ISO 18913:2021
(Main)Imaging materials — Permanence — Vocabulary
Imaging materials — Permanence — Vocabulary
This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions used in respect of the permanence of imaging materials, related storage materials and digital storage media. In most cases these terms and definitions are generic and are applicable to the entire imaging industry. For terms and definitions specific to particular applications, refer to industry standards. However, in some cases the definition of a term is still evolving and/or is used by different user groups in different ways. In this case a definition fit for use in Imaging Materials – Permanence work is given and a note to this effect is included.
Matériaux pour l'image — Permanence — Vocabulaire
Slikovni materiali - Trajnost - Slovar
Ta dokument vzpostavlja slovar izrazov in definicij, ki se uporabljajo v zvezi s trajnostjo slikovnih materialov, povezanimi materiali za shranjevanje in digitalnimi mediji za shranjevanje.
Ti izrazi in definicije so v večini primerov splošni in se uporabljajo za celotno industrijo slikovnega upodabljanja. Za izraze in definicije, značilne za posamezno vrsto uporabe, glej industrijske standarde. V nekaterih primerih se definicija izraza še spreminja in/ali jo različne skupine uporabnikov uporabljajo na različne načine. V takšnem primeru je podana definicija, primerna za uporabo pri delu s slikovnimi materiali in trajnostjo, ter vključena je opomba v zvezi s tem.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 18913:2022
01-maj-2022
Slikovni materiali - Trajnost - Slovar
Imaging materials - Permanence - Vocabulary
Matériaux pour l'image - Permanence - Vocabulaire
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18913:2021
ICS:
01.040.37 Slikovna tehnologija (Slovarji) Image technology
(Vocabularies)
37.040.20 Fotografski papir, filmi in Photographic paper, films
fotografske plošče. Filmski and plates. Cartridges
zvitki
SIST ISO 18913:2022 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 18913:2022
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18913
Third edition
2021-12
Imaging materials — Permanence —
Vocabulary
Matériaux pour l'image — Permanence — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 18913:2021(E)
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ISO 18913:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland
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Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .30
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ISO 18913:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 18913:2012), which has been technically
revised.
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Introduction
This document is one of a series dealing with the physical properties and stability of imaging materials.
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SIST ISO 18913:2022
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18913:2021(E)
Imaging materials — Permanence — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions used in respect of the permanence of
imaging materials, related storage materials and digital storage media.
In most cases these terms and definitions are generic and are applicable to the entire imaging industry.
For terms and definitions specific to particular applications, refer to industry standards. However, in
some cases the definition of a term is still evolving and/or is used by different user groups in different
ways. In this case a definition fit for use in Imaging Materials – Permanence work is given and a note to
this effect is included.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface or deformation of a surface, with changes in gloss, colour, or density, due
to frictional forces as a result of rubbing
Note 1 to entry: Surface deformations can result in changes in gloss and colour.
Note 2 to entry: See also mar resistance (3.122), rub resistance (3.186), scuff (3.190), smudge (3.201), and wet rub
(3.238).
3.2
absolute humidity
mass of water vapour per unit volume of wet gas
Note 1 to entry: It is a measure of the amount of water present as part of the chemical analysis of the space, i.e.,
how much water is available for chemical activity.
Note 2 to entry: See also dew point (3.56) and relative humidity (3.181).
3.3
accelerated ageing
procedure to simulate normal ageing process by subjecting a product to stresses (3.216) that are more
severe or more frequent than normal environmental or operational stresses, thus shortening the test
period relative to the normal ageing period
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3.4
acid-free adhesive
adhesive material that does not release acidic species, such that the cold extraction pH is equal to or
greater than the reference water minus 0,5 and less than 10,0
Note 1 to entry: ISO 18902 provides a cold extraction pH test method, which may be used to establish a
specification for acid-free adhesive materials for intended photographic applications.
Note 2 to entry: An adhesive may contain acids, but the cold extraction pH test only measures acidic species
released into water to determine pH.
3.5
acid-free paper or paperboard
paper or paperboard materials that do not release acidic species, such that the cold extraction pH is
equal to or greater than the reference water minus 0,5 and less than 10,0
Note 1 to entry: ISO 18902 provides a cold extraction pH test method, which may be used to establish a
specification for acid-free or alkaline paper and paperboard materials for intended photographic applications.
