ISO 5-1:2009
(Main)Photography and graphic technology - Density measurements - Part 1: Geometry and functional notation
Photography and graphic technology - Density measurements - Part 1: Geometry and functional notation
ISO 5-1:2009 establishes terms, symbols, functional notations and a coordinate system to describe geometric and spectral conditions for the measurement of the degree to which a specimen modulates radiant flux for applications in photography, graphic technology, and radiometry. ISO 5-1:2009 primarily provides a system for describing methods of measuring or specifying the transmission and reflection properties of photographic and graphic arts materials. The geometric and spectral conditions associated with such measurement are specified in ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 and ISO 5-4.
Photographie et technologie graphique — Mesurages de la densité — Partie 1: Géométrie et notation fonctionnelle
Fotografija in grafična tehnologija - Merjenje optične gostote - 1. del: Geometrijske in funkcionalne oznake
Ta del ISO 5 vzpostavlja izraze, simbole, funkcionalne oznake in koordinatni sistem za opis geometrijskih in spektralnih pogojev za merjenje stopnje, do katere preskušanec modulira energijski tok za aplikacije v
fotografiji, grafični tehnologiji in radiometriji. Ta del ISO 5 predvsem
zagotavlja sistem za opisovanje metod merjenja ali določanja transmisijskih in refleksijskih lastnosti fotografskih materialov in materialov za grafične upodobitve. Geometrijske in spektralne pogoje, povezane s takšnim merjenjem, določajo ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 and ISO 5-4.
General Information
Relations
Overview
ISO 5-1:2009 - Photography and graphic technology - Density measurements - Part 1: Geometry and functional notation defines the vocabulary, symbols, coordinate system and functional notation used to describe how specimens modulate radiant flux. It standardizes how to express and document the geometric and spectral conditions for measuring transmission and reflection properties of photographic and graphic arts materials used in photography, printing and radiometry. ISO 5-1:2009 is the foundational part of the ISO 5 series and provides the notation and measurement framework referenced by ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 and ISO 5-4.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Terms and definitions: Standardizes key concepts such as influx, efflux, incident flux, reflected flux, transmitted flux, sampling aperture, spectral responsivity, reflectance and transmittance.
- Coordinate system and geometry: Defines a reference plane, angles (anormal and azimuthal), illuminator/receiver axes and the use of conic pencils (cone half-angle) to describe illumination and viewing geometry.
- Instrument representation: Describes the three main instrument components - illuminator, reference plane (specimen location) and receiver - and how apertures, pupils and beams define the sampling aperture.
- Functional notation: Provides notation to unambiguously specify geometric and spectral measurement conditions so instruments and procedures can be compared or reproduced.
- Equations and density metrics: Includes the basic radiometric relations and density definitions used in densitometry, e.g. transmittance τ = Φt / Φi and optical density D = −log10(τ). Reflectance, transmittance factors and corresponding density measures are formalized.
- Measurement scope: Focuses on describing measurement systems rather than prescribing detailed radiometric procedures; spectral and geometric specifics are assigned to other ISO 5 parts.
Applications and who uses it
ISO 5-1:2009 is essential for:
- Color scientists, imaging engineers and metrology labs developing or validating densitometers, spectrophotometers and test methods.
- Photographic labs, prepress and print quality control teams specifying transmittance density and reflection density measurements.
- Equipment manufacturers documenting instrument geometry, spectral responsivity and calibration traceability.
- Researchers comparing measured optical properties across instruments and workflows, ensuring consistent definitions of optical density, reflectance factor and measurement geometry.
Practical value: using ISO 5-1 ensures clear, reproducible specification of the measurement geometry and notation so results (e.g., film density, print reflectance) are comparable across instruments and laboratories.
