ISO 23961-2:2021
(Main)Traditional Chinese medicine — Vocabulary for diagnostics — Part 2: Pulse
Traditional Chinese medicine — Vocabulary for diagnostics — Part 2: Pulse
This document specifies the basic terminology of pulse diagnostic methods, the key elements of pulse and pulse condition. Each term of pulse diagnosis includes the English name, the classical Chinese characters and its definition.
Médecine traditionnelle chinoise — Vocabulaire pour les diagnostics — Partie 2: Pouls
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23961-2
First edition
2021-11
Traditional Chinese medicine —
Vocabulary for diagnostics —
Part 2:
Pulse
Médecine traditionnelle chinoise — Vocabulaire pour les
diagnostics —
Partie 2: Pouls
Reference number
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Terms relating to the methods of pulse diagnosis. 2
5 Terms relating to the key elements of pulse . 3
6 Terms relating to pulse condition .5
Annex A (informative) Pulse diagnosis terms — Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters .14
Bibliography .20
iii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 249, Traditional Chinese medicine.
A list of all parts in the ISO 23961 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
Introduction
Traditional Chinese medicine has become increasingly popular all over the world. Traditional Chinese
medicine education has developed rapidly. Traditional Chinese medicine has obtained legal status in
the United States, Singapore, Australia, Thailand and other countries and regions. Academic activities
of traditional Chinese medicine are increasingly active. International communication of traditional
Chinese medicine and medical activities, scientific research, management rules and regulations are in
urgent need of International Standards.
First, standardized terminology is essential to standardize products and services. Pulse diagnosis
is one of the most distinctive traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic methods. At present, the
international trade of pulse-equipment-related products is in great demand in the international market.
This document aims to encourage improvement of the pulse-equipment-related industrial and research
fields. All traditional Chinese medicine pulse diagnostic instruments can use the same vocabulary,
which is very important for international trade and communication. With standardized terminology,
the versatility of pulse-equipment-related products or services can be improved to benefit international
technical cooperation.
Second, the use of standardized terminology in diagnosis helps to avoid confusion among researchers
in the field of pulse diagnosis. But more importantly, the use of standardized terminology in pulse
diagnosis also helps manufacturers to deliver a standardized meaning of TCM pulse obtained by pulse-
related diagnostic medical devices. Considering the close association between the traditional Chinese
medicine diagnosis and diagnostic medical devices, the importance of standardizing diagnostic
terminology is clear.
Third, the purpose of the project is for the use of traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic instruments
and artificial intellige (AI) medicine. As internet-based medicine is developing very quickly, a
standardized terminology is not only important for computerized information but also necessary for
successful communication between physicians and patients from different countries. With advances in
AI, medical AI doctors also need standardized terminology.
Therefore, it is necessary to standardize pulse diagnostic terminology as quickly as possible, in order to
bring benefits to scholars, governments and enterprises worldwide.
v
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
Traditional Chinese medicine — Vocabulary for
diagnostics —
Part 2:
Pulse
1 Scope
This document specifies the basic terminology of pulse diagnostic methods, the key elements of pulse
and pulse condition. Each term of pulse diagnosis includes the English name, the classical Chinese
characters and its definition.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
Cun-kou
medial aspect of the styloid process of the radius where the radial artery pulsates
3.2
pulse diagnosis
examination of the pulse in Cun-kou for making diagnosis
3.3
guan/bar
medial side of the styloid process
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.4
cun/inch
carpet end of guan
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.5
chi/cubit
cubital end of guan
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
1
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
Key
1 styloid process of radius
2 cun/inch
3 guan/bar
4 chi/cubit
5 scap
6 bifur
7 pisit
8 radial artery
9 ulnar artery
10 radius
11 ulna
Figure 1 — Location of cun/inch, guan/bar and chi/cubit for pulse diagnosis
4 Terms relating to the methods of pulse diagnosis
4.1
arrangement of fingers
布指
three fingers being arched with the same level of finger tips, and the physicians feeling the pulsation
with crossing area of the finger tips and bulbs
Note 1 to entry: The spacing of the three fingers can be proportionate to the patient’s height. The fingers are
spaced apart for a tall patient whereas they should be kept close together for a short patient.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.1.1.
2
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
4.2
individual-finger palpation
單按
placement of one specific finger at one position to examine the state that the region represents
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.2.
4.3
simultaneous palpation with three fingers
總按
placement of the three fingertips simultaneously on three points with the same strength to examine
the overall pulse condition of the three points
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.3.
