FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 16559
ISO/TC 238
Solid biofuels — Vocabulary
Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Biocombustibles solides — Vocabulaire
20210903
Voting terminates on:
20211029
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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Annex A (informative) Scheme of sample hierarchy .........................................................................................................................27

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................29

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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and nongovernmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels, in collaboration with

the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 335, Solid biofuels, in

accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16559:2014), which has been technically

revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Clause 3 has been updated;
— the title of this document has been changed;
— Annex A has been added.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
Introduction

Some of the terms included in this document are only used in particular countries.

In this document, terms for virgin biomass, residue, and by-product are used to describe co-products

from forestry, arboriculture, agriculture, horticulture and aquaculture as well as related virgin biomass

industries. The terms and definitions are harmonized as far as possible with the current language used

in management as well as in regulatory activities.

This document only contains terms used to describe solid biofuels within the scope of ISO/TC 238, see

Figure 1.
Figure 1 — ISO/TC 238 within the biomass-biofuel-bioenergy field

Solid biofuels are produced from different sources. Terms and definitions are categorized in a logical

structure based on the fact that solid biofuels are produced from different sources and that solid

biofuels are used to produce bioenergy:
— origin and source of solid biofuels in the overall supply chain;

— the different traded forms as well as the different forms of biofuels produced within the preparation

processes;

— the most relevant solid biofuel properties and terms of sampling and testing as well as classification

and specification;

— the description of the solid biofuels itself as well as their handling and processing given in the same

structure as the biomass sources;
— bioenergy as the result of solid biofuel conversion.

Appropriate terms for sampling and testing as well as classification and specification of properties

should be defined and described together with the category source/origin, type and properties of

solid biofuels. The inclusion of terms defined in this document is, in many cases, based on the detailed

classification system of solid biofuels given in ISO 17225-1.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
Solid biofuels — Vocabulary
1 Scope

This document establishes a vocabulary for solid biofuels. This document only includes raw and

processed material originating from
— forestry and arboriculture,
— agriculture and horticulture, and
— aquaculture.

NOTE 1 Chemically treated material cannot include halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels

higher than those in typical virgin material values (see also ISO 17225-1:2021, Annex B) or higher than typical

values of the country of origin.

NOTE 2 Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit and aquatic biomass and biodegradable

waste originating from above sectors.

Materials originating from different recycling processes of end-of-life-products are outside the scope

of this document but relevant terms are included for information. Liquid biofuels (ISO/TC 28/SC 7),

natural gas (ISO/TC 193) and solid recovered fuels (ISO/TC 300) are outside the scope of this document.

2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
absorption

phenomenon whereby atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid permeates or is

dissolved by a liquid or solid (the absorbent)

Note 1 to entry: Adsorption (3.3) is a surfacebased process while absorption involves the whole volume (3.214) of

the material.
3.2
additive

material which has been intentionally introduced into the fuel feedstock (3.86) to improve quality (3.160)

of fuel (3.99) (e.gcombustion or durability properties), to reduce emissions or to make production more

efficient

Note 1 to entry: Trace amounts of, e.g. grease or other lubricants that are introduced into the fuel (3.99)

processing stream as part of typical mill operations are not considered as additives.

[SOURCE: ISO 17225-2:2021, 3.1]
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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
3.3
adsorption

phenomenon whereby atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid adheres to a

surface whereby the process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent

3.4
agrofuel

biofuel (3.27) obtained from energy crops (3.76) and/or agricultural by-products (agricultural residues)

[SOURCE: FAO unified bioenergy terminology (UBET)]
3.5
air-dried

in a condition, in which the solid biofuel (3.185) has been brought to equilibrium moisture content

(3.132) by drying in air
3.6
angle of drain

steepest angle of descent within a silo or a hopper when granular material on the slope face is on the

verge of sliding

Note 1 to entry: The angle of drain is measured in degrees of slope relative to the horizontal plane.

Note 2 to entry: The angle of drain is typically a few degrees higher than the angle of repose (3.7).

3.7
angle of repose
critical angle of repose

steepest angle of descent of a stock pile when granular material on the slope face is on the verge of

sliding

Note 1 to entry: The angle of response is measured in degrees of the slope of material relative to the horizontal

plane.