Related standards
- ISO 5-2: Geometric conditions for transmittance density
- ISO 5-3: Spectral conditions
- ISO 5-4: Geometric conditions for reflection density
Keywords: ISO 5-1:2009, density measurements, densitometry, optical density, transmittance, reflectance, photography, graphic technology, measurement geometry, spectral responsivity.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2010
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 5-1:1996
)RWRJUDILMDLQJUDILþQDWHKQRORJLMD0HUMHQMHRSWLþQHJRVWRWHGHO *HRPHWULMVNH
LQIXQNFLRQDOQHR]QDNH
Photography and graphic technology - Density measurements - Part 1: Geometry and
functional notation
Photographie et technologie graphique - Mesurages de la densité - Partie 1: Géométrie
et notation fonctionnelle
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 5-1:2009
ICS:
01.040.37 Slikovna tehnologija (Slovarji) Image technology
(Vocabularies)
37.040.01 Fotografija na splošno Photography in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5-1
Second edition
2009-12-01
Photography and graphic technology —
Density measurements —
Part 1:
Geometry and functional notation
Photographie et technologie graphique — Mesurages de la densité —
Partie 1: Géométrie et notation fonctionnelle
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Equations .4
5 Instrument representation.5
6 Coordinate system .6
7 Description of geometry .7
8 Functional notation .8
8.1 General .8
8.2 Geometric conditions.8
8.3 Spectral conditions .11
8.4 Examples of functional notation.12
Annex A (informative) Terms and definitions used in other parts of ISO 5 .13
Bibliography.16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 5-1 was prepared by ISO/TC 42, Photography, and ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology, in a Joint Working
Group.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 5-1:1984), which has been technically revised.
In the course of this technical revision, all parts of ISO 5 have been reviewed together, and the terminology,
nomenclature and technical requirements have been made consistent across all parts.
ISO 5 consists of the following parts, under the general title Photography and graphic technology — Density
measurements:
⎯ Part 1: Geometry and functional notation
⎯ Part 2: Geometric conditions for transmittance density
⎯ Part 3: Spectral conditions
⎯ Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The measurement of the transmission and reflection characteristics of objects is essential to the science of
photography and graphic arts. When light, or other radiant energy, is incident upon an object, it is either
absorbed or propagated. Propagation can involve reflection, transmission, refraction, diffraction, scattering,
fluorescence, and polarization. The propagated light is distributed in various directions about the object. In
most practical applications it is neither necessary nor desirable to consider the light distributed in every
direction, but only that which leaves the object in the direction for which there is response by a receiver, such
as the eye.
The object modulates the flow of radiant energy from the illuminator to the receiver. The time rate of flow of
radiant energy is called radiant flux, or simply flux. This part of ISO 5 provides methods to describe the
measurements of the flux modulation in any system. To specify such a system accurately, geometric
characteristics of the system, the spectral distribution of the flux incident on the object to be measured, and
the spectral responsivity of the receiver need to be given. If the reflection characteristics of the illuminator or
receiver affect the measurement, as they do in transmission measurements by the opal glass method, they
need to be specified.
The area under consideration is defined by a sampling aperture, the dimensions of which can be important in
some applications and need to be specified if the object has appreciable non-uniformity. If the measurement is
to quantify the way the object would modulate flux in a given practical application, such as viewing or contact
printing, the geometric and spectral conditions of measurement need to simulate those conditions in the
practical application.
Modulation is measured and expressed as a dimensionless ratio of fluxes; that is, the flux propagated in the
direction of the receiver and that part of the spectrum of interest divided by some reference flux. The reference
flux can be the incident flux or the flux propagated through the system when the object is replaced by an ideal
object. For some purposes, a logarithmically scaled measure of modulation is more useful than the measured
arithmetic ratio. In such cases, it is customary to use optical density defined as the negative logarithm to base
10 of the ratio.
Most geometric arrangements used in photographic and graphic arts optical systems can be conveniently and
adequately described in terms of uniform rays of flux bounded by right circular cones. A point on the object is
often illuminated by such a conic distribution, and the geometric form of the pencil of rays reaching the
receiver is generally conic. The pupil of the eye, for example, subtends a conic solid angle at an object point.
In projection systems, the projection lens subtends a conic solid angle at the specimen point. This part of
ISO 5 specifies a conic distribution by the half-angle of the cone and the direction of its axis.
