SIST ISO 18913:2022
(Main)Imaging materials - Permanence - Vocabulary
Imaging materials - Permanence - Vocabulary
This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions used in respect of the permanence of imaging materials, related storage materials and digital storage media.
In most cases these terms and definitions are generic and are applicable to the entire imaging industry. For terms and definitions specific to particular applications, refer to industry standards. However, in some cases the definition of a term is still evolving and/or is used by different user groups in different ways. In this case a definition fit for use in Imaging Materials – Permanence work is given and a note to this effect is included.
Matériaux pour l'image - Permanence - Vocabulaire
Slikovni materiali - Trajnost - Slovar
Ta dokument vzpostavlja slovar izrazov in definicij, ki se uporabljajo v zvezi s trajnostjo slikovnih materialov, povezanimi materiali za shranjevanje in digitalnimi mediji za shranjevanje.
Ti izrazi in definicije so v večini primerov splošni in se uporabljajo za celotno industrijo slikovnega upodabljanja. Za izraze in definicije, značilne za posamezno vrsto uporabe, glej industrijske standarde. V nekaterih primerih se definicija izraza še spreminja in/ali jo različne skupine uporabnikov uporabljajo na različne načine. V takšnem primeru je podana definicija, primerna za uporabo pri delu s slikovnimi materiali in trajnostjo, ter vključena je opomba v zvezi s tem.
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18913
Third edition
2021-12
Imaging materials — Permanence —
Vocabulary
Matériaux pour l'image — Permanence — Vocabulaire
Reference number
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .30
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 18913:2012), which has been technically
revised.
iv
Introduction
This document is one of a series dealing with the physical properties and stability of imaging materials.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18913:2021(E)
Imaging materials — Permanence — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions used in respect of the permanence of
imaging materials, related storage materials and digital storage media.
In most cases these terms and definitions are generic and are applicable to the entire imaging industry.
For terms and definitions specific to particular applications, refer to industry standards. However, in
some cases the definition of a term is still evolving and/or is used by different user groups in different
ways. In this case a definition fit for use in Imaging Materials – Permanence work is given and a note to
this effect is included.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface or deformation of a surface, with changes in gloss, colour, or density, due
to frictional forces as a result of rubbing
Note 1 to entry: Surface deformations can result in changes in gloss and colour.
Note 2 to entry: See also mar resistance (3.122), rub resistance (3.186), scuff (3.190), smudge (3.201), and wet rub
(3.238).
3.2
absolute humidity
mass of water vapour per unit volume of wet gas
Note 1 to entry: It is a measure of the amount of water present as part of the chemical analysis of the space, i.e.,
how much water is available for chemical activity.
Note 2 to entry: See also dew point (3.56) and relative humidity (3.181).
3.3
accelerated ageing
procedure to simulate normal ageing process by subjecting a product to stresses (3.216) that are more
severe or more frequent than normal environmental or operational stresses, thus shortening the test
period relative to the normal ageing period
3.4
acid-free adhesive
adhesive material that does not release acidic species, such that the cold extraction pH is equal to or
greater than the reference water minus 0,5 and less than 10,0
Note 1 to entry: ISO 18902 provides a cold extraction pH test method, which may be used to establish a
specification for acid-free adhesive materials for intended photographic applications.
Note 2 to entry: An adhesive may contain acids, but the cold extraction pH test only measures acidic species
released into water to determine pH.
3.5
acid-free paper or paperboard
paper or paperboard materials that do not release acidic species, such that the cold extraction pH is
equal to or greater than the reference water minus 0,5 and less than 10,0
Note 1 to entry: ISO 18902 provides a cold extraction pH test method, which may be used to establish a
specification for acid-free or alkaline paper and paperboard materials for intended photographic applications.
Note 2 to entry: A paper or paperboard may contain acids, but the cold extraction pH test only measures acidic
species released into water to determine pH.
3.6
album
binder or book structure having front and back covers in which pages are bound along one edge either
by plastic straps, gluing, sewing, metal posts or rings, and in which photographs are attached and
related contents may be included
3.7
albumen plate
glass sheet bearing a silver halide/albumen layer which yields a visible image after exposure and
processing
3.8
ambient conditions
conditions of the affecting environment
Note 1 to entry: For preservation (3.164) purposes these may or may not be the same as the storage environment
(3.214).