Note 2 to entry: The angle of repose is typically a few degrees lower than the angle of drain (3.6).

3.8
animal biomass
biomass (3.32) obtained from livestock

Note 1 to entry: Animal biomass is not a solid biofuel (3.185). The term is included for information only.

3.9
animal by-products
animal residues

agricultural by-products (or agricultural residues) obtained from livestock operations

Note 1 to entry: It includes among others solid excreta of animals.
3.10
aquatic biomass
biomass (3.32) from hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes

Note 1 to entry: Hydrophytes are plants that have adapted to living in or on aquatic environments.

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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
3.11
as determined
as analysed

reference moisture content (3.132) of the material at the moment of analysis/determination

Note 1 to entry: “ad” is used as a subscript, e.g. M is equivalent to moisture content (3.132) at the time of

determination.
3.12
as received
as delivered
calculation basis for a material in the delivery state
Note 1 to entry: The abbreviation of as received is "ar".
3.13
ash
ash content
total ash

mass of inorganic residue remaining after complete combustion of a fuel (3.99) under specified

conditions, typically expressed as a percentage of the mass of dry matter (3.71) in fuel (3.99)

Note 1 to entry: See also ash melting behaviour (3.17) and ash fusibility.

Note 2 to entry: Depending on the combustion efficiency, the ash can contain combustibles.

Note 3 to entry: If a complete combustion is realised, ash contains only inorganic, non-combustible components.

3.14
ash deformation temperature
deformation temperature
temperature at which first signs of melting occur

Note 1 to entry: Ash deformation temperature can be seen as rounding of the edges, smoothing of surfaces,

expansion of the cylinder or general changing of the cylinder shape. If the test piece starts to swell or bubble

without the edges being rounded, the temperature is registered as DT (since swelling and bubbling only occur

when a fraction of the ash (3.13) is melted).

[SOURCE: ISO 21404:2020, 3.2, modified — First preferred term added, Notes 1 and Note 3 to entry

deleted, Note 2 to entry changed to Note 1 to entry.]
3.15
ash flow temperature
flow temperature

temperature at which the ash (3.13) is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which

is half of the height of the test piece at the ash hemisphere temperature (3.16)
3.16
ash hemisphere temperature
hemisphere temperature

temperature at which the test piece forms approximately a hemisphere, i.e. when the height is half of

the base diameter
[SOURCE: ISO 21404:2020, 3.3, modified — First preferred term added.]
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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
3.17
ash melting behaviour
ash fusibility

characteristic set of temperatures at which the ash (3.13) undergoes certain physical stages of melting

during heating under specific conditions

Note 1 to entry: Ash fusibility is determined under either oxidising or reducing conditions.

Note 2 to entry: See also ash deformation temperature (3.14), ash flow temperature (3.15), ash hemisphere

temperature (3.16) and ash shrinkage starting temperature (3.18).
3.18
ash shrinkage starting temperature
shrinkage starting temperature
SST

temperature at which the area of a test piece falls below 95 % of the original test piece area under

specific conditions due to shrinking of a test piece

Note 1 to entry: Shrinkage can be due to liberation of carbon dioxide and volatile alkali compounds. It can also be

due to sintering and may be a first sign of partial melting.
[SOURCE: ISO 21404:2020, 3.1, modified — First preferred term added.]
3.19
bag weight
weight of the fuel (3.99) including the bag
3.20
baled biofuel
bale

solid biofuel (3.185) which has been compressed and bound to keep its shape and bulk density (3.40)

EXAMPLE Straw bales, bales of energy grass (3.80), bales of logging residues (3.124).

3.21
bark

organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees, bushes) on the outside of the growth zone

(cambium) as a shell for the wooden body
3.22
basic density

ratio of the mass on dry basis (3.70) and the solid volume (3.187) as received (3.12)

3.23
bio-based
derived from biomass (3.32)
[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013, 2.1 modified — Notes to entry deleted.]
3.24
bio-based content
fraction of a fuel (3.99) that is derived from biomass (3.32)

Note 1 to entry: Typically expressed as a percentage of the total mass (3.205) of the product.

[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013, 2.4, modified — "product" changed to "fuel" and Note 2 to entry deleted.]