A working knowledge of radiometry is generally required to obtain primary standard measurements of
transmittance and reflectance. In good radiometric practice, for example, the effects of stray light are
minimized by the use of appropriate baffles and proper blackening of certain surfaces. Because the principles
[10]
and practice of radiometry are well known and are fully described in the Handbook of Applied Photometry ,
it is considered unnecessary to provide a detailed specification of radiometric procedures in this part of ISO 5.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5-1:2009(E)
Photography and graphic technology — Density
measurements —
Part 1:
Geometry and functional notation
1 Scope
This part of ISO 5 establishes terms, symbols, functional notations and a coordinate system to describe
geometric and spectral conditions for the measurement of the degree to which a specimen modulates radiant
flux for applications in photography, graphic technology, and radiometry.
This part of ISO 5 primarily provides a system for describing methods of measuring or specifying the
transmission and reflection properties of photographic and graphic arts materials. The geometric and spectral
conditions associated with such measurement are specified in ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 and ISO 5-4.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5-2, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 2: Geometric conditions for
transmittance density
ISO 5-3, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 3: Spectral conditions
ISO 5-4, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 4: Geometric conditions for
reflection density
3 Terms and definitions
1)
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply .
3.1
absolute reference reflected flux
Φ
rA
radiant flux that would be reflected by a perfect reflecting diffuser
1) For the convenience of the user, Annex A lists those terms and definitions used in other parts of ISO 5 that are not
used in this part of ISO 5.
3.2
absolute reference transmitted flux
Φ
tA
radiant flux that would be transmitted by a perfect transmitting diffuser
3.3
anormal angle
θ
angle between the normal of the reference plane and a direction
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E1767.
3.4
azimuthal angle
η
angle between the x-axis of the reference plane and the projection of a direction onto the reference plane
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.5
cone half-angle
κ
angle between the central axis and the edge of the pupil with the apex at the centre of the sampling aperture
3.6
efflux
radiant flux collected by the receiver from the reference plane
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E1767.
3.7
illuminator axis
central axis of the illuminator, usually the optical axis
3.8
illuminator region
intersection of the illuminator beam with the reference plane
3.9
incident flux
Φ
i
radiant flux incident upon the sampling aperture
3.10
influx
radiant flux projected by the illuminator onto the reference plane
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E1767.
3.11
influx spectrum
S
spectral distribution of the radiometric quantity, such as radiance, irradiance or radiant flux, incident upon the
sampling aperture
NOTE This is a function of the source and optics used for the illumination.
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
3.12
ISO 5 standard density
density value obtained using an instrument conforming to one of the geometries specified in ISO 5-2 or
ISO 5-4, and one of the spectral definitions in ISO 5-3
3.13
receiver axis
central axis of the receiver, usually the optical axis
3.14
receiver region
intersection of the receiver beam with the reference plane
3.15
reflectance
ρ
ratio of the reflected flux to the incident flux under specified geometrical and spectral conditions of
measurement
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.16
reflectance density
D
ρ
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the reflectance
3.17
reflectance factor
R
ratio of the reflected flux to the absolute reference reflected flux under the same geometrical and spectral
conditions of measurement
3.18
reflected flux
Φ
r
radiant flux that emerges from the specimen surface on which the incident flux falls
3.19
reflection density
D
R
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the reflectance factor
NOTE The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) designates the measurement referred to as “reflection
density” in ISO 5 as “reflectance factor density”. (See IEC 60050-845:1987⏐CIE 17.4:1987.)
3.20
spectral responsivity
s
output signal of a receiver per unit input of radiant flux as a function of wavelength
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.21
transmission density
D
T
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the transmittance factor
3.22
transmittance
τ
ratio of the transmitted flux to the incident flux under specified geometrical and spectral conditions of
measurement
NOTE 1 In practical instruments for transmittance measurements, the incident flux is defined by the combination of all
of the components that are placed before the reference plane (influx), so the incident flux is provided by the surface of the
opal diffuser for diffuse transmittance and by the film gate for projection density.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.23
transmittance density
D
τ
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the transmittance
NOTE The subscript is the lower case Greek letter tau.