3.9
ambrotype plate
glass plate collodion positive, i.e. glass sheet bearing a thin silver halide/cellulose nitrate layer which
yields a visible image after exposure and processing
Note 1 to entry: The processed negative (3.134) silver image appears as a positive when backed by a dark field.
3.10
analogue print
print where the image is printed from the analogue domain
Note 1 to entry: In graphic printing, the marking information of an analogue print is generated by means of an
off-line produced forme with which the ink is printed on the media. Examples of traditional forme-based ink
printing as defined in ISO 12637-1 are flexographic, letterpress, letterset, (offset) lithographic, gravure, intaglio,
pad-transfer printing, screen, and stencil printing.
Note 2 to entry: Ambiguous use also for chromogenic (silver-halide) print, where image information is exposed
conventionally (“analogue”) through a film negative (3.134) or positive, or actual scene images are exposed
through camera lenses.
Note 3 to entry: See also digital print (3.58).
3.11
anti-blocking agent
additive or component which prevents sticking (3.211) or fusing of adjacent surfaces
EXAMPLE Talc, silicates or matte beads.
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 18902.
Note 2 to entry: See blocking (3.20)
3.12
aperture card
card of standard dimensions with one or more openings into which a microfilm frame or frames can be
mounted or inserted
3.13
aperture window
opening in the flange (3.80) of a cassette that is used to facilitate threading of magnetic tape on the hub
(3.46) and inspection of the wind (3.240)
3.14
archival
medium (3.124) that can be expected to preserve images at a stated level of quality or usefulness for a
specified extended period of years
3.15
Arrhenius plot
plot of the logarithm of the time for a given change in a characteristic proportional to the reaction rate
versus the reciprocal of the temperature expressed in K (Kelvin)
Note 1 to entry: The Arrhenius plot can be used to predict behaviour at a temperature lower than that at which a
test is run, as described in ISO 18924.
Note 2 to entry: Changes in characteristics may include dye loss, tensile strength change, D (3.55) yellowing,
min
etc.
3.16
artificial accelerated weathering
artificial weathering
laboratory weathering
exposure of a material in a laboratory weathering device to conditions which may be cyclic and may be
intensified compared with conditions encountered in outdoor or in-service exposure
Note 1 to entry: The purpose of artificial accelerated weathering is to accelerate changes in the material that can
correspond to changes observed after long-term, continuous, natural or end-use exposure.
3.17
base
support in a recording material (3.176) on which the image receiving/recording layers or magnetic layer
(and, if necessary, the back layer) are coated
Note 1 to entry: Substrate (3.218) is the preferred term for the physical support of a receiving layer. The term
'base' should be used only in reference to pH.
3.18
blister
localized delamination (3.54) of a multilayer assembly that looks like a bubble
3.19
block error rate
BLER
ratio of erroneous blocks to total blocks on an optical disc (3.142) measured at the input of the first (C1)
decoder (before any error correction is applied)
Note 1 to entry: The more commonly reported value for BLER is the number of erroneous blocks per second
measured at the input of the C1-decoder during playback at the standard (1X) data rate.
3.20
blocking
undesired adherence between sheets of printed material
Note 1 to entry: Blocking can occur under a variety of pressures, temperatures, and humidity conditions, while
in storage or in use.
Note 2 to entry: Blocking effects include delamination (3.54), paper splitting, tearing, gloss changes, physical
image transfer, permanent bonding to adjacent materials and prints, and edge deformation.
Note 3 to entry: See also anti-blocking agent (3.11).
3.21
blue print
defect resulting from a drastic reduction in the light stability of the yellow dye in a chromogenic print
(3.32)
Note 1 to entry: Be aware that “blue print” is not to be confused with “blueprint”.
Note 2 to entry: A common cause in the case of a blue print is when a print has been lacquered in a very humid
environment or was not thoroughly dried before lacquering.
3.22
book printing
printing of books and publishing of monographs (reference books, photo-books, comic, paperback,
textbooks and directories)
Note 1 to entry: See also commercial printing (3.38), newspaper and periodical printing (3.135), package printing
(3.146), sign printing (3.195), and transactional and direct mail printing (3.228).