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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
3.25
bio-based product
bio-based industrial product
bioproduct
product wholly or partly derived from biomass (3.32)

Note 1 to entry: The bio-based product is typically characterized by the bio-based (3.23) carbon content (3.202) or

the bio-based content (3.24).

[SOURCE: EN 16575:2013, 2.5, modified — Two new preferred terms added; Note 1 to entry modified

and Notes 2 and 3 to entry deleted.]
3.26
bioenergy
energy derived from biomass (3.32)
3.27
biofuel

solid, liquid or gaseous fuel (3.99) produced directly or indirectly from biomass (3.32)

3.28
biofuel blend
biofuel resulting from intentionally mixing of different biofuels (3.27)

EXAMPLE Straw or energy grass (3.80) with wood, dried biosludge (3.37) with bark (3.21).

3.29
biofuel briquette

densified biofuel (3.64) made with or without additives (3.2) in predetermined geometric form with at

least two dimensions (length, width, height) of more than 25 mm, produced by compressing biomass

(3.32)
3.30
biofuel mixture

biofuel (3.27) resulting from natural or unintentional mixing of different biofuels (3.27) and/or different

types of biomass (3.32)
3.31
biofuel pellet

densified biofuel (3.64) made with or without additives (3.2) usually with a cylindrical form, random

length typically 5 mm to 40 mm and diameter up to 25 mm and broken ends, produced by compressing

biomass (3.32)

Note 1 to entry: Usually the biomass (3.32) has been milled before densification.

Note 2 to entry: See also non-woody pellet (3.140) and wood pellet (3.224).
3.32
biomass

material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or fossilized

EXAMPLE Including but not limited to energy crops (3.76), agricultural crops and trees, food, feed and fibre

crop residues, aquatic plants, algae, forestry and wood residues, agricultural wastes, processing by-products and

other nonfossil organic matters (3.143).

Note 1 to entry: See also aquatic biomass (3.10), fruit biomass (3.98), herbaceous biomass (3.110) and woody

biomass (3.227).
3.33
biomass by-product

secondary product which is made incidentally during the production of something else

EXAMPLE Sawdust (3.176) when sawing timber.
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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
3.34
biomass residue

biomass (3.32) from well-defined side-streams from forestry, agriculture, aquaculture and related

industrial operations
EXAMPLE Olive press cake after pressing of oil, logging residues (3.124).
3.35
biomass resource owner
body or enterprise with the right to exploit the biomass (3.32) resources

Note 1 to entry: The biomass resource owner can be a land or forest owner, a company, etc.

3.36
biomethane
methane produced from biomass (3.32), e.g. solid biofuels (3.185)

Note 1 to entry: Biomethane is not a solid biofuel (3.185). The term is included for information only.

3.37
biosludge

sludge formed in the aeration basin during biological waste water treatment or biological treatment

process and separated by sedimentation or flotation

Note 1 to entry: Biosludge must be treated for the transformation into solid biomass (3.32).

3.38
black liquor
fluid containing lignin (3.121) removed from the wood in the pulping process
Note 1 to entry: Black liquor also contains pulping chemicals.

Note 2 to entry: Black liquor is not a solid biofuel (3.185). The term is included for information only.

3.39
bridging
arching

tendency of particles (3.147) to form a stable arch across an opening which restricts flow

[SOURCE: ISO 21637:2020, 3.8, modified — "bridge" replaced by "arch".]
3.40
bulk density

mass of a portion of a particulate matter divided by the volume (3.214) of the container which is filled

by that portion under specific conditions

[SOURCE: ISO 21637:2020, 3.9, modified — abbreviation “BD” added, "solid fuel" replaced by "particulate

matter", text in parentheses deleted.]
3.41
bulk permeability
permeability in storage

ability of gas such as air to pass through the void spaces in biomass (3.32) during storage

3 2

Note 1 to entry: Permeability is measured in pressure (Pa) vs. flow of gas (m /s/m ) and depends for example

on the viscosity and density (3.65) of the gas (including moisture content (3.132) and temperature), shape, and

orientation of particles (3.147) and the bulk porosity of biomass (3.32).
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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
3.42
bundled biofuel
bundle

solid biofuels (3.185) which have been bound together and where there is a lengthwise orientation of

the material

EXAMPLE Bundles of short rotation coppice (3.178), logging residues (3.124) or small trees.