3.24
transmittance factor
T
ratio of the transmitted flux to the absolute reference transmitted flux under the same geometrical and spectral
conditions of measurement
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.25
transmitted flux
Φ
t
radiant flux that passes through the specimen and emerges from a surface other than that on which the
incident flux falls
4 Equations
The terms and equations applicable to density measurements are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Terms and equations for density measurements
Term Equation Term Equation
Φ
t
τ =
Transmittance Transmittance density D =−log τ
τ 10
Φ
i
Φ
r
ρ =
D =−log ρ
Reflectance Reflectance density
ρ 10
Φ
i
Φ
t
T =
D =−log T
Transmittance factor Transmission density
T 10
Φ
tA
Φ
r
R =
Reflectance factor Reflection density D =−log R
R 10
Φ
rA
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
5 Instrument representation
Every instrument used to perform optical density measurements of a specimen typically has three
components:
⎯ an illuminator to project radiant flux onto the specimen,
⎯ a reference plane at which the specimen is placed, and
⎯ a receiver to measure the radiant flux from the specimen.
These components are shown schematically in Figure 1 for a general instrument. The illuminator consists of a
source for providing radiant flux, and a director, which directs the radiant flux from the source onto the
reference plane. Likewise, the receiver consists of a collector, which guides the radiant flux from the reference
plane to the detector, which is a device that converts radiant flux into a measurable signal. Examples of
sources are incandescent and arc lamps, while examples of detectors are photodiodes and photomultiplier
tubes. The central axes, marginal rays, and chief rays of the illuminator and receiver are also shown in
Figure 1 as dashed, thin, and thick lines, respectively.
The illuminator and receiver are optical systems with aperture and field stops. These stops determine the
illuminator and receiver beams, which are the collections of rays that can pass through the systems. The
images of the aperture stops as viewed from the reference plane are the pupils. The illuminator axis is the
central axis of the illuminator beam, and is usually the optical axis of the illuminator, although it could also be
the centroid of the distribution of rays within the beam. The illuminator axis has an angle of illumination with
respect to the normal of the reference plane. Likewise, the receiver axis is the central axis of the receiver
beam and has an angle of observation (or viewing) with respect to the normal of the reference plane. The
intersections of the illuminator and receiver beams with the reference plane are the illuminator and receiver
regions, respectively.
Key
1 director
2 source
3 illuminator
4 receiver
5 detector
6 collector
7 reference plane
Figure 1 — A schematic representation of the three components of an instrument used for
densitometry (illuminator, reference plane, and receiver) and their parts
The sampling aperture is the intersection of the illuminator and receiver regions. These two regions are
typically centred at the same location on the reference plane, so the smaller of the two is the sampling
aperture. The sampling aperture is the area of the specimen selected for measurement.
The geometrical and spectral properties of the illuminator determine the influx, which is the radiant flux
projected by the illuminator onto the referen
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5-1
Second edition
2009-12-01
Photography and graphic technology —
Density measurements —
Part 1:
Geometry and functional notation
Photographie et technologie graphique — Mesurages de la densité —
Partie 1: Géométrie et notation fonctionnelle
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Equations .4
5 Instrument representation.5
6 Coordinate system .6
7 Description of geometry .7
8 Functional notation .8
8.1 General .8
8.2 Geometric conditions.8
8.3 Spectral conditions .11
8.4 Examples of functional notation.12
Annex A (informative) Terms and definitions used in other parts of ISO 5 .13
Bibliography.16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 5-1 was prepared by ISO/TC 42, Photography, and ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology, in a Joint Working
Group.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 5-1:1984), which has been technically revised.
In the course of this technical revision, all parts of ISO 5 have been reviewed together, and the terminology,
nomenclature and technical requirements have been made consistent across all parts.
ISO 5 consists of the following parts, under the general title Photography and graphic technology — Density
measurements:
⎯ Part 1: Geometry and functional notation
⎯ Part 2: Geometric conditions for transmittance density
⎯ Part 3: Spectral conditions
⎯ Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflection density
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The measurement of the transmission and reflection characteristics of objects is essential to the science of
photography and graphic arts. When light, or other radiant energy, is incident upon an object, it is either
absorbed or propagated. Propagation can involve reflection, transmission, refraction, diffraction, scattering,
fluorescence, and polarization. The propagated light is distributed in various directions about the object. In
most practical applications it is neither necessary nor desirable to consider the light distributed in every
direction, but only that which leaves the object in the direction for which there is response by a receiver, such
as the eye.
