ISO/TS 17104:2006
(Main)Rotary tool for threaded fasteners— Hydraulic impulse tools — Performance test method
Rotary tool for threaded fasteners— Hydraulic impulse tools — Performance test method
ISO/TS 17104:2006 specifies a laboratory performance test method for hydraulic impulse tools for installing threaded fasteners. It gives instructions on the procedure, performance parameters to test, how to evaluate and present the test data and justification for the test method. ISO/TS 17104:2006 is not intended as a routine in-plant inspection method.
Outils rotatifs pour éléments de fixation filetés — Outils hydraulique à impulsion — Méthode d'essai des caractéristiques de fonctionnement
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 17104
First edition
2006-04-15
Rotary tool for threaded fasteners —
Hydraulic impulse tools — Performance
test method
Outils rotatifs pour éléments de fixation filetés — Outils hydraulique à
impulsion — Méthode d'essai des caractéristiques de fonctionnement
Reference number
ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols. 1
4 Method for measurement of performance . 5
5 Evaluation of test results . 11
6 Presentation of data . 12
Annex A (informative) Explanation and justification of the method . 13
Annex B (informative) Clamp force tester. 15
Annex C (informative) Torque coefficient (K) dependence on speed . 21
Annex D (informative) Example of form for hydraulic impulse tool performance test . 25
Bibliography . 27
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document:
⎯ an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
⎯ an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting
a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an
International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 17104 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 118, Compressors and pneumatic tools,
machines and equipment, Subcommittee SC 3, Pneumatic tools and machines.
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
Introduction
The test method specified in this Technical Specification is designed to measure the overall performance and
capability of hydraulic impulse tools.
This ISO/Technical Specification is intended to give users of impulse tools a means for measuring and
comparing the performance of hydraulic impulse tools under controlled conditions.
Every effort has been made to specify all critical characteristics of the test fixtures conforming to this Technical
Specification. However, test results from different test fixtures can be affected by differences in dynamic
characteristics, thereby making direct comparisons difficult.
The ISO/TS can be used for comparing the torque capabilities of impulse tools. It has not so far been possible
to achieve acceptable reproducibility of the correlated torque scatter and it is hoped that data accumulated
through experience of using the ISO/TS enables improvements to be made when it is reviewed three years
after publication. In the meantime, when comparing the performances of different tools, quoted differences in
correlated torque scatter (as a percentage of mean correlated torque) of fewer than ten percentage points
should be viewed with caution/treated as insignificant, until verified by the potential user or purchaser of the
tools.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
Rotary tool for threaded fasteners — Hydraulic impulse tools —
Performance test method
1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies a laboratory performance test method for hydraulic impulse tools for
installing threaded fasteners. It gives instructions on the procedure, performance parameters to test and how
to evaluate and present the test data.
Justification for the test method is found in Annex A.
The test method is not intended as a routine in-plant inspection method.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2787, Rotary and percussive pneumatic tools — Performance tests
ISO 5393, Rotary tools for threaded fasteners — Performance test method
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions and symbols apply.
3.1
hydraulic impulse tool
powered assembly tool for tightening threaded fasteners, which applies torque to a fastener in discontinuous
increments through a hydraulic impulse unit
3.1.1
automatic shut-off tool
powered assembly tool for tightening threaded fasteners, which is provided with a control mechanism or
system that shuts off or disconnects the power to the motor when a predetermined output level is attained
3.1.2
non shut-off tool
powered assembly tool for tightening threaded fasteners, which continues to apply torque impulses as long as
the throttle remains in the “on” position
3.2
standard deviation
s
measure of the dispersion (scatter) based on the mean-squared deviation from the arithmetic mean derived
from a sample of a statistical population
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
3.3
six sigma
6s
range of probability, plus and minus three standard deviations from the mean, derived from a sample of a
statistical population
NOTE For a normally distributed statistical population, 99,73 % of all members of that population are encompassed.
3.4
diameter
D
nominal diameter of a bolt
NOTE The diameter is expressed in millimetres.
3.5
angle
measure of the angular displacement through which a fastener is turned
NOTE The angle is expressed in degrees.