3.43
calorific value
heating value
energy amount per unit mass released on complete combustion

Note 1 to entry: Q is used as designation for the net calorific value (3.136) as received (3.12) basis at constant

pressure (q ).
p,net,ar

Note 2 to entry: See also gross calorific value (3.106), energy density (3.77), net calorific value (3.136).

3.44
cereal crops
annual crops grown with the main purpose of using the seed for food production
EXAMPLE Barley, wheat, rye, oat.
Note 1 to entry: Some cereal crops can be used as a solid biofuel (3.185).
3.45
certified reference material
CRM

reference material of which one or more property values are certified by a technically valid procedure,

accompanied by or traceable to a certificate or other documentation which is issued by a certifying

body
3.46
charcoal
biochar
biocarbon
biocoke
biocoal

solid biofuel (3.185) derived from carbonization, distillation or pyrolysis of biomass (3.32)

[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
3.47
chemical treatment
any treatment with chemicals other than air, water or heat
[SOURCE: ISO 17225-1:2021, 3.1, modified — Note 1 to entry deleted.]
3.48
chopped straw
straw which has been cut into small pieces
3.49
chunkwood

wood cut with sharp cutting devices where most of the material have typical particle (3.147) lengths of

50 mm to 150 mm

Note 1 to entry: Chunkwood is substantially longer and coarser than wood chips (3.222).

particles (3.147) with a size ranging from ≥3,15 mm to <5,6 mm resulting from breakage of pellets

during production or handling

Note 1 to entry: The fraction of coarse pellet fines contains all particles (3.147) which pass through a sieve with

an aperture size of 5,6 mm round hole sieve and which are retained on a sieve with an aperture size of 3,15 mm

round hole sieve.
3.51
coke

solid residue of impure carbon obtained from carbon rich feedstock (3.86) after removal of volatile

material by destructive distillation
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
3.52
combined sample
composite sample

sample (3.168) consisting of all the increments (3.118) taken from a lot (3.126) or a sub-lot (3.193)

Note 1 to entry: The increments (3.118) may be reduced by division before being added to the combined sample.

Note 2 to entry: See also Annex A.
3.53
complete tree
tree, including branches and root system
Note 1 to entry: See also whole tree (3.218).
3.54
contamination

occurrence of any undesirable matter such as chemical, physical and/or microbiological matter in the

product
[SOURCE: ISO 22716:2007, 2.10]
3.55
co-product
any of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.10]
3.56
critical control point
CCP

quality control (3.162) point within or between processes at which relevant properties can be most

readily assessed and which offer the greatest potential for quality (3.160) improvement

3.57
cross-cut ends

short pieces of woody biomass (3.227) which occur when the ends of logs or sawn timber are cross cut

off, with or without bark (3.21)
3.58
cutter chips

wood chips (3.222) made as a by-product of the wood processing industry, with or without bark (3.21)

violent event describing subsonic combustion propagating by means of hot burning material [usually

dust (3.73)] heating the next layer of cold material and igniting it in consecutive sequence

Note 1 to entry: The process can be characterized as an exploding fire whereby the burning material partly

deposits on surfaces in its path and causing significant damage and injuries.
[SOURCE: EN 13857-1:2003, 2.13, modified — With regard to solid biofuels.]
3.60
deflagration index

measure in bar meter per second and is a product of the pressure rate and propagation of an explosion

(3.83) as established by testing standards
3.61
delivery agreement

contract for fuel (3.99) trade, which specifies, e.g. origin and source, quality (3.160) and quantity of the

fuel (3.99), as well as delivery terms
3.62
delivery lot

amount of a solid biofuel (3.185) delivery to which the essential quality (3.160) requirements are related

Note 1 to entry: The delivery lot can be an individual delivery lot, which is an agreed quantity of solid biofuel

(3.185) (e.g. a package, shipload or truck load), or continuous delivery, where several loads are delivered to the

end-user (3.75) during an agreed period of time (usually daily or weekly delivery).