The object modulates the flow of radiant energy from the illuminator to the receiver. The time rate of flow of
radiant energy is called radiant flux, or simply flux. This part of ISO 5 provides methods to describe the
measurements of the flux modulation in any system. To specify such a system accurately, geometric
characteristics of the system, the spectral distribution of the flux incident on the object to be measured, and
the spectral responsivity of the receiver need to be given. If the reflection characteristics of the illuminator or
receiver affect the measurement, as they do in transmission measurements by the opal glass method, they
need to be specified.
The area under consideration is defined by a sampling aperture, the dimensions of which can be important in
some applications and need to be specified if the object has appreciable non-uniformity. If the measurement is
to quantify the way the object would modulate flux in a given practical application, such as viewing or contact
printing, the geometric and spectral conditions of measurement need to simulate those conditions in the
practical application.
Modulation is measured and expressed as a dimensionless ratio of fluxes; that is, the flux propagated in the
direction of the receiver and that part of the spectrum of interest divided by some reference flux. The reference
flux can be the incident flux or the flux propagated through the system when the object is replaced by an ideal
object. For some purposes, a logarithmically scaled measure of modulation is more useful than the measured
arithmetic ratio. In such cases, it is customary to use optical density defined as the negative logarithm to base
10 of the ratio.
Most geometric arrangements used in photographic and graphic arts optical systems can be conveniently and
adequately described in terms of uniform rays of flux bounded by right circular cones. A point on the object is
often illuminated by such a conic distribution, and the geometric form of the pencil of rays reaching the
receiver is generally conic. The pupil of the eye, for example, subtends a conic solid angle at an object point.
In projection systems, the projection lens subtends a conic solid angle at the specimen point. This part of
ISO 5 specifies a conic distribution by the half-angle of the cone and the direction of its axis.
A working knowledge of radiometry is generally required to obtain primary standard measurements of
transmittance and reflectance. In good radiometric practice, for example, the effects of stray light are
minimized by the use of appropriate baffles and proper blackening of certain surfaces. Because the principles
[10]
and practice of radiometry are well known and are fully described in the Handbook of Applied Photometry ,
it is considered unnecessary to provide a detailed specification of radiometric procedures in this part of ISO 5.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5-1:2009(E)
Photography and graphic technology — Density
measurements —
Part 1:
Geometry and functional notation
1 Scope
This part of ISO 5 establishes terms, symbols, functional notations and a coordinate system to describe
geometric and spectral conditions for the measurement of the degree to which a specimen modulates radiant
flux for applications in photography, graphic technology, and radiometry.
This part of ISO 5 primarily provides a system for describing methods of measuring or specifying the
transmission and reflection properties of photographic and graphic arts materials. The geometric and spectral
conditions associated with such measurement are specified in ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 and ISO 5-4.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5-2, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 2: Geometric conditions for
transmittance density
ISO 5-3, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 3: Spectral conditions
ISO 5-4, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 4: Geometric conditions for
reflection density
3 Terms and definitions
1)
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply .
3.1
absolute reference reflected flux
Φ
rA
radiant flux that would be reflected by a perfect reflecting diffuser
1) For the convenience of the user, Annex A lists those terms and definitions used in other parts of ISO 5 that are not
used in this part of ISO 5.
3.2
absolute reference transmitted flux
Φ
tA
radiant flux that would be transmitted by a perfect transmitting diffuser
3.3
anormal angle
θ
angle between the normal of the reference plane and a direction
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E1767.
3.4
azimuthal angle
η
angle between the x-axis of the reference plane and the projection of a direction onto the reference plane
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.5
cone half-angle
κ
angle between the central axis and the edge of the pupil with the apex at the centre of the sampling aperture
3.6
efflux
radiant flux collected by the receiver from the reference plane
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E1767.