Note 2 to entry: A paper or paperboard may contain acids, but the cold extraction pH test only measures acidic
species released into water to determine pH.
3.6
album
binder or book structure having front and back covers in which pages are bound along one edge either
by plastic straps, gluing, sewing, metal posts or rings, and in which photographs are attached and
related contents may be included
3.7
albumen plate
glass sheet bearing a silver halide/albumen layer which yields a visible image after exposure and
processing
3.8
ambient conditions
conditions of the affecting environment
Note 1 to entry: For preservation (3.164) purposes these may or may not be the same as the storage environment
(3.214).
3.9
ambrotype plate
glass plate collodion positive, i.e. glass sheet bearing a thin silver halide/cellulose nitrate layer which
yields a visible image after exposure and processing
Note 1 to entry: The processed negative (3.134) silver image appears as a positive when backed by a dark field.
3.10
analogue print
print where the image is printed from the analogue domain
Note 1 to entry: In graphic printing, the marking information of an analogue print is generated by means of an
off-line produced forme with which the ink is printed on the media. Examples of traditional forme-based ink
printing as defined in ISO 12637-1 are flexographic, letterpress, letterset, (offset) lithographic, gravure, intaglio,
pad-transfer printing, screen, and stencil printing.
Note 2 to entry: Ambiguous use also for chromogenic (silver-halide) print, where image information is exposed
conventionally (“analogue”) through a film negative (3.134) or positive, or actual scene images are exposed
through camera lenses.
Note 3 to entry: See also digital print (3.58).
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3.11
anti-blocking agent
additive or component which prevents sticking (3.211) or fusing of adjacent surfaces
EXAMPLE Talc, silicates or matte beads.
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 18902.
Note 2 to entry: See blocking (3.20)
3.12
aperture card
card of standard dimensions with one or more openings into which a microfilm frame or frames can be
mounted or inserted
3.13
aperture window
opening in the flange (3.80) of a cassette that is used to facilitate threading of magnetic tape on the hub
(3.46) and inspection of the wind (3.240)
3.14
archival
medium (3.124) that can be expected to preserve images at a stated level of quality or usefulness for a
specified extended period of years
3.15
Arrhenius plot
plot of the logarithm of the time for a given change in a characteristic proportional to the reaction rate
versus the reciprocal of the temperature expressed in K (Kelvin)
Note 1 to entry: The Arrhenius plot can be used to predict behaviour at a temperature lower than that at which a
test is run, as described in ISO 18924.
Note 2 to entry: Changes in characteristics may include dye loss, tensile strength change, D (3.55) yellowing,
min
etc.
3.16
artificial accelerated weathering
artificial weathering
laboratory weathering
exposure of a material in a laboratory weathering device to conditions which may be cyclic and may be
intensified compared with conditions encountered in outdoor or in-service exposure
Note 1 to entry: The purpose of artificial accelerated weathering is to accelerate changes in the material that can
correspond to changes observed after long-term, continuous, natural or end-use exposure.
3.17
base
support in a recording material (3.176) on which the image receiving/recording layers or magnetic layer
(and, if necessary, the back layer) are coated
Note 1 to entry: Substrate (3.218) is the preferred term for the physical support of a receiving layer. The term
'base' should be used only in reference to pH.
3.18
blister
localized delamination (3.54) of a multilayer assembly that looks like a bubble
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3.19
block error rate
BLER
ratio of erroneous blocks to total blocks on an optical disc (3.142) measured at the input of the first (C1)
decoder (before any error correction is applied)
Note 1 to entry: The more commonly reported value for BLER is the number of erroneous blocks per second
measured at the input of the C1-decoder during playback at the standard (1X) data rate.
3.20
blocking
undesired adherence between sheets of printed material
Note 1 to entry: Blocking can occur under a variety of pressures, temperatures, and humidity conditions, while
in storage or in use.
Note 2 to entry: Blocking effects include delamination (3.54), paper splitting, tearing, gloss changes, physical
image transfer, permanent bonding to adjacent materials and prints, and edge deformation.
Note 3 to entry: See also anti-blocking agent (3.11).
3.21
blue print
defect resulting from a drastic reduction in the light stability of the yellow dye in a chromogenic print
(3.32)
Note 1 to entry: Be aware that “blue print” is not to be confused with “blueprint”.