4.4
lifting
light pulse feeling
superficial pulse feeling
舉
gently touching the skin
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.4.
4.5
pressing
heavy pulse feeling
deep pulse feeling
按
exerting strong finger power to reach the bones
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.5.
4.6
searching
尋
gradually increasing finger power and searching the most palpable pulsation from left to right, back
and forth, aroud the cun/inch, guan/bar and chi/cubit at Cun-kou
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.6.
5 Terms relating to the key elements of pulse
5.1
pulse location
脈位
location of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be superficial or deep, for example with a floating pulse or a sunken pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.1.
5.2
pulse rate
至數
frequency of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be slow or rapid, for example with a slow pulse or a rapid pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.2.
3
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
5.3
pulse length
脈長
axial length of the pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be short or long, for example with a short pulse or a long pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.3.
5.4
pulse strength
脈力
force of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be forceless or forceful, for example with a vacuous pulse or a replete pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.4.
5.5
pulse width
脈寬
radial breadth of pulse beating relating to the thickness or thinness of beats
Note 1 to entry: Can be small or large, for example with a surging pulse or a fine pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.5.
5.6
pulse smoothness
流暢度
smoothness of approaching pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be smooth or rough, for example with a slippery pulse or a rough pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.6.
5.7
pulse tension
緊張度
tightness of the vessel of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be tight or relaxed, for example with a tight pulse or a relaxed pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.7.
5.8
pulse evenness
均勻度
regularity of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be irregular or even of rhythm and strength, such as with a racing pulse, a bound pulse or an
intermittent pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.8.
5.9
classification of the key elements of pulse
key elements of pulse being divided into different levels
Note 1 to entry: For the classification structure of the key elements of pulse, see Figure 2.
4
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: Pulse conditions being generally discussed in eight key elements: location, rate, length, width,
strength, smoothness, tension and evenness. The varieties of pulse condition can occur as a result of a combination
of degree changes of the above eight aspects. Some pulses involve single element, such as a superficial or deep
pulse (location). Some involve multiple factors, for example a weak pulse is mixture of deep (location), thread
(width) and deficient (strength) quality.
Figure 2 — The classification structure of the key elements of pulse
6 Terms relating to pulse condition
6.1
bound pulse
結脈
pulse with slow and irregular pulse rate
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic (《黃帝內經》).
Note 2 to entry: Classic of Difficult Issues (《難經》) states, “A bound pulse has occasional stops and the stops have
no definite pattern”. Treatise on Cold Damage (《傷寒論》) states, “The pulse that arrives unhurriedly, occasionally
stops and then is restored is called irregularly intermittent pulse” (Chapter Bianmaifadiyi, 辨脈法第一). Pulse
Classic (《脈經》) states, “A bound pulse arrives and departs unhurriedly and there is one stop before the normal
pulse beating is restored,” (Volume 1), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology (《瀕湖脈學》).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.1.
6.2
dissipated pulse
散脈
pulse which is superficial, irregularly chaotic with light pressure and impalpable with heavy pressure
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A dissipated pulse is large and scattered” (Volume 2), which was cited by
Binhu’s Sphygmology and states, “A dissipated has an irregular pulse rate”. Essential Principles and Practice of
Pulse Diagnosis (《診家正眼》) states, “A scattered pulse is floating and scattered, present in the exterior, not in
the interior, gradually becoming empty at the moderate level and completely expiring with pressure” (Volume 2).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.2.
5
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
6.3
drumskin pulse
革脈
pulse which is easily felt with gentle touch and superficial with an empty centre, feeling like the surface
of a drum
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is Treatise on Cold Damage.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A drumskin pulse is deep, hidden, replete, large, long and slightly string-like”
(Volume 1). Binhu’s Sphygmology states,“A drumskin has a hollow centre and is hard and leathery outside just like
a drum”. Systematic Theory and Practice on Four Diagnostic Methods(《四診訣微》) states, “A drumskin pulse is
string-like and hollow, like a drum. It is floating, large, string-like, tight on the outside and empty within. With
light pressure, the pulsation can be clearly felt; with heavy pressure, there is a feeling of emptiness within, as if
pressing on the skin of a drum” (Volume 7). Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis(《脈訣指掌》) by Zhu Zhenheng states,
“A drumskin pulse is string-like, replete and large, just like the feeling of drum” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang,
辨脈形名狀).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.3.