3.7
illuminator axis
central axis of the illuminator, usually the optical axis
3.8
illuminator region
intersection of the illuminator beam with the reference plane
3.9
incident flux
Φ
i
radiant flux incident upon the sampling aperture
3.10
influx
radiant flux projected by the illuminator onto the reference plane
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E1767.
3.11
influx spectrum
S
spectral distribution of the radiometric quantity, such as radiance, irradiance or radiant flux, incident upon the
sampling aperture
NOTE This is a function of the source and optics used for the illumination.
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
3.12
ISO 5 standard density
density value obtained using an instrument conforming to one of the geometries specified in ISO 5-2 or
ISO 5-4, and one of the spectral definitions in ISO 5-3
3.13
receiver axis
central axis of the receiver, usually the optical axis
3.14
receiver region
intersection of the receiver beam with the reference plane
3.15
reflectance
ρ
ratio of the reflected flux to the incident flux under specified geometrical and spectral conditions of
measurement
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.16
reflectance density
D
ρ
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the reflectance
3.17
reflectance factor
R
ratio of the reflected flux to the absolute reference reflected flux under the same geometrical and spectral
conditions of measurement
3.18
reflected flux
Φ
r
radiant flux that emerges from the specimen surface on which the incident flux falls
3.19
reflection density
D
R
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the reflectance factor
NOTE The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) designates the measurement referred to as “reflection
density” in ISO 5 as “reflectance factor density”. (See IEC 60050-845:1987⏐CIE 17.4:1987.)
3.20
spectral responsivity
s
output signal of a receiver per unit input of radiant flux as a function of wavelength
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.21
transmission density
D
T
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the transmittance factor
3.22
transmittance
τ
ratio of the transmitted flux to the incident flux under specified geometrical and spectral conditions of
measurement
NOTE 1 In practical instruments for transmittance measurements, the incident flux is defined by the combination of all
of the components that are placed before the reference plane (influx), so the incident flux is provided by the surface of the
opal diffuser for diffuse transmittance and by the film gate for projection density.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.23
transmittance density
D
τ
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the transmittance
NOTE The subscript is the lower case Greek letter tau.
3.24
transmittance factor
T
ratio of the transmitted flux to the absolute reference transmitted flux under the same geometrical and spectral
conditions of measurement
NOTE Adapted from ASTM E284.
3.25
transmitted flux
Φ
t
radiant flux that passes through the specimen and emerges from a surface other than that on which the
incident flux falls
4 Equations
The terms and equations applicable to density measurements are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Terms and equations for density measurements
Term Equation Term Equation
Φ
t
τ =
Transmittance Transmittance density D =−log τ
τ 10
Φ
i
Φ
r
ρ =
D =−log ρ
Reflectance Reflectance density
ρ 10
Φ
i
Φ
t
T =
D =−log T
Transmittance factor Transmission density
T 10
Φ
tA
Φ
r
R =
Reflectance factor Reflection density D =−log R
R 10
Φ
rA
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
5 Instrument representation
Every instrument used to perform optical density measurements of a specimen typically has three
components:
⎯ an illuminator to project radiant flux onto the specimen,
⎯ a reference plane at which the specimen is placed, and
⎯ a receiver to measure the radiant flux from the specimen.
These components are shown schematically in Figure 1 for a general instrument. The illuminator consists of a
source for providing radiant flux, and a director, which directs the radiant flux from the source onto the
reference plane. Likewise, the receiver consists of a collector, which guides the radiant flux from the reference
plane to the detector, which is a device that converts radiant flux into a measurable signal. Examples of
sources are incandescent and arc lamps, while examples of detectors are photodiodes and photomultiplier
tubes. The central axes, marginal rays, and chief rays of the illuminator and receiver are also shown in
Figure 1 as dashed, thin, and thick lines, respectively.
The illuminator and receiver are optical systems with aperture and field stops. These stops determine the
illuminator and receiver beams, which are the collections of rays that can pass through the systems. The
images of the aperture stops as viewed from the reference plane are the pupils. The illuminator axis is the
central axis of the illuminator beam, and is usually the optical axis of the illuminator, although it could also be
the centroid of the distribution of rays within the beam. The illuminator axis has an angle of illumination with
respect to the normal of the reference plane. Likewise, the receiver axis is the central axis of the receiver
beam and has an angle of observation (or viewing) with respect to the normal of the reference plane. The
intersections of the illuminator and receiver beams with the reference plane are the illuminator and receiver
regions, respectively.