3.23
brittleness
property of a material that causes it to crack or break when deformed by bending or flexing
3.24
buffered
characteristic of paper or paperboard materials containing a certain amount of alkali reserve
to neutralize future attacks by acidic species, either from atmospheric pollutants or released from
material degradations in the ageing process
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 10716 for a standard test method to determine the amount of alkaline reserve in paper
materials.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO 18902 for specifications for alkaline reserve in paper and paper boards for albums,
framing, and storage materials.
3.25
can
metal or plastic container (3.44) for a roll of recording material (3.176), such as
photographic film or magnetic tape
3.26
carrier
medium (3.124) upon which information is recorded
3.27
cartridge
housing for a roll of recording media, such as photographic film or magnetic tape,
wound on a single hub (3.46) or reel (3.178)
Note 1 to entry: The term “cartridge” is also used in some cases to describe a colorant (e.g., ink, toner) container.
Note 2 to entry: See also cassette
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18913
Third edition
2021-12
Imaging materials — Permanence —
Vocabulary
Matériaux pour l'image — Permanence — Vocabulaire
Reference number
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .30
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 18913:2012), which has been technically
revised.
iv
Introduction
This document is one of a series dealing with the physical properties and stability of imaging materials.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18913:2021(E)
Imaging materials — Permanence — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions used in respect of the permanence of
imaging materials, related storage materials and digital storage media.
In most cases these terms and definitions are generic and are applicable to the entire imaging industry.
For terms and definitions specific to particular applications, refer to industry standards. However, in
some cases the definition of a term is still evolving and/or is used by different user groups in different
ways. In this case a definition fit for use in Imaging Materials – Permanence work is given and a note to
this effect is included.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface or deformation of a surface, with changes in gloss, colour, or density, due
to frictional forces as a result of rubbing
Note 1 to entry: Surface deformations can result in changes in gloss and colour.
Note 2 to entry: See also mar resistance (3.122), rub resistance (3.186), scuff (3.190), smudge (3.201), and wet rub
(3.238).
3.2
absolute humidity
mass of water vapour per unit volume of wet gas
Note 1 to entry: It is a measure of the amount of water present as part of the chemical analysis of the space, i.e.,
how much water is available for chemical activity.
Note 2 to entry: See also dew point (3.56) and relative humidity (3.181).
3.3
accelerated ageing
procedure to simulate normal ageing process by subjecting a product to stresses (3.216) that are more
severe or more frequent than normal environmental or operational stresses, thus shortening the test
period relative to the normal ageing period
3.4
acid-free adhesive
adhesive material that does not release acidic species, such that the cold extraction pH is equal to or
greater than the reference water minus 0,5 and less than 10,0
Note 1 to entry: ISO 18902 provides a cold extraction pH test method, which may be used to establish a
specification for acid-free adhesive materials for intended photographic applications.
Note 2 to entry: An adhesive may contain acids, but the cold extraction pH test only measures acidic species
released into water to determine pH.
3.5
acid-free paper or paperboard
paper or paperboard materials that do not release acidic species, such that the cold extraction pH is
equal to or greater than the reference water minus 0,5 and less than 10,0
Note 1 to entry: ISO 18902 provides a cold extraction pH test method, which may be used to establish a
specification for acid-free or alkaline paper and paperboard materials for intended photographic applications.
Note 2 to entry: A paper or paperboard may contain acids, but the cold extraction pH test only measures acidic
species released into water to determine pH.
3.6
album
binder or book structure having front and back covers in which pages are bound along one edge either
by plastic straps, gluing, sewing, metal posts or rings, and in which photographs are attached and
related contents may be included
3.7
albumen plate
glass sheet bearing a silver halide/albumen layer which yields a visible image after exposure and
processing
3.8
ambient conditions
conditions of the affecting environment
Note 1 to entry: For preservation (3.164) purposes these may or may not be the same as the storage environment
(3.214).
3.9
ambrotype plate
glass plate collodion positive, i.e. glass sheet bearing a thin silver halide/cellulose nitrate layer which
yields a visible image after exposure and processing
Note 1 to entry: The processed negative (3.134) silver image appears as a positive when backed by a dark field.