6.4
faint pulse
微脈
pulse which is extremely thready, soft and barely palpable
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Book to Safeguard Life Arranged by Categorized Patterns(《類證活人書》) states, “Faint means
extremely thready and soft. The pulse is sometimes present but sometimes not” (Volume 2). Corrections of Verse
Errors in Pulse Diagnosis (《脈訣刊誤》) states, “A faint pulse is sometimes present and sometimes not. It ought to
be felt with light pressure. With heavy pressure, sometimes it can be felt and sometimes not” (Volume A).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.4.
6.5
fine pulse
細脈
pulse with a thread-like feeling but obvious with a light touch
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A fine pulse is fine and small. It is larger than a faint pulse” (Volume 1).
Binhu’s Sphygmology states, “ A fine pulse is fine, straight and soft, like a silken thread.” Essential Principles and
Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A fine pulse is like a silken thread, it is larger than a faint pulse”. (Charpter
Ximaiyi, 細脈陰). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis (《脈訣匯辨》) states, “A fine pulse is small and fine, like a silken
thread. It is clearly felt with light touch” (Volume 4).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.5.
6.6
firm pulse
牢脈
pulse with deep location, long length, high tension, forceful strength and palpable only by heavy
pressing
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is The Classic of Difficult Issues.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A firm pulse is deep, hidden, replete, large, long and slightly string-like”,
which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A firm pulse is
deep, hidden, solid, string-like, long, replete and long” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Key Principles in Pulse
Diagnosis states, “A firm pulse is deep, large, string-like and replete. It is felt with neither light nor moderate
pressure”.
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.6.
6
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
6.7
floating pulse
浮脈
pulse which feels obvious with light touch but forceless with pressure
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “With light touch, the pulsation is clearly felt; with heavy pressure, the
pulsation becomes indistinct” (Volume 1), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Essential Principles and
Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A floating pulse feels superficial in the skin and body hair, just like a piece of
wood floating on water. With light touch, the pulsation is clearly felt; with heavy pressure, the pulsation becomes
indistinct”. (Chapter Fumaiyang, 浮脈陽). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis states, “The word floating describes the
feeling like a piece of wood floating on water. It is clearly felt by a light touch because it’s located superficially in
the skin and body hair; however, just like the wood floating on water, it goes deep on heavy pressure but goes up
when the pressure is released” (Volume 3).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.7.
6.8
hidden pulse
伏脈
pulse which is deep and palpable only by pressing to the bones or tendons
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is The Classic of Difficult Issues.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “With light touch, the pulsation is indistinct; with heavy pressure, the
pulsation is clearly felt” (Volume 1), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by
Zhu Zhenheng states, “A hidden pulse requires heavy pressure to the tendon and bones to feel clearly” (Chapter
Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis states, “A hidden pulse requires heavy finger pressing.
It is hardly felt by light to moderate or even heavy pressure. It requires pressing to the bones and tendons to feel
the pulsation” (Volume 4).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.8.
6.9
hollow pulse
芤脈
pulse which is superficial, large and hollow
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases(《傷寒雜病論》).
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A hollow pulse is floating, large and soft. The centre is empty and the two
sides are replete”(Volume 1). Binhu’s Sphygmology also states, “its shape is comparable to a scallion.” Revised
Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A hollow pulse means the center is empty and the two sides are
replete, just like the feeling of a scallion stalk” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis
states, “The pulse is given the name hollow because its shape is comparable to a scallion. It has both the floating
and deep positions, only the center is empty when pressed” (Volume 4).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.9.
6.10
intermittent pulse
代脈
pulse which has missing beats and pauses longer rather than at regular intermittent intervals
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “An intermittent pulse arrives fast, stops for a relatively longer period of
time and then a recovery of movement” (Volume 1). Corrections of Verse Errors in Pulse Diagnosis states, “An
intermittent pulse arrives fast, stops for a relatively longer period of time and then a recovery of movement”
(Volume A). Essential Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “An intermittent pulse is constant and
regularly intermittent, the stops are normal and frequent, they cannot be self-controlled, there are long stops
and then a recovery of movement”. Binhu’s Sphygmology states, “An intermittent pulse arrives fast, stops for a
relatively longer period of time and then a recovery of movement”.
7
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.10.
6.11
large pulse
大脈
pulse with a large width and forcefulness but without turbulent force
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Guidelines for Disease Detection(《察病指南》) states: “The large pulse arrives and departs large
and full under the fingers”. Pulse Reason(《脈理求真》) states: “The pulse is large and full, as well as long, and it's
felt with little force on pressing.”
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.11.
6.12
long pulse
長脈
pulse which is straight and exceeds the three palpation fingers located in inch and cubit regions
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Binhu’s Sphygmology states, “A long pulse is with long extent, longer than its basic position. It is
straight and long like a pole.” Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A long pulse arrives and
departs smoothly. It can be felt at all three positions.” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Essential Principles and
Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A long pulse exceeds the original length. It is straight from head to tail. It is
straight and long like a pole”.