Key
1 director
2 source
3 illuminator
4 receiver
5 detector
6 collector
7 reference plane
Figure 1 — A schematic representation of the three components of an instrument used for
densitometry (illuminator, reference plane, and receiver) and their parts
The sampling aperture is the intersection of the illuminator and receiver regions. These two regions are
typically centred at the same location on the reference plane, so the smaller of the two is the sampling
aperture. The sampling aperture is the area of the specimen selected for measurement.
The geometrical and spectral properties of the illuminator determine the influx, which is the radiant flux
projected by the illuminator onto the reference plane. The efflux is the radiant flux collected by the receiver
from the reference plane. The incident flux is the influx on the sampling aperture, while the reflected or
transmitted flux is the efflux from the sampling aperture detected by the receiver. If the sampling aperture is
determined by the illuminator region, then the incident flux is equivalent to the influx, and the reflected or
transmitted flux is equivalent to the efflux. However, if the sampling aperture is determined by the receiver
region, then the incident flux is not equivalen
...
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 5-1:2009 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Photography and graphic technology - Density measurements - Part 1: Geometry and functional notation". This standard covers: ISO 5-1:2009 establishes terms, symbols, functional notations and a coordinate system to describe geometric and spectral conditions for the measurement of the degree to which a specimen modulates radiant flux for applications in photography, graphic technology, and radiometry. ISO 5-1:2009 primarily provides a system for describing methods of measuring or specifying the transmission and reflection properties of photographic and graphic arts materials. The geometric and spectral conditions associated with such measurement are specified in ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 and ISO 5-4.
ISO 5-1:2009 establishes terms, symbols, functional notations and a coordinate system to describe geometric and spectral conditions for the measurement of the degree to which a specimen modulates radiant flux for applications in photography, graphic technology, and radiometry. ISO 5-1:2009 primarily provides a system for describing methods of measuring or specifying the transmission and reflection properties of photographic and graphic arts materials. The geometric and spectral conditions associated with such measurement are specified in ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 and ISO 5-4.
ISO 5-1:2009 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 01.040.37 - Image technology (Vocabularies); 37.040.01 - Photography in general; 37.040.20 - Photographic paper, films and plates. Cartridges. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 5-1:2009 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 5-1:1984. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase ISO 5-1:2009 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.
記事のタイトル：ISO 5-1:2009 - 写真とグラフィック技術- 密度測定- 第1部：幾何学および機能的表記 記事の内容：ISO 5-1:2009は、写真、グラフィック技術、そして放射計の応用において試料が放射束をどの程度変調するかを測定するための幾何学的および分光条件を説明するために、用語、記号、機能的な表記、および座標系を提供します。ISO 5-1:2009は、主に写真およびグラフィックアート材料の透過および反射特性を測定または指定する方法を記述するシステムを提供します。これらの測定に関連する幾何学的および分光条件は、ISO 5-2、ISO 5-3、およびISO 5-4で規定されています。
The article discusses ISO 5-1:2009, which provides terms, symbols, functional notations, and a coordinate system for measuring the degree of modulation of radiant flux in photography, graphic technology, and radiometry. The standard primarily focuses on methods of measuring transmission and reflection properties of photographic and graphic arts materials. The specific geometric and spectral conditions for these measurements are specified in ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3, and ISO 5-4.
기사 제목: ISO 5-1:2009 - 사진 및 그래픽 기술-밀도 측정- 제1부: 기하학과 기능적 표기법 기사 내용: ISO 5-1:2009은 사진, 그래픽 기술 및 방사량계 분야의 응용을 위한 샘플이 광원 흐름을 어떤 정도 변화시키는지 측정하는 데 필요한 기하학적 및 스펙트럴 조건을 설명하기 위해 용어, 기호, 기능적 표기법 및 좌표 시스템을 제공한다. ISO 5-1:2009는 주로 사진 및 그래픽 예술 재료의 투과 및 반사 특성을 측정하거나 명시하는 방법을 기술하기 위한 시스템을 제공한다. 이러한 측정에 관련된 기하학적 및 스펙트럴 조건은 ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 및 ISO 5-4에서 명시되어 있다.