3.6
clamp force
F
C
result of the force achieved by turning a bolt in the tightening direction after the bolt head makes contact with
the joint bearing surface
NOTE The clamp force is expressed in newtons.
3.6.1
peak clamp force
F
CP
peak value of the clamp force measured during a tightening cycle
NOTE The peak clamp force is expressed in newtons.
3.6.2
target clamp force
F
CT
clamp force required to achieve the test torque when testing a hydraulic impulse tool on a test joint based on
Equation (1):
F=×TK/ D (1)
( )
CT T
where T is defined in 3.7.10, K is defined in 3.9.1, and D is defined in 3.4.
T
3.7
torque
product of the force turning the fastener and the perpendicular distance between the line of force and the
centre of the fastener
3.7.1
dynamic torque
T
D
torque recorded during the calibration of the test joint as described in 4.2.2 and 4.2.6
NOTE 1 For test joint analysis, dynamic torque is measured with an in-line, rotary torque and angle transducer, placed
between a continuous drive spindle and the socket/driver bit.
NOTE 2 Dynamic torque is expressed in newton-metres.
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
3.7.2
peak dynamic torque
T
DP
peak value of the dynamic torque recorded during a tightening cycle performed during the test joint calibration
procedure described in 4.2.6
3.7.3
correlated torque
T
C
torque derived from a peak clamp force measurement based on Equation (2):
TK=×D×F (2)
CCP
where K is defined in 3.9, F is defined in 3.6.1 and D is defined in 3.4
CP
NOTE The correlated torque is expressed in newton-metres.
3.7.4
mean correlated torque
T
C
arithmetic mean of a number of correlated torque readings on a specific joint as defined in 3.7.3
3.7.5
6s-correlated torque scatter
S
6s
predictable range of correlated torque over which a tool performs at a given setting using a single torque-rate
joint under controlled conditions
NOTE 1 For the practical purposes of this Technical Specification, 6s correlated torque scatter of a tool is the total
probable range of torque of a tool run on a single joint at the same setting of the tool torque adjustment.
NOTE 2 6s-correlated torque scatter is calculated according to 5.1.
3.7.6
6s-correlated torque scatter as a percentage of the mean correlated torque
S
6s,p
single numerical percentage value designating the correlated torque capability of a tool run on a single torque
rate joint under controlled conditions
NOTE 6s-correlated torque scatter as a percentage of the mean correlated torque is calculated according to 5.1.
3.7.7
combined mean correlated torque
T
C
comb
midpoint between the lowest and highest predictable correlated torque readings of a tool at a given setting
when tested on both test joints
NOTE The combined mean correlated torque is calculated according to 5.2.
3.7.8
combined correlated torque scatter
∆T
Ccomb
predictable range of correlated torque over which a tool performs, encompassing 99,73 % or more of all
possible correlated torque readings, taken on a range of joints of varying torque rates from a defined high
torque rate through a defined low torque rate
NOTE For the practical purposes of this Technical Specification, combined correlated torque scatter of a tool is the
total probable range of torque of a tool run on all joints used in practice at the same setting of the tool torque adjustment. It
is calculated according to 5.2.
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
3.7.9
correlated torque scatter as a percentage of combined mean correlated torque
single numerical value designating the correlated torque capability of a tool run on joints of varying torque rate,
from a defined high torque rate through a defined low torque rate at the same setting of the tool torque
adjustment
NOTE The correlated torque scatter as a percentage of combined mean correlated torque is calculated according
to 5.2.
3.7.10
test torque
T
T
torque level at which the tool's correlated torque scatter capability is determined, e.g., the torque level at
which the test is carried out
3.7.11
upper test torque
test torque equal to the upper limit of the defined torque adjustment range over which a tool's correlated
torque scatter capability is determined as described in 4.3.3.2
3.7.12
lower test torque
test torque equal to the lower limit of the defined torque adjustment range over which a tool's correlated torque
scatter capability is determined as described in 4.3.3.2
3.8
torque rate
rate of increase of torque relative to angular displacement while tightening a fastener in a threaded joint.
NOTE The torque rate is expressed in newton-metres per revolution.
