles (6.1) that have passed the sieve of smallest aperture used
in a test, designated as − z mm and quoted as a percentage of the total mass of the sample
6.9
size distribution
in size analysis by sieving (6.10), the proportion of particles (6.1) according to the sizes of sieve apertures used
and expressed as percentage masses, passed or retained on sieves of selected apertures, relative to the total
mass of the sample (5.3)
6.10
sieving
process for separating particulate iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) into two or more size fractions
(6.5), using one or more sieves
6.11
charge
quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) to be treated at one time on one sieve or on a set of sieves
NOTE The permissible mass of a charge depends on the size and aperture of sieves used.
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
6.12
mass of sample used for sieving
quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) actually sieved for one complete size analysis
NOTE This may comprise several separate charges (6.11), in which case it is expressed as the sum of all charges used.
6.13
hand placing
sieving (6.10) method that may be used when a sample (5.3) contains relatively coarse particles (6.1), usually
20 mm or larger in size, each particle being individually presented to a sieve aperture by hand and turned until it
can either pass through, without force being applied, or can be classed clearly as oversize
6.14
hand sieving
sieving (6.10) operation in which a sieve or a set of sieves is supported and agitated manually
6.15
assisted hand sieving
sieving (6.10) operation in which a sieve or a set of sieves is supported mechanically, but is agitated manually
6.16
machine sieving
sieving (6.10) operation, in batch or continuous sieving, in which one or more sieves are supported and agitated
by mechanical means
6.17
batch sieving
sieving (6.10) operation in which a specific mass or volume of sample is presented to one or more sieves which
are agitated either by hand or by mechanical means
NOTE Oversize fractions remain within the frames of the retaining sieves until the end of the sieving operation. The
number of presentations of the particles to the sieve apertures depends on the length of sieving time.
6.18
continuous sieving
machine sieving (6.16) operation in which the sample is fed continuously over one or several consecutive sieving
surfaces which are mechanically agitated, rotated or inclined
NOTE The ore particles travel over each sieving surface until they either pass through or remain on as oversize. There is
continuous discharge of all oversize fractions and of the final undersize product. Usually, numbers of presentations of particles
to the sieve apertures depend on the length of sieving time.
6.19
dry sieving
sieving (6.10) without the application of water
6.20
wet sieving
sieving (6.10) with a sufficient application of water to ensure the passage of undersize particles through the sieve
apertures
6.21
sieving amplitude
maximum displacement of a sieve from its mean position during the motion of sieving
NOTE In sieving with a straight line motion, the amplitude is half of the total linear movement. With an elliptical motion, it is
half of the major axis of the ellipse. With a circular motion it is the radius of the circle.
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
6.22
end point
elapsed time after which further sieving does not yield sufficient additional mass of undersize to significantly
change the result
7 Physical testing
7.1 Bulk density and apparent density
7.1.1
bulk density
mass in air of a unit volume of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1), including the voids between and within
the particles (6.1), referred to as ρ and expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
ap
NOTE In industrial practice, bulk density of iron ore is expressed as the ratio of the mass to the volume of a measuring
container filled under specified conditions.
7.1.2
apparent density
ratio of the mass in air of hot briquetted iron (4.3) to its apparent volume (7.1.3).
NOTE In ISO 15968 the apparent density is referred to as ρ and expressed in grams per cubic centimetre.
a
7.1.3
apparent volume
volume of hot briquetted iron (4.3), including the volume of any closed and open pores, as given by the mass of
water displaced by the material previously saturated in water at a specified temperature
7.1.4
open pores
pores of hot briquetted iron (4.3), penetrated by water upon immersion
7.1.5
closed pores
pores of hot briquetted iron (4.3), not penetrated by water upon immersion
7.1.6
water absorption
mass of water at a specified temperature that is absorbed into the open pores (7.1.4) of dry hot briquetted iron
(4.3)
NOTE In ISO 15968 water absorption (7.1.6) is referred to as a, expressed as a percentage of the dry mass.
7.2 Sinter tests
7.2.1
ore mix
blend of ores and other iron-bearing materials, such as mill scale, basic oxygen steelmaking slag, dust, etc., used
for a sinter test
NOTE This term does not include return sinter fines (7.2.13), fluxes, coke breeze or other solid fuels.