기사 제목: ISO 5-1:2009 - 사진 및 그래픽 기술 - 밀도 측정 - 제 1 부: 기하학과 기능적 표기법 기사 내용: ISO 5-1:2009은 사진, 그래픽 기술 및 방사율 측정 등 적용분야에서 시료가 복사 플럭스를 얼마나 변화시키는지 측정하는 데 필요한 기하학적 및 스펙트럴 조건을 설명하기 위해 용어, 기호, 기능적 표기법 및 좌표 시스템을 개정한다. ISO 5-1:2009은 주로 사진 및 그래픽 예술 재료의 투과 및 반사 특성을 측정하거나 명시하는 방법에 대한 시스템을 제공한다. 이러한 측정에 필요한 기하학적 및 스펙트럴 조건은 ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 및 ISO 5-4에서 명시되어 있다.
기사 제목: ISO 5-1:2009 - 사진 기술 및 그래픽 기술 - 밀도 측정 - 제1부: 기하학과 기능 표기 기사 내용: ISO 5-1:2009은 사진, 그래픽 기술 및 방사도 측정 분야의 응용을 위한 시료가 광 흐름을 어느 정도 변조하는지 측정하는 기하학적 및 스펙트럴 조건을 기술하기 위해 용어, 기호, 기능 표기 및 좌표계를 설정합니다. ISO 5-1:2009은 주로 사진 및 그래픽 예술 재료의 투과도와 반사 특성을 측정하거나 명시하기 위한 방법을 설명하는 시스템을 제공합니다. 이러한 측정에 관련된 기하학적 및 스펙트럴 조건은 ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3 및 ISO 5-4에서 명시됩니다.
記事タイトル：ISO 5-1:2009-写真技術とグラフィック技術-密度測定-第1部：幾何学および機能表記 記事内容：ISO 5-1:2009は、写真、グラフィック技術、および放射計測における応用向けに、試料が放射フラックスをどの程度変調するかを測定するための幾何学的およびスペクトル条件を、用語、記号、機能表記、座標系を提供します。ISO 5-1:2009は、主に写真およびグラフィックアート材料の透過と反射特性を測定または指定する方法についてのシステムを提供します。これらの測定に関連する幾何学的およびスペクトル条件は、ISO 5-2、ISO 5-3、およびISO 5-4で指定されています。
The article discusses ISO 5-1:2009, which sets standards for measuring the degree to which a specimen modulates radiant flux for photography, graphic technology, and radiometry applications. The standard provides terms, symbols, functional notations, and a coordinate system for describing the geometric and spectral conditions of measuring transmission and reflection properties of photographic and graphic arts materials. The specific conditions for measurement are outlined in ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3, and ISO 5-4.
記事タイトル：ISO 5-1:2009 - 写真とグラフィック技術- 密度測定 - 第1部：幾何学と機能表記 記事内容：ISO 5-1:2009は、写真、グラフィック技術、放射測光など、光束の変動を測定するための幾何学的およびスペクトル条件を説明するための用語、記号、機能表記、座標系を設定します。 ISO 5-1:2009は、主に写真およびグラフィックアート材料の透過および反射特性を測定または指定する方法を記述するシステムを提供します。 これらの測定に関連する幾何学的およびスペクトル条件は、ISO 5-2、ISO 5-3、およびISO 5-4で指定されています。
The article discusses ISO 5-1:2009, which sets terms, symbols, functional notations, and a coordinate system for describing the geometry and spectral conditions for measuring the degree to which a specimen modulates radiant flux. This standard is applicable to photography, graphic technology, and radiometry. ISO 5-1:2009 provides a system for describing methods of measuring or specifying the transmission and reflection properties of photographic and graphic arts materials. The specific geometric and spectral conditions for these measurements can be found in ISO 5-2, ISO 5-3, and ISO 5-4.
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