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.12.
6.13
normal pulse
平脈
pulse which is felt in inch, bar and cubit regions, around 60 to 90 beats per minute
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Physiologically, a normal pulse in healthy people has about four beats in a normal cycle of
respiration; the key elements of pulse (pulse location, pulse rate, pulse width, pulse length, pulse strength, pulse
smoothness) are at medium level and pulse evenness is even. A normal pulse can correspondingly change along
with changes in physiological activities and weather.
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.13.
6.14
racing pulse
疾脈
pulse with more than 120 beats per minute
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is The Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases.
Note 2 to entry: Essential Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A racing pulse is extremely fast and
rapid, with seven, eight or more beats in one breath (approximately 120 to 140 beats per minute, and the flow is
thin and racing” (Chapter Jimaiyang, 疾脈陽). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis states, “A pulse that has at least six
beats in one breath (>90 times per minute) is called racing or extremely racing pulse” (Volume 4).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.14.
6.15
rapid pulse
數脈
pulse with more than 90 beats per minute
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
8
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A rapid pulse refers to fast pulsations” (Volume 1). Binhu’s Sphygmology
states, “A rapid pulse is six beats in one breath (90 beats per minute). The pulsations are rapid”. Essential
Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A rapid pulse is attributed to yang. The pulsations are extremely
fast – six beats in one breath (90 beats per minute)”. The word rapid describes the feeling of fast-moving. Since
qi moves 3 inches with exhalation (breathing out) and moves another 3 inches with inhalation (breathing in), qi
moves 6 inches in one breath”.
Note 3 to entry: Traditionally, a rapid pulse is considered to be more than 5 or 6 beats within a cycle of respiration.
Note 4 to entry: For further information, see A.3.15.
6.16
relaxed pulse
緩脈
pulse which is slower than a normal pulse but more rapid than a slow pulse, with about 60 beats per
minute
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A relaxed pulse departs and arrives slowly; it is faster than a slow pulse”
(Volume A), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Essential Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A
relaxed pulse is four beats in one breath (60 times per minute). It arrives and departs evenly like gentle breeze
in spring” (Chapter Huanmaiying,緩脈陰). Corrections of Verse Errors in Pulse Diagnosis states, “A relaxed pulse
arrives and departs slowly. It is faster than a slow pulse. With moderate to heavy pressure, it is soft and slow. It is
smaller than a deep pulse. In addition, it is leisurely and soft” (Volume A).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.16.
6.17
replete pulse
實脈
pulse which feels forceful by both light touch or heavy pressure in inch, bar and cubit regions
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A replete pulse is forceful with both
light or heavy pressure. It is neither fast nor slow.” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.17.
6.18
rough pulse
澀脈
pulse which feels stagnant, thready, slow and irregular
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Binhu’s Sphygmology states, “A rough pulse is thready and slow. It arrives and departs roughly.
It is short and scattered, feeling like using a knife to scrape bamboo or a sick silkworm biting leaves” (Chapter
Qiyanjuese 七言決澀). Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A rough pulse is stagnant like rain
touching the sand” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Essential Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states,
“A Rough pulse is stagnant, like a blade scraping bamboo. It is slow, thready and short, all indicating obstruction”
(Chapter Semaiyin, 澀脈陰).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.18.
6.19
short pulse
短脈
pulse which is shorter than the three palpation fingers located in inch, bar and cubit regions
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
9
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
ISO 23961-2:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: Note2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “The shape of a short pulse that beats felt under the fingers
do not fill the three positions” (Volume A), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Revised Verses in Pulse
Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A short pulse feels rapid with light touch and pressure; however, the beats
under the fingers do not fill the positions” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Essential Principles and Practice
of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A short pulse is rough and small, its head and tail are both hidden; it protrudes at the
centre, but cannot fill the positions”.
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.19.
6.20
skipping pulse
促脈
pulse with more than 90 beats per minute and irregular beating
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases.
Note 2 to entry: Treatise on Cold Pathogenic states, “A skipping pulse arrives as urgent and skipping, sometimes
there is a pause, skipping a beat” (Chapter Bianmaifadiyi). Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng
states, “A skipping pulse arrives and departs rapidly, sometimes there is a pause in its arrival”. (Chapter
Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Pulse Classic states, “A skipping pulse arrives and departs rapidly and sometimes there
is a pause in its arrival,” which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology.