7.2.2
sinter mix
materials charged into a sintering apparatus, including the ore mix (7.2.1), fluxes, coke breeze or any other solid
fuels, return sinter fines (7.2.13) and water
7.2.3
mixing time
time in minutes used for blending and granulating a sinter mix (7.2.2)
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
7.2.4
bulk density of sinter mix
bulk density (7.1.1) of a wet sinter mix (7.2.2), as charged into a sintering apparatus
7.2.5
hearth layer
layer of previously made and sized sinter or other material, placed on the grate of a sintering apparatus before a
sinter mix (7.2.2) is charged
7.2.6
net bed height
height of the bed of sinter mix (7.2.2) above the hearth layer (7.2.5), prior to application of suction (7.2.7) and
prior to ignition
7.2.7
suction
differential pressure, in kilopascals, measured across the sinter bed
7.2.8
ignition intensity
quantity of heat supplied during ignition, per unit of grate area per unit time, expressed in megajoules per square
metre per minute
7.2.9
ignition temperature
maximum temperature, in degrees Celsius, attained during ignition at or immediately above the surface of a sinter
bed
7.2.10
sintering time
time (t) in minutes elapsed from the start of ignition, until the exhaust gas temperature reaches a maximum
7.2.11
sinter cake
sinter produced, including the hearth layer (7.2.5)
7.2.12
sinter handling treatment
tumbling and shatter treatments given to a sinter cake (7.2.11) obtained in a sinter pot test, to simulate the effects
of the handling and transportation in a sinter plant
7.2.13
return sinter fines
undersize sintered fines separated from a sinter cake (7.2.11) by sieving after sinter handling treatment (7.2.12)
7.2.14
sinter product
sinter of acceptable particle size (6.2)
7.2.15
sinter productivity
mass of sinter product (7.2.14) produced per unit of grate area per unit time, after deducting the mass of the
hearth layer (7.2.5), referred to as P and expressed in tonnes of sinter per square metre per hour
7.2.16
fuel consumption
dry mass (or masses) of solid fuel (or fuels) consumed per unit mass of sinter product (7.2.14), after deducting the
mass of the hearth layer (7.2.5), expressed in kilograms per tonne
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
7.2.17
sinter yield
percentage (Y ) of sinter product (7.2.14) in relation to the sinter cake (7.2.11) after deducting the mass of the
hearth layer (7.2.5)
7.2.18
return sinter fines balance
ratio (B) of the mass of return sinter fines (7.2.13) added to the sinter mix (7.2.2), to the mass of return sinter
fines generated
7.3 Strength tests
7.3.1
tumble strength
resistance of lump ore (3.3), agglomerates (3.8) or hot briquetted iron (4.3) to size degradation by impact and
abrasion, when subjected to tumbling in a rotating drum for a specified time
NOTE In ISO 3271 and ISO 11257 tumble strength is referred to as the tumble and abrasion indices:
a) the tumble index is a relative measure of the resistance of lump ore (3.3), agglomerates (3.8) or hot briquetted iron
(4.3) to size degradation by impact, referred to as TI and expressed as the percentage by mass of the + 6,30 mm fraction
generated in the test portion (5.7) after tumbling;
b) the abrasion index is a relative measure of the resistance of lump ore (3.3), agglomerates (3.8) or hot briquetted iron
(4.3) to size degradation by abrasion, referred to as AI and expressed as the percentage by mass of the − 500 µm fraction
generated in the test portion (5.7) after tumbling.
7.3.2
abrasion
relative measure of the resistance of lump ore (3.3), agglomerates (3.8) or hot briquetted iron (4.3) to size
degradation by abrasion when subjected to tumbling in a rotating drum, referred to as the abrasion index (AI) and
expressed as a percentage by mass of the − 500 µm fraction generated in the test portion after tumbling for a
specified time
7.3.3
crushing strength
value of the compressive load applied to individual pellets (3.10) to cause breakage in a compression test
NOTE In ISO 4700 the crushing strength (CS) is expressed as the mean value, in decanewtons, of all the measurements
on the pellets (3.10) of the test portion (5.7).
7.4 Heating and reduction tests
7.4.1
decrepitation
breakage of lump ore (3.3), occurring as a result of rapid heating
NOTE In ISO 8371, decrepitation is referred to as the decrepitation index DI and expressed as the percentage by
6,3
mass of − 6,3 mm fraction in the test portion (5.7) after the thermal treatment.