Note 2 to entry: A common cause in the case of a blue print is when a print has been lacquered in a very humid
environment or was not thoroughly dried before lacquering.
3.22
book printing
printing of books and publishing of monographs (reference books, photo-books, comic, paperback,
textbooks and directories)
Note 1 to entry: See also commercial printing (3.38), newspaper and periodical printing (3.135), package printing
(3.146), sign printing (3.195), and transactional and direct mail printing (3.228).
3.23
brittleness
property of a material that causes it to crack or break when deformed by bending or flexing
3.24
buffered
characteristic of paper or paperboard materials containing a certain amount of alkali reserve
to neutralize future attacks by acidic species, either from atmospheric pollutants or released from
material degradations in the ageing process
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 10716 for a standard test method to determine the amount of alkaline reserve in paper
materials.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO 18902 for specifications for alkaline reserve in paper and paper boards for albums,
framing, and storage materials.
3.25
can
metal or plastic container (3.44) for a roll of recording material (3.176), such as
photographic film or magnetic tape
3.26
carrier
medium (3.124) upon which information is recorded
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3.27
cartridge
housing for a roll of recording media, such as photographic film or magnetic tape,
wound on a single hub (3.46) or reel (3.178)
Note 1 to entry: The term “cartridge” is also used in some cases to describe a colorant (e.g., ink, toner) container.
Note 2 to entry: See also cassette (3.28).
3.28
cassette
housing for a roll of recording material (3.176), such as photographic film or
magnetic tape, whose ends are attached to two hubs or reels
Note 1 to entry: See also cartridge (3.27).
3.29
cellulose-acetate base
base for recording materials (3.176) composed mainly of cellulose esters of acetic acid
3.30
cellulose-ester base
base for recording materials (3.176) composed mainly of cellulose esters of acetic, propionic, or butyric
acid, or mixtures thereof
3.31
cellulose-nitrate base
base for recording materials (3.176) composed mainly of cellulose esters of nitric acid with a plasticizer
(3.157) such as camphor
3.32
chromogenic print
gelatin print in which the colour image is composed of cyan, magenta, and yellow dye layers formed by
a coupling reaction between the dye couplers (dye precursors) in the emulsion layers (3.69) as a result
of silver development
Note 1 to entry: During development of exposed silver halide, the resulting oxidized colour developer molecules
will react with the dye couplers (dye precursors, typically incorporated in the emulsion layers during
manufacture but could be added during development), forming microdroplets of cyan, magenta, and yellow dyes.
The silver image is then bleached and dissolved via a bleach-fix bath and then is washed away, and the colour
image remains.
Note 2 to entry: To further distinguish chromogenic prints, note that in chromolytic prints, which use the
silver dye bleach process typical for positive printing (as in Cibachrome and Ilfochrome), the dyes are already
incorporated during the production process and present before exposure. During development the latent silver
image is processed to develop silver. Next the silver dye bleach reaction destroys the dye into colourless products
and dissolves the silver. Finally, the layer sequence in chromolytic prints is different from that of chromogenic
prints, the chromolytic dye layers top to bottom are yellow, magenta, cyan.
Note 3 to entry: See also blue print (3.21), cyan spots (3.50), red print (3.177), and yellow print (3.244).
3.33
class 100 000 clean room
controlled environment in which the level of airborne contaminates meets standard requirements
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 14644-1 for the requirements to meet.
3.34
cockle
deformation of a sheet of paper due to unequal shrinkage giving it a planar distortion in the form of
waves or ripples
Note 1 to entry: See also edge fluting (3.67) and waviness (3.236).
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3.35
collodion plate
collodion wet or dry plate
glass sheet bearing a thin silver halide/cellulose nitrate layer which yields a visible image after exposure
and processing
3.36
colorant
dye or pigment
Note 1 to entry: Colorant is typically a component of transfer ribbon, chromogenic material, toner or ink.
3.37
colour screen plate
glass sheet bearing a colour screen consisting of dyed elements in contact with a silver halide/gelatin
layer which yields a visible image after exposure and processing
3.38
commercial printing
printing for graphic products for commercial application such as catalogue, advertisement (flyer,
pamphlet, leaflet, direct marketing, free magazines), and others (manuals)
Note 1 to entry: See also book printing (3.22), newspaper and periodical printing (3.135), package printing (3.146),
sign printing (3.195), and transactional and direct mail printing (3.228).
