ISO/TR 24188:2022
(Main)Large outdoor fires and the built environment — Global overview of different approaches to standardization
Large outdoor fires and the built environment — Global overview of different approaches to standardization
This document provides a review of global testing methodologies related to the vulnerabilities of buildings from large outdoor fire exposures. It also provides information on land use management practices. Some of the test methods outlined in this document have been developed in the context of building fires and extrapolated to external fire exposures.
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 24188
First edition
2022-06
Large outdoor fires and the built
environment — Global overview
of different approaches to
standardization
Reference number
© ISO 2022
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Ignition scenarios .3
5 Regulation principle and strategies . 4
5.1 Japan . 4
5.2 California State Building Code (US) . 5
5.3 NFPA 1144, Standard for Reducing Structure Ignition Hazards from Wildland Fire
(US) . 5
5.4 International Wildland Urban Interface Code (IWUIC) . 5
5.5 France . 6
5.6 Australia . 6
6 Approach for roofing assemblies .6
6.1 Japan . 6
6.2 North America. 7
6.3 France . 7
6.4 Australia . 7
7 Approach for exterior walls and facades . 8
7.1 Japan . 8
7.2 North America. 8
7.2.1 Fire resistance for exterior walls based on traditional inside-building fire
test methods . 8
7.2.2 Exterior walls outdoor fire exposures. 8
7.3 France . 9
7.4 Australia . 9
8 Other building elements . 9
8.1 Vents . 9
8.2 Decks . 10
8.3 Eaves . 10
8.4 Windows. 10
8.4.1 North America . 10
8.4.2 Australia . 10
9 Additional provisions .10
9.1 Reaction-to-fire — California . 10
9.2 Reaction-to-fire — France. 11
10 Summary of scenarios and tests .11
Annex A (informative) Precise description of tests for roof performance defined in the
European Standard CEN/TS 1187 .14
Bibliography .17
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
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electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
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iv
Introduction
Large outdoor fires have the potential to negatively impact the built environment.
Examples of such fires are:
— wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires (wildland fires that spread into communities; this type of fire
has become a global problem);
NOTE Once a WUI reaches a community, a large urban fire can develop.
— post-earthquake fires (large urban fires that potentially occur after an earthquake);
— tsunami-generated fires (fires potentially generated from tsunamis);
— volcano-generated fires (fires potentially generated from volcanic activity); and
— fires that occur in informal settlements.
This document provides an overview of approaches to standardization for lessening the destruction on
the built environment caused by such fire exposure. Evacuation is not included as there are no known
approaches to standardization as the present time.
v
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 24188:2022(E)
Large outdoor fires and the built environment — Global
overview of different approaches to standardization
1 Scope
This document provides a review of global testing methodologies related to the vulnerabilities of
buildings from large outdoor fire exposures. It also provides information on land use management
practices. Some of the test methods outlined in this document have been developed in the context of
building fires and extrapolated to external fire exposures.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
bushfire
unplanned fire in a vegetated area, as opposed to an urban area
Note 1 to entry: Used primarily, but not exclusively, in Australia, New Zealand, and Africa.
Note 2 to entry: It is likely that the term was first used in South Africa and is possibly derived from the Dutch
th
word ‘bosch’ meaning uncultivated land. In Australia the term was first used in the first half of the 19 century.
th
The term passed into legislation in the first half of the 20 century, first in the Australian Capital Territory
(Bushfire Act, 1936), Western Australia (A Bush Fires Act, 1937) and New South Wales (Bush Fires Act, 1949).
Note 3 to entry: Definition adapted from Reference [42].
3.1.2
direct flame contact
flame impinging on building systems and materials
Note 1 to entry: Direct flame contact is one of the three structure ignition pathways, together with firebrands
and radiant heat.
Note 2 to entry: The flames can come either from the main wildfire flames, from burning elements and
ornamental vegetation surrounding structures, or from adjacent structures.
Note 3 to entry: Definition adapted from Reference [42].
3.1.3
evacuation
dispersal or removal of people from dangerous areas and their arrival at a place of relative safety
Note 1 to entry: Definition taken from Reference [42].
3.1.4
post-earthquake fire
fire which occurs after an earthquake
3.1.5
firebrand
airborne object capable of acting as an ignition source and carried for some distance in an airstream
Note 1 to entry: Firebrands are a
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