7.4.2
reduction
removal, by means of reductants, of the oxygen combined with iron in lump ore (3.3) or agglomerates (3.8)
7.4.3
degree of reduction
the extent to which oxygen has been removed, after a specified reduction time, from iron oxides, expressed as the
ratio of oxygen removed by reduction to oxygen originally combined with iron
NOTE 1 ISO 7215, applicable to blast furnace feedstocks, determines after a specified reduction time of 3 h the degree of
reduction referred to as the final degree of reduction (R ) expressed as a percentage by mass.
f
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ISO 11323:2002(E)
NOTE 2 ISO 11258, applicable for direct reduction feedstocks, determines after a specified reduction time of 90 minutes the
degree of reduction referred to as the final degree of reduction (R ) expressed as percentage by mass.
90
7.4.4
reducibility
the ease with which oxygen combined with iron can be removed by reductants over time from lump ore (3.3) and
agglomerates (3.8)
NOTE 1 ISO 4695, applicable for blast furnace feedstocks, determines the reducibility index (dR/dt) expressed as the rate of
reduction in %/min at the atomic ratio of oxygen/iron at 0,9 in %/min for 40 % degree of reduction.
NOTE 2 ISO 11258, applicable for direct reduction feedstocks, determines the reducibility indices dR/dt for 40 %
(R = 40)
degree of reduction and dR/dt for 90 % degree of reduction (O/Fe = 0,9), expressed in %/min.
(R = 90)
7.4.5
degree of metallization
a relative measure of the amount of metallic iron (8.5) in the total iron content of direct reduced iron (4.1)
NOTE 1 ISO 11257, a
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 11323:2003
01-junij-2003
Železova ruda in neposredno reducirano železo - Slovar
Iron ore and direct reduced iron -- Vocabulary
Minerais de fer et minerais de fer préréduits -- Vocabulaire
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 11323:2002
ICS:
01.040.73 Rudarstvo in rudnine Mining and minerals
(Slovarji) (Vocabularies)
73.060.10 Železove rude Iron ores
SIST ISO 11323:2003 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 11323:2003
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SIST ISO 11323:2003
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11323
Second edition
2002-04-15
Iron ore and direct reduced iron —
Vocabulary
Minerais de fer et minerais de fer préréduits — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 11323:2002(E)
©
ISO 2002
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SIST ISO 11323:2003
ISO 11323:2002(E)
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Contents Page
Foreword.iv
1 Scope .1
2 Normative reference.1
3 Natural and processed iron ore .1
4 Direct reduced iron.3
5 Sampling.3
6 Particle size analysis.5
7 Physical testing .8
8 Chemical analysis.12
Annex A (informative) Concentration ranges of elements of interest .13
Annex B (informative) List of equivalent terms in English, French, Japanese, Chinese and Portuguese .14
Bibliography.22
Alphabetical Index .24
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 11323 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 102, Iron ore and direct reduced iron.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11323:1996) which has been technically revised.
Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11323:2002(E)
Iron ore and direct reduced iron — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This International Standard gives the definitions for terms used in TC 102 standards for sampling, sample
preparation, moisture and particle size analysis and physical testing of iron ore and direct reduced iron. Also
included are some specific analytical terms used in the relevant International Standards.
2 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 565:1990, Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes of
openings
3 Natural and processed iron ore
3.1
iron ore
any rocks, minerals or aggregates of minerals, natural or processed, from which iron can be produced
commercially
NOTE The principal ferriferous minerals occurring in iron ore either singly or severally are:
a) red, brown and specular hematites, martite and maghemite;
b) magnetite;
c) hydrated iron oxides, including goethite, limonite and limnite;
d) iron carbonates, including siderite or chalybite, ankerite and other mixed carbonates;
e) roasted iron pyrites or pyrite cinders;
f) ferrites (e.g. calcium ferrite) occurring sometimes in natural ores, but mainly in fluxed pellets and sinters.
Also included are manganiferous iron ore and concentrates that contain not more than 8 % manganese by mass (dry basis after
heating to 105 °C).
Excluded are finely ground ferriferous minerals used for pigments, glazes, dense medium suspension and other materials not
related to iron- and steelmaking.
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3.2
natural iron ore
ores as extracted from mines and not subjected to any processes of beneficiation other than sizing
NOTE Such ores are also called direct shipping ores or run-of-mine ores.