Note 3 to entry: Traditionally, a skipping pulse is considered to be more than 5 or 6 beats within a normal cycle of
respiration and irregular
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 23961-2
ISO/TC 249
Traditional Chinese medicine —
Secretariat: SAC
Vocabulary for diagnostics —
Voting begins on:
2021-08-09
Part 2:
Voting terminates on:
Pulse
2021-10-04
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Terms relating to the methods of pulse diagnosis . 2
5 Terms relating to the key elements of pulse . 3
6 Terms relating to pulse condition . 5
Annex A (informative) Pulse diagnosis terms — Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters .14
Bibliography .20
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 249, Traditional Chinese medicine.
A list of all parts in the ISO 23961 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
Introduction
Traditional Chinese medicine has become increasingly popular all over the world. Traditional Chinese
medicine education has developed rapidly. Traditional Chinese medicine has obtained legal status in
the United States, Singapore, Australia, Thailand and other countries and regions. Academic activities
of traditional Chinese medicine are increasingly active. International communication of traditional
Chinese medicine and medical activities, scientific research, management rules and regulations are in
urgent need of International Standards.
First, standardized terminology is essential to standardize products and services. Pulse diagnosis
is one of the most distinctive traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic methods. At present, the
international trade of pulse-equipment-related products is in great demand in the international market.
This document aims to encourage improvement of the pulse-equipment-related industrial and research
fields. All traditional Chinese medicine pulse diagnostic instruments can use the same vocabulary,
which is very important for international trade and communication. With standardized terminology,
the versatility of pulse-equipment-related products or services can be improved to benefit international
technical cooperation.
Second, the use of standardized terminology in diagnosis helps to avoid confusion among researchers
in the field of pulse diagnosis. But more importantly, the use of standardized terminology in pulse
diagnosis also helps manufacturers to deliver a standardized meaning of TCM pulse obtained by pulse-
related diagnostic medical devices. Considering the close association between the traditional Chinese
medicine diagnosis and diagnostic medical devices, the importance of standardizing diagnostic
terminology is clear.
Third, the purpose of the project is for the use of traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic instruments
and artificial intellige (AI) medicine. As internet-based medicine is developing very quickly, a
standardized terminology is not only important for computerized information but also necessary for
successful communication between physicians and patients from different countries. With advances in
AI, medical AI doctors also need standardized terminology.
Therefore, it is necessary to standardize pulse diagnostic terminology as quickly as possible, in order to
bring benefits to scholars, governments and enterprises worldwide.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
Traditional Chinese medicine — Vocabulary for
diagnostics —
Part 2:
Pulse
1 Scope
This document specifies the basic terminology of pulse diagnostic methods, the key elements of pulse
and pulse condition. Each term of pulse diagnosis includes the English name, the classical Chinese
characters and its definition.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
Cun-kou
medial aspect of the styloid process of the radius where the radial artery pulsates
3.2
pulse diagnosis
examination of the pulse in Cun-kou for making diagnosis
3.3
guan/bar
medial side of the styloid process
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.4
cun/inch
carpet end of guan
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.5
chi/cubit
cubital end of guan
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
Key
1 styloid process of radius
2 cun/inch
3 guan/bar
4 chi/cubit
5 scap
6 bifur
7 pisit
8 radial artery
9 ulnar artery
10 radius
11 ulna
Figure 1 — Location of cun/inch, guan/bar and chi/cubit for pulse diagnosis
4 Terms relating to the methods of pulse diagnosis
4.1
arrangement of fingers
布指
three fingers being arched with the same level of finger tips, and the physicians feeling the pulsation
with crossing area of the finger tips and bulbs
Note 1 to entry: The spacing of the three fingers can be proportionate to the patient’s height. The fingers are
spaced apart for a tall patient whereas they should be kept close together for a short patient.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.1.1.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
4.2
individual-finger palpation
單按
placement of one specific finger at one position to examine the state that the region represents
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.2.
4.3
simultaneous palpation with three fingers
總按
placement of the three fingertips simultaneously on three points with the same strength to examine
the overall pulse condition of the three points
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.3.
4.4
lifting
light pulse feeling
superficial pulse feeling
舉
gently touching the skin
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.4.
4.5
pressing
heavy pulse feeling
deep pulse feeling
按
exerting strong finger power to reach the bones
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.5.
4.6
searching
尋
gradually increasing finger power and searching the most palpable pulsation from left to right, back
and forth, aroud the cun/inch, guan/bar and chi/cubit at Cun-kou
Note 1 to entry: For further information, see A.1.6.