3.39
compact disc
CD
CD-ROM (3.40) optical disc (3.142) format in which the information layer is located at one surface of a
substrate (3.218) and the data can be read by an optical beam
Note 1 to entry: Described in IEC 60908.
Note 2 to entry: See also rewritable compact disc (3.185), compact disc-recordable (3.41), and read-only-medium
compact disc (3.173).
3.40
compact disc read-only memory
CD-ROM
optical disc (3.142) to which information is transferred during manufacture to certain areas in the
compact disc format
Note 1 to entry: The information can be read many times.
Note 2 to entry: See also rewritable compact disc (3.185), compact disc (3.39), compact disc-recordable (3.41), and
read-only-medium compact disc (3.173).
3.41
compact disc-recordable
CD-R
recordable optical disc (3.142) in which information can be recorded to certain areas in compact disc
format
Note 1 to entry: Information can be recorded one time and read many times.
Note 2 to entry: The term "compact disc-write once" (CD-WO) has also been used to describe this type of disc.
Note 3 to entry: See also compact disc read-only memory (3.40), rewritable compact disc (3.185), compact disc
(3.39), and read-only-medium compact disc (3.173).
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3.42
conditioning
exposure of a specimen to air at a given relative humidity (3.181) and temperature until equilibrium is
reached
3.43
conservation
all activities taken toward the long-term preservation (3.164) of cultural heritage, including examination,
documentation, treatment, and preventive care, supported by research and education
3.44
container
box, can (3.25), or carton used for storage and shipping of recording materials
(3.176)
EXAMPLE The box into which a reel (3.178), cassette (3.28), cartridge (3.27), optical disc (3.142) or shell
(3.192) is placed.
Note 1 to entry: Reels (3.178), cassettes (3.28), cartridges (3.27), and shells (3.192) are not containers.
3.45
copy
reproduction of the information from a master
Note 1 to entry: A copy is a reproduction that may be on a different media and in a different size or format than
the master, whereas a duplicate (3.64) is an identical reproduction.
3.46
core
hub
metal or plastic cylinder on which recording material (3.176) is wound
Note 1 to entry: See also flange (3.80), reel (3.178), slot (3.200), and tape pack (3.220).
3.47
crazing
network of fine cracks on the surface of a print or film that is the result of environmental stresses on
the surface layer
3.48
cupping
departure of film or paper from physical flatness characterized by the condition where the four corners
of a rectangular sheet turn up, but the edges do not
3.49
curl
departure of film, paper or magnetic tape from physical flatness with the tendency to curve into a
cylindrical shape
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 11556.
3.50
cyan spots
defect that results when the ultraviolet absorber in an older technology chromogenic print (3.32)
crystallises and permits the back-scattering of light
3.51
dark stability
ability of a print, negative (3.134), or transparency (3.230) to resist fading or staining due to ambient
environmental factors in the absence of light
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3.52
daylight filter
optical filter (or set of filters) used to modify the spectral irradiance (3.203) of a light source to simulate
outdoor terrestrial daylight
3.53
daylight through window glass filter
window glass filter
optical filter (or set of filters) used to modify the spectral irradiance (3.203) of a light source to simulate
outdoor terrestrial daylight transmitted through standard architectural window glass
3.54
delamination
separation of a laminated assembly into its constituent layers, either in whole or in part
3.55
density minimum
minimum density
D
min
density corresponding to the maximum transmittance, in the case of film, or reflectance, in the case of
paper, that a photographic product can achieve
3.56
dew point
temperature at which moisture begins to condense on a surface, corresponding to saturation for a given
absolute humidity (3.2)
EXAMPLE The higher the absolute humidity of air, the higher the dew-point temperature of the air. See also,
relative humidity (3.181).
3.57
differential dimensional change
difference between the dimensional change (3.60) or dimensional change after ageing (3.61) of a material
in the two principal directions of length and width
Note 1 to entry: Polyester-based films frequently have maximum and minimum dimensional changes in directions
other than the length or width. These can be determined by rotating and viewing the uncoated base between a
pair of crossed polarizers. When the direction corresponding to either the maximum or minimum dimensional
change is coincident with the optical axis of one polarizer, there is minimum light transmission through the base.