3.3
lump ore
ore lump
ores consisting of coarse particles, with a specified lower size limit in the range of 10 mm to 6,3 mm
3.4
sized ores
ores that have been prepared to meet specific size limits
3.5
fine ores
ore fines
ores consisting entirely of small particles, with specified upper size limits in the range of 10 mm to 6,3 mm
3.6
processed ores
ores treated by physical or chemical processes to make them more suitable for the subsequent production of iron
and steel
NOTE Main purposes of processing include the following:
a) raising the iron content;
b) decreasing slag-forming constituents;
c) decreasing harmful impurities such as phosphorus, arsenic or sulfur compounds;
d) adjusting size distribution;
e) improving metallurgical behaviour of the metallic furnace burden.
3.7
concentrates
processed ores (3.6) in which the percentage iron content has been raised
3.8
agglomerates
processed ores (3.6) formed into coherent pieces which are substantially larger than the original particles (6.1)
NOTE The industrial processes for making agglomerates include sintering and pelletizing.
3.9
sinter
type of agglomerates (3.8) made from fine ores (3.5) by means of forced draught combustion of an admixed fuel
NOTE Sinter forms through adhesion between particles due to superficial melting, diffusion and recrystallization. Sinters
may be fluxed or superfluxed according to their acid and basic oxide contents.
3.10
pellets
spherical agglomerates (3.8) formed by balling fine ores (3.5), usually finer than 100 µm, with various additives
followed sometimes by hot or cold bonding induration
NOTE Pellets may be acid, partially fluxed, fluxed or super-fluxed, according to their acid and basic oxide contents.
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4 Direct reduced iron
4.1
direct reduced iron
DRI
high grade feed for iron- and steelmaking obtained from the reduction of natural or processed iron ores, without
reaching the melting temperature
NOTE DRI includes metallized products that have been further processed by hot or cold briquetting.
4.2
briquettes
product formed by compressing direct reduced iron (4.1) in moulds
4.3
hot briquetted iron
HBI
direct reduced iron (4.1) briquetted at a temperature greater than 650 °C and having an apparent density (7.1.2)
3
greater than 5 g/cm
4.4
cold briquetted iron
CBI
direct reduced iron (4.1) briquetted at a temperature lower than 650 °C and having an apparent density (7.1.2)
3
lower than 5 g/cm
5 Sampling
5.1
lot
discrete and defined quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) for which quality characteristics are to
be assessed
5.2
strata
approximately equal parts of a lot (5.1) based on time, mass or space
NOTE Example of strata include production periods (e.g. 5 min), production masses (e.g. 1 000 t), holds in vessels,
wagons in a train, containers and trucks representing a lot.
5.3
sample
relatively small quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1), so taken from a lot (5.1) as to be
representative in respect of the quality characteristics to be assessed
5.4
gross sample
sample (5.3) comprising all increments (5.8), entirely representative of all quality characteristics of a lot (5.1)
5.5
partial sample
sample (5.3) comprising less than the complete number of increments (5.8) needed for a gross sample (5.4)
5.6
test sample
sample (5.3) prepared to meet all specific conditions for a test
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5.7
test portion
part of a test sample (5.6) that is actually and entirely subjected to the specific test
5.8
increment
quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) taken in a single operation of a device for sampling or
sample division (5.15)
5.9
cut
increment (5.8) taken in a single traverse of a sample cutter through a stream, bed or stratum of iron ore (3.1) and
direct reduced iron (4.1)
5.10
sampling regime
collection plan for constituting a sample (5.3) that defines the number of, mass of and interval between
increments (5.8)
5.11
sampling scheme
methodical and detailed sequence of all sampling stages (5.13), defining successive sampling operations and all
associated steps of preparation and division
5.12
sampling procedure
instructions specifying the operational requirements of a particular sampling scheme (5.11)
5.13
sampling stage
single sample division (5.15) operation, together with any associated sample preparation (5.14)
5.14
sample preparation
process of rendering a sample (5.3) suitable for the determination of specified quality characteristics
NOTE Preparation can include various processes such as drying, mixing, sieving, sample division or comminution which
may be employed at several stages of sampling.
5.15
sample division
any procedure, without comminution, to decrease the mass of any sample (5.3) or increment (5.8) retained at any
sampling stage (5.13)
NOTE Division should be controlled so that each divided sample or the total sum of the divided increments remains
representative of the lot for specific purposes of the tests.