3.9
torque coefficient
K
constant relating clamp force and dynamic torque in a test joint, based on Equation (3):
K=×TF/ D (3)
()
DP CP
using peak dynamic torque (T ) and corresponding peak clamp force (F ) measurements on the test joint at
DP CP
the test torque level as described in 4.2.6
NOTE T is defined in 3.7.2, F is defined in 3.6.1 and D is defined in 3.4. See also Annex C.
DP CP
3.9.1
mean torque coefficient
K
mean of the 25 torque coefficient values obtained in the calibration process for each test joint at each test
torque level
3.10
mean shift
difference in mean correlated torque of a tool run on threaded joints of two different torque rates at the same
setting of the tool torque adjustment
NOTE The mean shift is calculated according to 5.2.
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
3.11
pulse count
number of pulses produced by a hydraulic impulse tool to tighten a specific joint
NOTE For automatic shutoff tools, it is the number of pulses to achieve shutoff. For non-shutoff tools, it is the number
of pulses to tighten a specific joint until the fastener stops rotating. The pulse count can be affected by the adjustment of
the tool.
3.12
tightening time
time required for a hydraulic impulse tool to tighten a specific joint, excluding the free run down
NOTE 1 For automatic shutoff tools, it is the time required to achieve shutoff.
NOTE 2 For non-shutoff tools, it is the time required to tighten a specific joint until the fastener stops rotating,
measured in seconds. The tightening time can be affected by the adjustment of the tool.
3.13
symbols
Symbol Description Unit
D diameter mm
F clamp force N
C
F peak clamp force N
CP
F target clamp force N
CT
K torque coefficient
K mean torque coefficient
s standard deviation
6s six sigma
S 6s-correlated torque scatter
6s
6s-correlated torque scatter as a
S
6s,p
percentage
T correlated torque Nm
C
T dynamic torque Nm
D
T peak dynamic torque Nm
DP
T test torque
T
T mean correlated torque Nm
C
T combined mean correlated torque Nm
C
comb
∆T combined correlated torque scatter Nm
Ccomb
4 Method for measurement of performance
4.1 General rules for performance tests
4.1.1 All measurements carried out in conformity with this Technical Specification shall be performed by
competent persons and with accurate instrumentation, which is calibrated against existing standard methods.
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
4.1.2 The performance of pneumatic tools is affected by the ambient conditions such as atmospheric
pressure and temperature. For this reason, the ambient conditions shall be kept within the limits specified in
ISO 2787.
4.1.3 During the test, the tool shall be in good working order. The lubrication shall be in accordance with the
manufacturer's specifications. Electric impulse tools shall be tested under their rated conditions.
4.1.4 During performance tests of pneumatic impulse tools, a special pressure gauge with glycerine filling
should be used to stabilize the gauge pointer. The air pressure at the inlet of the tool shall not vary more than
2 %. An example of a suitable test installation is shown in Figure 1. A pressure regulator with a small
hysteresis provides a more constant pressure to the impulse tool and is not so much affected by a pressure
change in the system.
Key
1 impulse tool under test
2 pressure gauge
3 lubricator
4 pilot-operated pressure regulator
5 filter
6 shutoff valve
7 clamp force measuring device with amplifier with peak-hold circuit and visual display or printout capability
Figure 1 — Example of a suitable test installation
4.1.5 The performance of hydraulic impulse tools can be affected by misalignment with the fastener. The
tool shall be fixed in a test stand and aligned to reduce influence by the operator. Figure 2 shows an example
of a test stand used to support the tool and align it with the test joint; more information can be found in
Annex B. The axial load on the tool shall not exceed two times the weight of the tool.
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
Key
1 upper tool support
2 impulse tool under test
3 test device
4 lower tool support
5 electronic device
6 test joint for 60°
7 test joint for 360°
a
Axial load maximum two times tool weight.
Figure 2 — Example of test stand to align tool and reduce influence by the operator
4.1.6 Prior to a performance test, the tool shall be adjusted to the test torque level in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions. The adjustment shall be constant throughout the test and in the case of an
automatic shutoff tool; the adjustment shall be such that the shutoff mechanism operates each time.