3.58
digital print
print where the image is printed directly from the digital domain
Note 1 to entry: Digital print is a print made directly from digital data in a process such that the image forming
mechanisms are refreshed for each impression, thus each impression can have different content.
Note 2 to entry: Offset printing in its various forms as defined in the ISO 12647 (all parts) is typically categorized
as “analogue printing” even though data may stem from the digital domain as in the case of computer-to-plate
systems. See analogue print (3.10)
Note 3 to entry: There is substantial confusion around the definition of this term by users, particularly in the
consumer market where it may be taken to mean a print where the original image is produced or manipulated in
the digital domain.
3.59
digital versatile disc
DVD
optical disc (3.142) format in which one or more information layers are located between two substrates
(3.218) and the data can be read by an optical beam
Note 1 to entry: Formerly called digital video disc.
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3.60
dimensional change
permanent change in dimension caused by photographic processing alone
Note 1 to entry: This can be the conventional wet chemical processing, vapour processing, or heat processing. The
dimensional change is measured after conditioning (3.42) at the same relative humidity (3.181) and temperature
as used for the original measurement and is expressed as a percentage.
Note 2 to entry: See also differential dimensional change (3.57), dimensional change after ageing (3.61), and
dimensional hysteresis (3.62).
3.61
dimensional change after ageing
dimensional change due to processing plus ageing
permanent dimensional change (3.60) that occurs as a result of processing plus ageing of the processed
material
Note 1 to entry: It is measured after conditioning (3.42) of the processed, aged film or paper at the same relative
humidity (3.181) and temperature as used for the original measurement and is expressed as a percentage.
3.62
dimensional hysteresis
difference in the absolute dimensions of a specimen in equilibrium with air at a given relative humidity
(3.181), when conditioned from a higher relative humidity and when conditioned from a lower relative
humidity
Note 1 to entry: See also differential dimensional change (3.57) and dimensional change (3.60).
3.63
direct spectral irradiance
irradiation from a source without shading, scattering, or additional filtering at a specific wavelength
over a narrow bandwidth, or as a function of wavelength; also, the derivative with respect to wavelength
-2 -1
of irradiance, represented as Eλ or E(λ)[W·m ·nm ]
Note 1 to entry: In the context of solar irradiance, an alternative use of the term pertains to the radiation that is
not scattered by the atmosphere (water vapor and other constituents). Its counterpart is “diffuse” radiation. The
total of direct and diffuse equals what is called “global” radiation.
Note 2 to entry: See also spectral irradiance (3.203).
3.64
duplicate
identical (1:1) reproduction of a master, comprised of the same media and size
Note 1 to entry: A duplicate is an identical reproduction whereas a “copy”, as defined in this document, is a
reproduction that may be on a different media and in a different size or format than the master.
3.65
durability
resistance of an image print to physical, mechanical, and environmental stresses
3.66
dye diffusion thermal transfer (D2T2) print
digital print (3.58) made using thermal print heads controlled by digital data and using donor ribbons
coated with dye-based colorants that diffuse due to heating to reproduce images on an image receiving
layer of a substrate (3.218)
Note 1 to entry: This process is sometimes known as “dye sub”, short for "dye sublimation". This is a misnomer
as the dyes melt to form a liquid which is transferred to the substrate rather than subliming through the vapour
phase. The misnomer arises from a similarity to an earlier textile printing process.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO 12637-1.
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3.67
edge fluting
wave-shaped deformation along the edges of cut sheets, which may be caused by an expansion of the
edge of the material, particularly when the edge is exposed to greater variations in temperature and
humidity than the centre of the sheet
Note 1 to entry: See also cockle (3.34) and waviness (3.236).
3.68
electrophotographic print
print made from electrostatically charged toner particles or droplets that are transferred from a
photoconductive medium (3.124)
3.69
emulsion layer(s)
image or image-forming layer(s) of silver halide photographic films (3.152), papers, and plates
3.70
encapsulation
process of placing a document between two sheets of plastic (usually polyester), which are sealed at the
edges, in order to provide support and protect it from handling and the atmosphere
Note 1 to entry: Usually done using protective sheets that are larger in dimension than the specimen and then
sealing at the overlaps.
Note 2 to entry: See also irreversible encapsulation (3.102) and reversible encapsulation (3.184).
3.71
enclosure
box, case, cartridge, folder, e
...
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