5.16
proportional mass division
division of samples (5.3) or increments (5.8) such that the mass of each retained divided portion is a fixed
proportion of the mass being divided
5.17
constant mass division
division of sample (5.3) or increments (5.8) such that the retained divided portions are of almost uniform mass,
irrespective of variations in mass of the samples or increments divided
NOTE This method is required for sampling on mass basis. "Almost uniform" means that variations in mass are less than
20 % in terms of the coefficient of variation.
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5.18
split use of sample
separate use of parts of a sample (5.3), as test samples (5.6) for separate determinations of quality
characteristics
5.19
multiple use of sample
use of a sample (5.3) in its entirety for the determination of one quality characteristic, followed by the use of the
same sample in its entirety for the determination of one or more other quality characteristics
5.20
interleaved samples
samples (5.3) constituted by placing consecutive primary increments (5.8) alternately into two sample containers
5.21
manual sampling
collecting samples (5.3) or increments (5.8) by human effort
5.22
mechanical sampling
collecting samples (5.3) or increments (5.8) by mechanical means
5.23
stratified sampling
sampling of a lot (5.1) carried out by taking increments (5.8) from specified positions and in appropriate
proportions from strata (5.2)
5.24
stratified random sampling
stratified sampling (5.23) of a lot (5.1) carried out by taking one or more increments (5.8) at random within each
stratum
5.25
systematic sampling
sampling carried out by taking increments (5.8) from a lot (5.1) at regular intervals
5.26
mass-basis sampling
sampling carried out so that increments (5.8) are taken at equal mass intervals, increments being as near as
possible of uniform mass
5.27
time-basis sampling
sampling carried out so that increments (5.8) are taken from falling streams, or from conveyors, at uniform time
intervals, the mass of each increment being proportional to the mass flow rate at the instant of taking the increment
6 Particle size analysis
6.1
particle
discrete and coherent piece of iron ore (3.1) or direct reduced iron (4.1), regardless of size, shape or mineral
content
6.2
particle size
practical size definition, irrespective of particle (6.1) shape, obtained by sieving (6.10)
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NOTE The particle size may be defined by the size of the smallest sieve aperture through which the particle has passed
and the size of the largest sieve aperture on which the particle has been retained (− a + b mm). Particle size may be less
precisely defined by stating one sieve aperture size (+ x mm) or (− z mm).
6.3
specification size
sieve aperture size (or sizes) chosen to define a percentage mass limit (or limits) for any size fraction (or fractions)
considered to be significant
NOTE A specification sieve has the aperture size that corresponds to the specification size; e.g., a pellet feed may be
specified as not more than m % + x mm, or a sinter feed as not more than n % − z mm.
6.4
nominal top size
particle size (6.2) expressed by the smallest aperture size of the test sieve (from a square opening complying with
the R20 series in ISO 565), such that no more than 5 % by mass of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) is
retained on the sieve
NOTE This definition applies to iron ore and crushed HBI, but not to HBI prior to crushing.
6.5
size fraction
sample portion separated by using one sieve, or two sieves of different aperture sizes
6.6
oversize fraction
coarsest portion of a sample (5.3), retained on the sieve of largest aperture used in a test, designated as + x mm
and quoted as a percentage of the total mass of the sample
6.7
intermediate size fraction
sieved sample portion specified by two sizes, i.e. the smallest sieve aperture (a mm) through which it has passed
and the largest sieve aperture (b mm) on which it has been retained, designated as − a + b mm and quoted as a
percentage of the total mass of the sample (5.3)
6.8
undersize fraction
finest portion of a sample (5.3), comprising all particles (6.1) that have passed the sieve of smallest aperture used
in a test, designated as − z mm and quoted as a percentage of the total mass of the sample
6.9
size distribution
in size analysis by sieving (6.10), the proportion of particles (6.1) according to the sizes of sieve apertures used
and expressed as percentage masses, passed or retained on sieves of selected apertures, relative to the total
mass of the sample (5.3)
6.10
sieving
process for separating particulate iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) into two or more size fractions
(6.5), using one or more sieves
6.11
charge
quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) to be treated at one time on one sieve or on a set of sieves
NOTE The permissible mass of a charge depends on the size and aperture of sieves used.