Note 2 to entry: In continuous delivery, the delivery lot is the amount of solid biofuel (3.185) delivered during a

specified period of time, e.g. 24 h, unless otherwise agreed by supplier (3.195) and end-user (3.75). If the delivery

lot in continuous delivery is more than 1,500 to 2,000 m in 24 h, it should be divided into two or more individual

lots (3.126).
3.63
demolition wood

used wood (3.212) arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations

3.64
densified biofuel
compressed biofuel

solid biofuel (3.185) made by mechanically compressing biomass (3.32) or thermally treated biomass

(3.200) to mould the solid biofuel (3.185) into a specific size and shape such as cubes, pressed logs,

biofuel pellets (3.31) or biofuel briquettes (3.29)
Note 1 to entry: See also biofuel briquette (3.29) and biofuel pellet (3.31).
3.65
density
ratio of mass to volume (3.214) or ratio of energy content to volume (3.214)

Note 1 to entry: It shall always be stated whether the density refers to the density of individual particles (3.147) or

to the bulk density (3.40) of the material and whether the mass of water in the material is included.

Note 2 to entry: See also bulk density (3.40), particle density (3.148) and energy density (3.77).

3.66
desorption
phenomenon whereby a substance is released from or through a surface

Note 1 to entry: The process is the opposite of absorption (3.1) and adsorption (3.3).

violent event generated by sudden expansion of gas in to a supersonic shock wave (molecular speed

higher than the speed of sound) not followed by fire
3.68
devolatilization

process (usually pyrolysis or gasification) whereby volatile matter (3.213) is removed from carbon rich

feedstock (3.86) [e.g. biomass (3.32)]
[SOURCE: ANSI/ASABE S593]
3.69
dry ash free
dry ash free basis
daf

calculation basis in which the solid biofuel (3.185) is considered free from moisture (3.132) and inorganic

matter (3.119)
3.70
dry
dry basis

calculation basis in which the solid biofuel (3.185) is considered free from moisture (3.132)

3.71
dry matter
material remaining after removal of moisture (3.132) under specific conditions
3.72
dry matter content
portion of dry matter (3.71) in the total material on mass basis

Note 1 to entry: Expressed as a percentage of the total mass (3.205) of the solid biofuel (3.185).

3.73
dust

fragmented material of small size passing a 500 µm sieve caused by a non-intentional process

Note 1 to entry: It is opposed to fuel powder (3.101) which is intentionally manufactured to size.

3.74
edgings

parts of woody biomass (3.227) which occur when trimming sawn timber and which show a remainder

of the original rounded surface of the tree, with or without bark (3.21)
3.75
end-user
consumer (private person, enterprise, utility etc.) using biofuel (3.27)
3.76
energy crops

woody or herbaceous crops grown and harvested specifically for their fuel (3.99) value

Note 1 to entry: See also energy forest trees (3.78), energy grass (3.80).
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ISO/FDIS 16559:2021(E)
3.77
energy density
ratio of net energy content and bulk volume (3.125)

Note 1 to entry: The energy density is calculated using the net calorific value (3.136) determined and the bulk

density (3.40).
3.78
energy forest trees

woody biomass (3.227) grown specifically for its fuel (3.99) value in medium to long rotation forestry

3.79
energy grain
grain used for energy purpose
3.80
energy grass
herbaceous energy crop (3.76)
EXAMPLE Sugarcane, Miscanthus, Reed canary grass.
3.81
energy wood
fuelwood

wood fuel (3.223) where the original composition of the wood is maintained and which has only been

threated mechanically
3.82
explosibility

propensity by gaseous, liquid or solid material to ignite and violently transform to high pressure gas

while emitting sound and light, and typically followed by fire
3.83
explosion
violent event emitting sound and light immediately followed by fire

Note 1 to entry: An initial explosion, often referred to as primary explosion, can dislodge dust (3.73) deposited

on beams, floor, machinery etc. and ignite this material resulting in a secondary explosion, usually a few seconds

after the first explosion.

Note 2 to entry: Thermal energy is transferred from the first to the second explosion throug

...

ISO/FDIS 16559

Solid biofuels -- Vocabulary

Solid biofuels -- Vocabulary

Biocombustibles solides -- Vocabulaire

General Information

RELATIONS

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Solid biofuels -- Vocabulary

Biocombustibles solides -- Vocabulaire

General Information

RELATIONS

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