4.1.7 Adjustments can be made by manipulating the torque control mechanism, or for some pneumatic
tools, by adjusting the motor performance (adjusting air pressure, throttling exhaust, etc.). Some pneumatic
tools require adjustment of both the torque control mechanism and the motor performance to cover their
adjustment range. Adjustments over the range may be continuous, or in some tools, may be made in a finite
number of steps.
4.2 Test joints
4.2.1 The torque rate of threaded joints varies widely from application to application and can vary
appreciably on a specific assembly. Any test of torque performance shall be conducted on two test joints
having controlled torque rates; one having a high torque rate and one having a low torque rate, as specified in
4.2.2. These torque rates straddle the practical range of fastening joints for which hydraulic impulse tools are
typically used.
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
4.2.2 To satisfy the conditions specified in 4.2.1, each tool shall be tested on test joints designated 60°and
360° for which the following requirements are applicable.
a) In a diagram where the torque is plotted as a function of angular displacement of the input drive of the
test joint, the resulting curve shall be a straight line, within the limits set forth below. The slope of this
straight line is used to determine the torque rate of each test joint by regression analysis of the
torque/angle measurement points from 10 % to 100 % of the test torque.
b) Between 10 % and 100 % of the test torque, the torque/angle values shall not deviate from their
theoretical straight line by more than ± 5 % of the test torque (see Figure 3).
Key
X angle
Y test torque level, expressed in percent
a
± 5 % of test torque.
Figure 3 — Diagram showing torque rate linearity requirements of the test joints
c) The test joints shall be such that the resistance to rotation during the free run-down shall not exceed 2 %
of the test torque.
d) The 60° test joint shall be such that the torque increase from 10 % to 100 % of the test torque
corresponds to an angular displacement of 54° (see Figure 4).
NOTE An angular displacement of 54° corresponds to a total angle of 60° at a test torque between 0 % and
100 %. The transition angle from 2 % to 10 % of the test torque level shall not exceed 10°.
e) The 360° test joint shall be such that the torque increase from 10 % to 100 % of the target torque
corresponds to an angular displacement of 324° (see Figure 4).
NOTE An angular displacement of 324° corresponds to a total angle of 360° at a target torque between 0 %
and 100 %. The transition angle from 2 % to 10 % of the test torque level shall not exceed 60°.
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
Key
X angle
Y test torque level, expressed in percent
1 60° joint
2 360° joint
Figure 4 — Diagram showing torque vs. angle curves for 60° and 360° test joints
4.2.3 The physical size of a joint assembly (mass, inertia, and stiffness) affects the transfer of energy output
from the tool to the test joint. Therefore, a test joint shall be consistently and correctly sized. The test bolt
should be as short as possible to obtain the deflection in the joint and to minimize the elongation of the bolt
and should preferably have the same dimensions for the two test joints. Table 1 specifies maximum fastener
sizes for the test joints.
4.2.4 The mass, inertia and stiffness of hardware used to connect the hydraulic impulse tool to the joint also
affect the output of the hydraulic impulse tool. Therefore, drive sockets shall be used that fit the test joint
fastener and match the hydraulic impulse tool's square drive, without adapters. Hex-drive hydraulic impulse
tools may use a hex-to-square adapter, if required. Length extensions shall not be used between the hydraulic
impulse tool and the drive socket. Table 1 specifies the maximum sizes for the bits and sockets.
Table 1 — Maximum sizes for the test bits, sockets and fasteners
Fastener size
Characteristic
M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18 M20 M24
5 to 15 to 30 to 55 to 90 to 150 to 200 to 300 to 450 to
Torque range (N⋅m) 1 to 3 3 to 5
15 30 55 90 150 200 300 450 700
Max. bolt length (mm) 50 50 50 60 80 80 100 100 120 120 140
Max. socket diameter (mm) 16 16 22 22 30 30 36 40 46 50 60
Max. socket length (mm) 30 30 40 40 40 50 60 60 60 70 70
Max. bit length (mm) 50 50 50 50 — — — — — — —
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
4.2.5 Torque performance measurements made with this Technical Specification shall be based on the
measurement of clamp force within the test joints. Each test joint shall be equipped with means to measure
the clamp force during the tightening process. The torque coefficient relating clamp force to dynamic torque
shall be measured for each test joint and shall be consistent throughout a performance test. Examples of
suitable test joints are shown in Annex B.