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6.12
mass of sample used for sieving
quantity of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1) actually sieved for one complete size analysis
NOTE This may comprise several separate charges (6.11), in which case it is expressed as the sum of all charges used.
6.13
hand placing
sieving (6.10) method that may be used when a sample (5.3) contains relatively coarse particles (6.1), usually
20 mm or larger in size, each particle being individually presented to a sieve aperture by hand and turned until it
can either pass through, without force being applied, or can be classed clearly as oversize
6.14
hand sieving
sieving (6.10) operation in which a sieve or a set of sieves is supported and agitated manually
6.15
assisted hand sieving
sieving (6.10) operation in which a sieve or a set of sieves is supported mechanically, but is agitated manually
6.16
machine sieving
sieving (6.10) operation, in batch or continuous sieving, in which one or more sieves are supported and agitated
by mechanical means
6.17
batch sieving
sieving (6.10) operation in which a specific mass or volume of sample is presented to one or more sieves which
are agitated either by hand or by mechanical means
NOTE Oversize fractions remain within the frames of the retaining sieves until the end of the sieving operation. The
number of presentations of the particles to the sieve apertures depends on the length of sieving time.
6.18
continuous sieving
machine sieving (6.16) operation in which the sample is fed continuously over one or several consecutive sieving
surfaces which are mechanically agitated, rotated or inclined
NOTE The ore particles travel over each sieving surface until they either pass through or remain on as oversize. There is
continuous discharge of all oversize fractions and of the final undersize product. Usually, numbers of presentations of particles
to the sieve apertures depend on the length of sieving time.
6.19
dry sieving
sieving (6.10) without the application of water
6.20
wet sieving
sieving (6.10) with a sufficient application of water to ensure the passage of undersize particles through the sieve
apertures
6.21
sieving amplitude
maximum displacement of a sieve from its mean position during the motion of sieving
NOTE In sieving with a straight line motion, the amplitude is half of the total linear movement. With an elliptical motion, it is
half of the major axis of the ellipse. With a circular motion it is the radius of the circle.
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6.22
end point
elapsed time after which further sieving does not yield sufficient additional mass of undersize to significantly
change the result
7 Physical testing
7.1 Bulk density and apparent density
7.1.1
bulk density
mass in air of a unit volume of iron ore (3.1) and direct reduced iron (4.1), including the voids between and within
the particles (6.1), referred to as ρ and expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
ap
NOTE In industrial practice, bulk density of iron ore is expressed as the ratio of the mass to the volume of a measuring
container filled under specified conditions.
7.1.2
apparent density
ratio of the mass in air of hot briquetted iron (4.3) to its apparent volume (7.1.3).
NOTE In ISO 15968 the apparent density is referred to as ρ and expressed in grams per cubic centimetre.
a
7.1.3
apparent volume
volume of hot briquetted iron (4.3), including the volume of any closed and open pores, as given by the mass of
water displaced by the material previously saturated in water at a specified temperature
7.1.4
open pores
pores of hot briquetted iron (4.3), penetrated by water upon immersion
7.1.5
closed pores
pores of hot briquetted iron (4.3), not penetrated by water upon immersion
7.1.6
water absorption
mass of water at a specified temperature that is absorbed into the open pores (7.1.4) of dry hot briquetted iron
(4.3)
NOTE In ISO 15968 water absorption (7.1.6) is referred to as a, expressed as a percentage of the dry mass.
7.2 Sinter tests
7.2.1
ore mix
blend of ores and other iron-bearing materials, such as mill scale, basic oxygen steelmaking slag, dust, etc., used
for a sinter test
NOTE This term does not include return sinter fines (7.2.13), fluxes, coke breeze or other solid fuels.