5 Terms relating to the key elements of pulse
5.1
pulse location
脈位
location of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be superficial or deep, for example with a floating pulse or a sunken pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.1.
5.2
pulse rate
至數
frequency of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be slow or rapid, for example with a slow pulse or a rapid pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.2.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
5.3
pulse length
脈長
axial length of the pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be short or long, for example with a short pulse or a long pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.3.
5.4
pulse strength
脈力
force of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be forceless or forceful, for example with a vacuous pulse or a replete pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.4.
5.5
pulse width
脈寬
radial breadth of pulse beating relating to the thickness or thinness of beats
Note 1 to entry: Can be small or large, for example with a surging pulse or a fine pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.5.
5.6
pulse smoothness
流暢度
smoothness of approaching pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be smooth or rough, for example with a slippery pulse or a rough pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.6.
5.7
pulse tension
緊張度
tightness of the vessel of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be tight or relaxed, for example with a tight pulse or a relaxed pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.7.
5.8
pulse evenness
均勻度
regularity of pulse beating
Note 1 to entry: Can be irregular or even of rhythm and strength, such as with a racing pulse, a bound pulse or an
intermittent pulse.
Note 2 to entry: For further information, see A.2.8.
5.9
classification of the key elements of pulse
key elements of pulse being divided into different levels
Note 1 to entry: For the classification structure of the key elements of pulse, see Figure 2.
4 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: Pulse conditions being generally discussed in eight key elements: location, rate, length, width,
strength, smoothness, tension and evenness. The varieties of pulse condition can occur as a result of a combination
of degree changes of the above eight aspects. Some pulses involve single element, such as a superficial or deep
pulse (location). Some involve multiple factors, for example a weak pulse is mixture of deep (location), thread
(width) and deficient (strength) quality.
Figure 2 — The classification structure of the key elements of pulse
6 Terms relating to pulse condition
6.1
bound pulse
結脈
pulse with slow and irregular pulse rate
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic (《黃帝內經》).
Note 2 to entry: Classic of Difficult Issues (《難經》) states, “A bound pulse has occasional stops and the stops have
no definite pattern”. Treatise on Cold Damage (《傷寒論》) states, “The pulse that arrives unhurriedly, occasionally
stops and then is restored is called irregularly intermittent pulse” (Chapter Bianmaifadiyi, 辨脈法第一). Pulse
Classic (《脈經》) states, “A bound pulse arrives and departs unhurriedly and there is one stop before the normal
pulse beating is restored,” (Volume 1), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology (《瀕湖脈學》).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.1.
6.2
dissipated pulse
散脈
pulse which is superficial, irregularly chaotic with light pressure and impalpable with heavy pressure
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A dissipated pulse is large and scattered” (Volume 2), which was cited by
Binhu’s Sphygmology and states, “A dissipated has an irregular pulse rate”. Essential Principles and Practice of
Pulse Diagnosis (《診家正眼》) states, “A scattered pulse is floating and scattered, present in the exterior, not in
the interior, gradually becoming empty at the moderate level and completely expiring with pressure” (Volume 2).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.2.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
6.3
drumskin pulse
革脈
pulse which is easily felt with gentle touch and superficial with an empty centre, feeling like the surface
of a drum
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is Treatise on Cold Damage.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A drumskin pulse is deep, hidden, replete, large, long and slightly string-
like” (Volume 1). The Li Bin-hu’s Teachings on Pulse Diagnosis states,“A drumskin has a hollow centre and is hard
and leathery outside just like a drum”. Systematic Theory and Practice on Four Diagnostic Methods(《四診訣微》)
states, “A drumskin pulse is string-like and hollow, like a drum. It is floating, large, string-like, tight on the outside
and empty within. With light pressure, the pulsation can be clearly felt; with heavy pressure, there is a feeling of
emptiness within, as if pressing on the skin of a drum” (Volume 7). Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis(《脈訣指掌》)
by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A drumskin pulse is string-like, replete and large, just like the feeling of drum” (Chapter
Bianmaixingmingzhuang, 辨脈形名狀).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.3.
6.4
faint pulse
微脈
pulse which is extremely thready, soft and barely palpable
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Book to Safeguard Life Arranged by Categorized Patterns(《類證活人書》) states, “Faint means
extremely thready and soft. The pulse is sometimes present but sometimes not” (Volume 2). Corrections of Verse
Errors in Pulse Diagnosis (《脈訣刊誤》) states, “A faint pulse is sometimes present and sometimes not. It ought to
be felt with light pressure. With heavy pressure, sometimes it can be felt and sometimes not” (Volume A).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.4.