4.2.6 To satisfy the requirements of 4.2.5, each test joint shall be calibrated to determine its mean torque
coefficient ( K ) at a torque level that is within ± 10 % of the test torque as specified below. The preferred
method is with a continuous drive spindle as described in 3.7.1.
a) A mean torque coefficient ( K ) shall be calculated from 25 peak dynamic torque readings (T ) and
DP
corresponding peak clamp force readings (F ) according to Equation (3): K=×TF/ D . The
()
CP DP CP
6-sigma scatter of these 25 torque coefficient values shall not exceed 5 % of the mean value.
b) The mean torque coefficient ( K ) shall be determined by calculating the mean value in this manner for
each test joint before and after the tool test. The mean value measured after the tool test shall be within
± 5 % of the mean value before the tool test. A difference greater than 5 % invalidates the test results for
that tool test.
4.2.7 When the calibration measurements are made on a test joint, the joint shall be rotated continuously at
a speed not higher than 10 rev/min through a torque/angle transducer and with the joint equipped with a
clamp force measuring device.
4.2.7.1 All measuring devices shall be of the correct capacity for the test level to be measured.
4.2.7.2 The angle transducer shall have an angle resolution of at least 1°. There shall be no rotational
movement of the transducer housing during the measurement.
4.2.7.3 The accuracy and frequency response of the torque measuring equipment shall comply with the
specifications stated in ISO 5393.
4.2.7.4 Clamp force measurements shall be taken by means of a measuring device and an amplifier with
peak hold circuit and visual display or printout capability. The frequency response of the measuring device
and amplifier shall be − 3 dB at 500 Hz, with a roll-off of at least 50 dB/decade. The repeatability of the clamp
force measuring device shall be within ± 1 % of the test clamp force level.
4.3 Test method
4.3.1 All torque performance calculations made with this Technical Specification shall be based on clamp
force measurements taken during the fastening process on specified test joints.
4.3.2 The target clamp force for the 60° test joint shall be calculated based on the test torque and the mean
torque coefficient ( K ) for the 60° test joint as determined in 4.2.6. The tool shall be adjusted to achieve this
target clamp force value on the 60° test joint.
4.3.3 A performance test shall consist of 25 clamp force readings on each of the two test joints without
further manual adjustment after initial setup. Prior to a performance test, the tool might have to be cycled to
stabilize performance.
4.3.3.1 For each test cycle, the tool shall be allowed at least three full revolutions before reaching 10 % of
the test target torque.
4.3.3.2 A performance test may be made at any test torque level. To determine a tool's correlated torque
scatter capability over a defined torque adjustment range, a test shall be carried out on the 60° and the 360°
test joints at the upper test torque and another test shall be carried out on the 60° and the 360° test joints at
the lower test torque. Each test joint shall be calibrated for each test torque level according to this Technical
Specification.
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ISO/TS 17104:2006(E)
4.3.3.3 Normally, the tool should be used for loosening the joint. If the tool is not used for loosening the
test joint, this shall be so stated in the test report.
4.3.3.4 The 25 test cycles and the loosening operations on each test joint should be performed at a
consistent pace without significant delay between cycles.
4.3.4 The correlated torque (T ) shall be calculated for each of the 25 test cycles using each peak clamp
C
force reading (F ) and the mean torque coefficient ( K ) for the test joint as determined in 4.2.6.
CP
4.3.5 The tightening time and pulse count shall be measured at least once for each test joint at each test
torque level.
4.3.5.1 The tightening time and pulse count for an automatic shutoff tool shall be measured from the
initial pulse to the point at which the tool shuts off.
4.3.5.2 The tightening time and pulse count for a non-shutoff tool shall be measured from the initial pulse
to the point at which the socket stops rotating. To eliminate operator influence, this measurement can be
made by electronically determining when the clamp force values for three consecutive impulses satisfy the
∆F
C
rela
...
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