7.2.2
sinter mix
materials charged into a sintering apparatus, including the ore mix (7.2.1), fluxes, coke breeze or any other solid
fuels, return sinter fines (7.2.13) and water
7.2.3
mixing time
time in minutes used for blending and granulating a sinter mix (7.2.2)
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7.2.4
bulk density of sinter mix
bulk density (7.1.1) of a wet sinter mix (7.2.2), as charged into a sintering apparatus
7.2.5
hearth layer
layer of previously made and sized sinter or other material, placed on the grate of a sintering apparatus before a
sinter mix (7.2.2) is charged
7.2.6
net bed height
height of the bed of sinter mix (7.2.2) above the hearth layer (7.2.5), prior to application of suction (7.2.7) and
prior to ignition
7.2.7
suction
differential pressure, in kilopascals, measured across the sinter bed
7.2.8
ignition intensity
quantity of heat supplied during ignition, per unit of grate area per unit time, expressed in megajoules per square
metre per minute
7.2.9
ignition temperature
maximum temperature, in degrees Celsius, attained during ignition at or immediately above the surface of a sinter
bed
7.2.10
sintering time
time (t) in minutes elapsed from the start of ignition, until the exhaust gas temperature reaches a maximum
7.2.11
sinter cake
sinter produced, including the hearth layer (7.2.5)
7.2.12
sinter handling treatment
tumbling and shatter treatments given to a sinter cake (7.2.11) obtained in a sinter pot test, to simulate the effects
of the handling and transportation in a sinter plant
7.2.13
return sinter fines
undersize sintered fines separated from a sinter cake (7.2.11) by sieving after sinter handling treatment (7.2.12)
7.2.14
sinter product
sinter of acceptable particle size (6.2)
7.2.15
sinter productivity
mass of sinter product (7.2.14) produced per unit of grate area per unit time, after deducting the mass of the
hearth layer (7.2.5), referred to as P and expressed in tonnes of sinter per square metre per hour
7.2.16
fuel consumption
dry mass (or masses) of solid fuel (or fuels) consumed per unit mass of sinter product (7.2.14), after deducting the
mass of the hearth layer (7.2.5), expressed in kilograms per tonne
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7.2.17
sinter yield
percentage (Y ) of sinter product (7.2.14) in relation to the sinter cake (7.2.11) after deducting the mass of the
hearth layer (7.2.5)
7.2.18
return sinter fines balance
ratio (B) of the mass of return sinter fines (7.2.13) added to the sinter mix (7.2.2), to the mass of return sinter
fines generated
7.3 Strength tests
7.3.1
tumble strength
resistance of lump ore (3.3), agglomerates (3.8) or hot briquetted iron (4.3) to size degradation by impact and
abrasion, when subjected to tumbling in a rotating drum for a specified time
NOTE In ISO 3271 and ISO 11257 tumble strength is referred to as the tumble and abrasion indices:
a) the tumble index is a relative measure of the resistance of lump ore (3.3), agglomerates (3.8) or hot briquetted iron
(4.3) to size degradation by impact, referred to as TI and expressed as the percentage by mass of the + 6,30 mm fraction
generated in the test portion (5.7) after tumbling;
b) the abrasion index is a relative measure of the resistance of lump ore (3.3), agglomerates (3.8) or hot briquetted iron
(4.3) to size degradation by abrasion, referred to as AI and expressed as the percentage by mass of the − 500 µm fraction
generated in the test portion (5.7) after tumbling.
7.3.2
abrasion
relative measure of the resistance of lump ore (3.3), agglomerates (3.8) or hot briquetted iron (4.3) to size
degradation by abrasion when subjected to tumbling in a rotating drum, referred to as the abrasion index (AI) and
expressed as a percentage by mass of the − 500 µm fraction generated in the test portion after tumbling for a
specified time
7.3.3
crushing strength
value of the compressive load applied to individual pellets (3.10) to cause breakage in a compression test
NOTE In ISO 4700 the crushing strength (CS) is expressed as the mean value, in decanewtons, of all the measurements
on the pellets (3.10) of the test portion (5.7).
7.4 Heating and reduction tests
7.4.1
decrepitation
breakage of lump ore (3.3), occurring as a result of rapid heating
NOTE In ISO 8371, decrepitation is referred to as the decrepitation index DI and expressed as the percentage by
6,3
mass of − 6,3 mm fraction in the test portion (5.7) after the thermal treatment.
7.4.2
reduction
removal, by means of reductants, of the oxygen combined with iron in lump ore (3.3) or agglomerates (3.8)
7.4.3
degree of reduction
the extent to which oxygen has been removed, after a specified reduction time, from iron oxides, expressed as the
ratio of oxygen removed by reduction to oxygen originally combined with iron
NOTE 1 ISO 7215, applicable to blast furnace feedstocks, determines after a specified reduction time of 3 h the degree of
reduction referred to as the final degree of reduction (R ) expressed as a percentage by mass.
f
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NOTE 2 I
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