6.5
fine pulse
細脈
pulse with a thread-like feeling but obvious with a light touch
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A fine pulse is fine and small. It is larger than a faint pulse” (Volume 1).
Binhu’s Sphygmology states, “ A fine pulse is fine, straight and soft, like a silken thread.” Essential Principles and
Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A fine pulse is like a silken thread, it is larger than a faint pulse”. (Charpter
Ximaiyi, 細脈陰). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis (《脈訣匯辨》) states, “A fine pulse is small and fine, like a silken
thread. It is clearly felt with light touch” (Volume 4).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.5.
6.6
firm pulse
牢脈
pulse with deep location, long length, high tension, forceful strength and palpable only by heavy
pressing
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is The Classic of Difficult Issues.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A firm pulse is deep, hidden, replete, large, long and slightly string-like”,
which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A firm pulse is
deep, hidden, solid, string-like, long, replete and long” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Key Principles in Pulse
Diagnosis states, “A firm pulse is deep, large, string-like and replete. It is felt with neither light nor moderate
pressure”.
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.6.
6 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
6.7
floating pulse
浮脈
pulse which feels obvious with light touch but forceless with pressure
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “With light touch, the pulsation is clearly felt; with heavy pressure, the
pulsation becomes indistinct” (Volume 1), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Essential Principles and
Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A floating pulse feels superficial in the skin and body hair, just like a piece of
wood floating on water. With light touch, the pulsation is clearly felt; with heavy pressure, the pulsation becomes
indistinct”. (Chapter Fumaiyang, 浮脈陽). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis states, “The word floating describes the
feeling like a piece of wood floating on water. It is clearly felt by a light touch because it’s located superficially in
the skin and body hair; however, just like the wood floating on water, it goes deep on heavy pressure but goes up
when the pressure is released” (Volume 3).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.7.
6.8
hidden pulse
伏脈
pulse which is deep and palpable only by pressing to the bones or tendons
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is The Classic of Difficult Issues.
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “With light touch, the pulsation is indistinct; with heavy pressure, the
pulsation is clearly felt” (Volume 1), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by
Zhu Zhenheng states, “A hidden pulse requires heavy pressure to the tendon and bones to feel clearly” (Chapter
Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis states, “A hidden pulse requires heavy finger pressing.
It is hardly felt by light to moderate or even heavy pressure. It requires pressing to the bones and tendons to feel
the pulsation” (Volume 4).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.8.
6.9
hollow pulse
芤脈
pulse which is superficial, large and hollow
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases(《傷寒雜病論》).
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A hollow pulse is floating, large and soft. The centre is empty and the two
sides are replete”(Volume 1), which was cited by The Li Bin-hu’s Teachings on Pulse Diagnosis. Binhu’s Sphygmology
also states, “its shape is comparable to a scallion.” Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A
hollow pulse means the center is empty and the two sides are replete, just like the feeling of a scallion stalk”
(Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis states, “The pulse is given the name hollow
because its shape is comparable to a scallion. It has both the floating and deep positions, only the center is empty
when pressed” (Volume 4).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.9.
6.10
intermittent pulse
代脈
pulse which has missing beats and pauses longer rather than at regular intermittent intervals
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 7
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “An intermittent pulse arrives fast, stops for a relatively longer period of
time and then a recovery of movement” (Volume 1). Corrections of Verse Errors in Pulse Diagnosis states, “An
intermittent pulse arrives fast, stops for a relatively longer period of time and then a recovery of movement”
(Volume A). Essential Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “An intermittent pulse is constant and
regularly intermittent, the stops are normal and frequent, they cannot be self-controlled, there are long stops
and then a recovery of movement”. Binhu’s Sphygmology states, “An intermittent pulse arrives fast, stops for a
relatively longer period of time and then a recovery of movement”.
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.10.
6.11
large pulse
大脈
pulse with a large width and forcefulness but without turbulent force
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Guidelines for Disease Detection(《察病指南》) states: “The large pulse arrives and departs large
and full under the fingers”. Pulse Reason(《脈理求真》) states: “The pulse is large and full, as well as long, and it's
felt with little force on pressing.”
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.11.
6.12
long pulse
長脈
pulse which is straight and exceeds the three palpation fingers located in inch and cubit regions
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic .
Note 2 to entry: Binhu’s Sphygmology states, “A long pulse is with long extent, longer than its basic position. It is
straight and long like a pole.” Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A long pulse arrives and
departs smoothly. It can be felt at all three positions.” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Essential Principles and
Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A long pulse exceeds the original length. It is straight from head to tail. It is
straight and long like a pole”.