3.10
analogue print
print where the image is printed from the analogue domain
Note 1 to entry: In graphic printing, the marking information of an analogue print is generated by means of an
off-line produced forme with which the ink is printed on the media. Examples of traditional forme-based ink
printing as defined in ISO 12637-1 are flexographic, letterpress, letterset, (offset) lithographic, gravure, intaglio,
pad-transfer printing, screen, and stencil printing.
Note 2 to entry: Ambiguous use also for chromogenic (silver-halide) print, where image information is exposed
conventionally (“analogue”) through a film negative (3.134) or positive, or actual scene images are exposed
through camera lenses.
Note 3 to entry: See also digital print (3.58).
3.11
anti-blocking agent
additive or component which prevents sticking (3.211) or fusing of adjacent surfaces
EXAMPLE Talc, silicates or matte beads.
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 18902.
Note 2 to entry: See blocking (3.20)
3.12
aperture card
card of standard dimensions with one or more openings into which a microfilm frame or frames can be
mounted or inserted
3.13
aperture window
opening in the flange (3.80) of a cassette that is used to facilitate threading of magnetic tape on the hub
(3.46) and inspection of the wind (3.240)
3.14
archival
medium (3.124) that can be expected to preserve images at a stated level of quality or usefulness for a
specified extended period of years
3.15
Arrhenius plot
plot of the logarithm of the time for a given change in a characteristic proportional to the reaction rate
versus the reciprocal of the temperature expressed in K (Kelvin)
Note 1 to entry: The Arrhenius plot can be used to predict behaviour at a temperature lower than that at which a
test is run, as described in ISO 18924.
Note 2 to entry: Changes in characteristics may include dye loss, tensile strength change, D (3.55) yellowing,
min
etc.
3.16
artificial accelerated weathering
artificial weathering
laboratory weathering
exposure of a material in a laboratory weathering device to conditions which may be cyclic and may be
intensified compared with conditions encountered in outdoor or in-service exposure
Note 1 to entry: The purpose of artificial accelerated weathering is to accelerate changes in the material that can
correspond to changes observed after long-term, continuous, natural or end-use exposure.
3.17
base
support in a recording material (3.176) on which the image receiving/recording layers or magnetic layer
(and, if necessary, the back layer) are coated
Note 1 to entry: Substrate (3.218) is the preferred term for the physical support of a receiving layer. The term
'base' should be used only in reference to pH.
3.18
blister
localized delamination (3.54) of a multilayer assembly that looks like a bubble
3.19
block error rate
BLER
ratio of erroneous blocks to total blocks on an optical disc (3.142) measured at the input of the first (C1)
decoder (before any error correction is applied)
Note 1 to entry: The more commonly reported value for BLER is the number of erroneous blocks per second
measured at the input of the C1-decoder during playback at the standard (1X) data rate.
3.20
blocking
undesired adherence between sheets of printed material
Note 1 to entry: Blocking can occur under a variety of pressures, temperatures, and humidity conditions, while
in storage or in use.
Note 2 to entry: Blocking effects include delamination (3.54), paper splitting, tearing, gloss changes, physical
image transfer, permanent bonding to adjacent materials and prints, and edge deformation.
Note 3 to entry: See also anti-blocking agent (3.11).
3.21
blue print
defect resulting from a drastic reduction in the light stability of the yellow dye in a chromogenic print
(3.32)
Note 1 to entry: Be aware that “blue print” is not to be confused with “blueprint”.
Note 2 to entry: A common cause in the case of a blue print is when a print has been lacquered in a very humid
environment or was not thoroughly dried before lacquering.
3.22
book printing
printing of books and publishing of monographs (reference books, photo-books, comic, paperback,
textbooks and directories)
Note 1 to entry: See also commercial printing (3.38), newspaper and periodical printing (3.135), package printing
(3.146), sign printing (3.195), and transactional and direct mail printing (3.228).
3.23
brittleness
property of a material that causes it to crack or break when deformed by bending or flexing
3.24
buffered
characteristic of paper or paperboard materials containing a certain amount of alkali reserve
to neutralize future attacks by acidic species, either from atmospheric pollutants or released from
material degradations in the ageing process
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 10716 for a standard test method to determine the amount of alkaline reserve in paper
materials.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO 18902 for specifications for alkaline reserve in paper and paper boards for albums,
framing, and storage materials.