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.12.
6.13
normal pulse
平脈
pulse which is felt in inch, bar and cubit regions, around 60 to 90 beats per minute
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic.
Note 2 to entry: Physiologically, a normal pulse in healthy people has about four beats in a normal cycle of
respiration; the key elements of pulse (pulse location, pulse rate, pulse width, pulse length, pulse strength, pulse
smoothness) are at medium level and pulse evenness is even. A normal pulse can correspondingly change along
with changes in physiological activities and weather.
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.13.
6.14
racing pulse
疾脈
pulse with more than 120 beats per minute
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is The Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases.
Note 2 to entry: Essential Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A racing pulse is extremely fast and
rapid, with seven, eight or more beats in one breath (approximately 120 to 140 beats per minute, and the flow is
thin and racing” (Chapter Jimaiyang, 疾脈陽). Key Principles in Pulse Diagnosis states, “A pulse that has at least six
beats in one breath (>90 times per minute) is called racing or extremely racing pulse” (Volume 4).
8 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.14.
6.15
rapid pulse
數脈
pulse with more than 90 beats per minute
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic .
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A rapid pulse refers to fast pulsations” (Volume 1). Binhu’s Sphygmology
states, “A rapid pulse is six beats in one breath (90 beats per minute). The pulsations are rapid”. Essential
Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A rapid pulse is attributed to yang. The pulsations are extremely
fast – six beats in one breath (90 beats per minute)”. The word rapid describes the feeling of fast-moving. Since
qi moves 3 inches with exhalation (breathing out) and moves another 3 inches with inhalation (breathing in), qi
moves 6 inches in one breath”.
Note 3 to entry: Traditionally, a rapid pulse is considered to be more than 5 or 6 beats within a cycle of respiration.
Note 4 to entry: For further information, see A.3.15.
6.16
relaxed pulse
緩脈
pulse which is slower than a normal pulse but more rapid than a slow pulse, with about 60 beats per
minute
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic .
Note 2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “A relaxed pulse departs and arrives slowly; it is faster than a slow pulse”
(Volume A), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Essential Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A
relaxed pulse is four beats in one breath (60 times per minute). It arrives and departs evenly like gentle breeze
in spring” (Chapter Huanmaiying,緩脈陰). Corrections of Verse Errors in Pulse Diagnosis states, “A relaxed pulse
arrives and departs slowly. It is faster than a slow pulse. With moderate to heavy pressure, it is soft and slow. It is
smaller than a deep pulse. In addition, it is leisurely and soft” (Volume A).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.16.
6.17
replete pulse
實脈
pulse which feels forceful by both light touch or heavy pressure in inch, bar and cubit regions
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic .
Note 2 to entry: Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A replete pulse is forceful with both
light or heavy pressure. It is neither fast nor slow.” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.17.
6.18
rough pulse
澀脈
pulse which feels stagnant, thready, slow and irregular
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic .
Note 2 to entry: Binhu’s Sphygmology states, “A rough pulse is thready and slow. It arrives and departs roughly.
It is short and scattered, feeling like using a knife to scrape bamboo or a sick silkworm biting leaves” (Chapter
Qiyanjuese 七言決澀). Revised Verses in Pulse Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A rough pulse is stagnant like rain
touching the sand” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Essential Principles and Practice of Pulse Diagnosis states,
“A Rough pulse is stagnant, like a blade scraping bamboo. It is slow, thready and short, all indicating obstruction”
(Chapter Semaiyin, 澀脈陰).
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.18.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 9
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23961-2:2021(E)
6.19
short pulse
短脈
pulse which is shorter than the three palpation fingers located in inch, bar and cubit regions
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is (Huangdi’s) Internal Classic .
Note 2 to entry: Note2 to entry: Pulse Classic states, “The shape of a short pulse that beats felt under the fingers
do not fill the three positions” (Volume A), which was cited by Binhu’s Sphygmology. Revised Verses in Pulse
Diagnosis by Zhu Zhenheng states, “A short pulse feels rapid with light touch and pressure; however, the beats
under the fingers do not fill the positions” (Chapter Bianmaixingmingzhuang). Essential Principles and Practice
of Pulse Diagnosis states, “A short pulse is rough and small, its head and tail are both hidden; it protrudes at the
centre, but cannot fill the positions”.
Note 3 to entry: For further information, see A.3.19.
6.20
skipping pulse
促脈
pulse with more than 90 beats per minute and irregular beating
Note 1 to entry: The first origin is Tre
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.