3.25
can
metal or plastic container (3.44) for a roll of recording material (3.176), such as
photographic film or magnetic tape
3.26
carrier
medium (3.124) upon which information is recorded
3.27
cartridge
housing for a roll of recording media, such as photographic film or magnetic tape,
wound on a single hub (3.46) or reel (3.178)
Note 1 to entry: The term “cartridge” is also used in some cases to describe a colorant (e.g., ink, toner) container.
Note 2 to entry: See also cassette
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2022
Slikovni materiali - Trajnost - Slovar
Imaging materials - Permanence - Vocabulary
Matériaux pour l'image - Permanence - Vocabulaire
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18913:2021
ICS:
01.040.37 Slikovna tehnologija (Slovarji) Image technology
(Vocabularies)
37.040.20 Fotografski papir, filmi in Photographic paper, films
fotografske plošče. Filmski and plates. Cartridges
zvitki
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18913
Third edition
2021-12
Imaging materials — Permanence —
Vocabulary
Matériaux pour l'image — Permanence — Vocabulaire
Reference number
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .30
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 18913:2012), which has been technically
revised.
iv
Introduction
This document is one of a series dealing with the physical properties and stability of imaging materials.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18913:2021(E)
Imaging materials — Permanence — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions used in respect of the permanence of
imaging materials, related storage materials and digital storage media.
In most cases these terms and definitions are generic and are applicable to the entire imaging industry.
For terms and definitions specific to particular applications, refer to industry standards. However, in
some cases the definition of a term is still evolving and/or is used by different user groups in different
ways. In this case a definition fit for use in Imaging Materials – Permanence work is given and a note to
this effect is included.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface or deformation of a surface, with changes in gloss, colour, or density, due
to frictional forces as a result of rubbing
Note 1 to entry: Surface deformations can result in changes in gloss and colour.
Note 2 to entry: See also mar resistance (3.122), rub resistance (3.186), scuff (3.190), smudge (3.201), and wet rub
(3.238).
3.2
absolute humidity
mass of water vapour per unit volume of wet gas
Note 1 to entry: It is a measure of the amount of water present as part of the chemical analysis of the space, i.e.,
how much water is available for chemical activity.
Note 2 to entry: See also dew point (3.56) and relative humidity (3.181).
3.3
accelerated ageing
procedure to simulate normal ageing process by subjecting a product to stresses (3.216) that are more
severe or more frequent than normal environmental or operational stresses, thus shortening the test
period relative to the normal ageing period
3.4
acid-free adhesive
adhesive material that does not release acidic species, such that the cold extraction pH is equal to or
greater than the reference water minus 0,5 and less than 10,0
Note 1 to entry: ISO 18902 provides a cold extraction pH test method, which may be used to establish a
specification for acid-free adhesive materials for intended photographic applications.
Note 2 to entry: An adhesive may contain acids, but the cold extraction pH test only measures acidic species
released into water to determine pH.
3.5
acid-free paper or paperboard
paper or paperboard materials that do not release acidic species, such that the cold extraction pH is
equal to or greater than the reference water minus 0,5 and less than 10,0
Note 1 to entry: ISO 18902 provides a cold extraction pH test method, which may be used to establish a
specification for acid-free or alkaline paper and paperboard materials for intended photographic applications.
Note 2 to entry: A paper or paperboard may contain acids, but the cold extraction pH test only measures acidic
species released into water to determine pH.
3.6
album
binder or book structure having front and back covers in which pages are bound along one edge either
by plastic straps, gluing, sewing, metal posts or rings, and in which photographs are attached and
related contents may be included
3.7
albumen plate
glass sheet bearing a silver halide/albumen layer which yields a visible image after exposure and
processing
3.8
ambient conditions
conditions of the affecting environment
Note 1 to entry: For preservation (3.164) purposes these may or may not be the same as the storage environment
(3.214).
3.9
ambrotype plate
glass plate collodion positive, i.e. glass sheet bearing a thin silver halide/cellulose nitrate layer which
yields a visible image after exposure and processing
Note 1 to entry: The processed negative (3.134) silver image appears as a positive when backed by a dark field.
3.10
analogue print
print where the image is printed from the analogue domain
Note 1 to entry: In graphic printing, the marking information of an analogue print is generated by means of an
off-line produced forme with which the ink is printed on the media. Examples of traditional forme-based ink
printing as defined in ISO 12637-1 are flexographic, letterpress, letterset, (offset) lithographic, gravure, intaglio,
pad-transfer printing, screen, and stencil printing.
Note 2 to entry: Ambiguous use also for chromogenic (silver-halide) print, where image information is exposed
conventionally (“analogue”) through a film negative (3.134) or positive, or actual scene images are exposed
through camera lenses.
Note 3 to entry: See also digital print (3.58).
3.11
anti-blocking agent
additive or component which prevents sticking (3.211) or fusing of adjacent surfaces
EXAMPLE Talc, silicates or matte beads.
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 18902.
Note 2 to entry: See blocking (3.20)
3.12
aperture card
card of standard dimensions with one or more openings into which a microfilm frame or frames can be
mounted or inserted
3.13
aperture window
opening in the flange (3.80) of a cassette that is used to facilitate threading of magnetic tape on the hub
(3.46) and inspection of the wind (3.240)
3.14
archival
medium (3.124) that can be expected to preserve images at a stated level of quality or usefulness for a
specified extended period of years
3.15
Arrhenius plot
plot of the logarithm of the time for a given change in a characteristic proportional to the reaction rate
versus the reciprocal of the temperature expressed in K (Kelvin)
Note 1 to entry: The Arrhenius plot can be used to predict behaviour at a temperature lower than that at which a
test is run, as described in ISO 18924.
Note 2 to entry: Changes in characteristics may include dye loss, tensile strength change, D (3.55) yellowing,
min
etc.
3.16
artificial accelerated weathering
artificial weathering
laboratory weathering
exposure of a material in a laboratory weathering device to conditions which may be cyclic and may be
intensified compared with conditions encountered in outdoor or in-service exposure
Note 1 to entry: The purpose of artificial accelerated weathering is to accelerate changes in the material that can
correspond to changes observed after long-term, continuous, natural or end-use exposure.
3.17
base
support in a recording material (3.176) on which the image receiving/recording layers or magnetic layer
(and, if necessary, the back layer) are coated
Note 1 to entry: Substrate (3.218) is the preferred term for the physical support of a receiving layer. The term
'base' should be used only in reference to pH.
3.18
blister
localized delamination (3.54) of a multilayer assembly that looks like a bubble
3.19
block error rate
BLER
ratio of erroneous blocks to total blocks on an optical disc (3.142) measured at the input of the first (C1)
decoder (before any error correction is applied)
Note 1 to entry: The more commonly reported value for BLER is the number of erroneous blocks per second
measured at the input of the C1-decoder during playback at the standard (1X) data rate.
3.20
blocking
undesired adherence between sheets of printed material
Note 1 to entry: Blocking can occur under a variety of pressures, temperatures, and humidity conditions, while
in storage or in use.
Note 2 to entry: Blocking effects include delamination (3.54), paper splitting, tearing, gloss changes, physical
image transfer, permanent bonding to adjacent materials and prints, and edge deformation.
Note 3 to entry: See also anti-blocking agent (3.11).
3.21
blue print
defect resulting from a drastic reduction in the light stability of the yellow dye in a chromogenic print
(3.32)
Note 1 to entry: Be aware that “blue print” is not to be confused with “blueprint”.
Note 2 to entry: A common cause in the case of a blue print is when a print has been lacquered in a very humid
environment or was not thoroughly dried before lacquering.
3.22
book printing
printing of books and publishing of monographs (reference books, photo-books, comic, paperback,
textbooks and directories)
Note 1 to entry: See also commercial printing (3.38), newspaper and periodical printing (3.135), package printing
(3.146), sign printing (3.195), and transactional and direct mail printing (3.228).
3.23
brittleness
property of a material that causes it to crack or break when deformed by bending or flexing
3.24
buffered
characteristic of paper or paperboard materials containing a certain amount of alkali reserve
to neutralize future attacks by acidic species, either from atmospheric pollutants or released from
...
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