ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015

Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 4: Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz

ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015 defines the air interface for radio frequency identification (RFID) devices operating in the 2,45 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band used in item management applications. It provides a common technical specification for RFID devices that can be used by ISO committees developing RFID application standards. It is intended to allow for compatibility and to encourage inter-operability of products for the growing RFID market in the international marketplace. It defines the forward and return link parameters for technical attributes including, but not limited to, operating frequency, operating channel accuracy, occupied channel bandwidth, maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP), spurious emissions, modulation, duty cycle, data coding, bit rate, bit rate accuracy, bit transmission order, and, where appropriate, operating channels, frequency hop rate, hop sequence, spreading sequence, and chip rate. It further defines the communications protocol used in the air interface. ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015 contains the following three modes: Mode 1 is an interrogator talks first with passive tag; Mode 2 is a tag talks first with battery-assisted passive tag; Mode 3 is a globally available, ubiquitous network supporting, among others, the logistics and transportation industry; agnostic to any device, commercial or otherwise, requiring global availability. The detailed technical differences between the modes are shown in the parameter tables.

Technologies de l'information — Identification par radiofréquence (RFID) pour la gestion d'objets — Partie 4: Paramètres de communications d'une interface d'air à 2,45 GHz

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 14-Feb-2015
• Withdrawal Date: 14-Feb-2015
• ICS: 35.040 - Information coding
• ICS: 35.040.50 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4 - Radio communications
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 27-Jul-2018

Relations

• Revised: ISO/IEC 18000-4:2018 - Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 4: Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz
• Effective Date: 05-Nov-2015
• Revises: ISO/IEC 18000-4:2008 - Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 4: Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz
• Effective Date: 21-Jul-2012
• Consolidated By: ISO 18295-2:2017 - Customer contact centres — Part 2: Requirements for clients using the services of customer contact centres
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 18000-4
Third edition
2015-02-01
Information technology — Radio
frequency identification for item
management —
Part 4:
Parameters for air interface
communications at 2,45 GHz
Technologies de l’information — Identification par radiofréquence
(RFID) pour la gestion d’objets —
Partie 4: Paramètres de communications d’une interface d’air à 2,45 GHz
Reference number
ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2015

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ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2015
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved

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ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 3
5 General items on 2,45 GHz RFID protocols that support this part of ISO/IEC 18000 .5
5.1 Protocols . 5
5.2 Frequency . 5
5.2.1 Interface definitions . 5
5.3 Tag identification number . 6
5.4 Potential interference . 6
6 MODE 1: Passive backscatter RFID system . 6
6.1 MODE 1: General . 6
6.2 Physical layer and data coding . 7
6.2.1 Interrogator power-up waveform . 7
6.2.2 Interrogator power-down . 8
6.2.3 Frequency hopping carrier rise and fall times . 9
6.2.4 Forward link . 9
6.2.5 FM0 return link .11
6.2.6 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) .12
6.2.7 Protocol concept .13
6.2.8 Command format .14
6.2.9 Response format .15
6.2.10 WAIT .15
6.2.11 Communication sequences at packet level .16
6.3 Protocol and collision arbitration .17
6.3.1 Definition of data elements, bit and byte ordering .17
6.3.2 Tag memory organisation .18
6.3.3 Block security status.18
6.3.4 Overall protocol description .19
6.3.5 Collision arbitration .23
6.3.6 Commands .24
6.3.7 Transmission errors . .43
7 MODE 2: Long range high data rate RFID system .43
7.1 MODE 2: General .43
7.2 Modulation and coding .43
7.2.1 Forward link (only for R/W-tag) .43
7.2.2 Return link for notification (for both types of the tag) .44
7.2.3 Return link for communication (only for R/W-tag) .44
7.3 General system description.45
7.4 Frame structure .46
7.4.1 Hierarchical structure .46
7.4.2 Logical channels .47
7.4.3 Physical channels .53
7.5 Channel coding and sequences .68
7.5.1 Synchronisation and CRC patterns .68
7.6 Command set for the command slot channel: CS-CH (only for R/W-tag) .68
7.6.1 Command types .68
7.6.2 Command set .69
7.6.3 Command codes .70
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ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)

8 MODE 3: Active RFID ITF network .72
8.1 General .72
8.2 Operational Requirements.72
8.3 Network Physical Layer Description .73
8.4 Network Description.73
8.4.1 General.73
8.4.2 Network Topology .73
8.5 Star Topology .76
8.5.1 General.76
8.5.2 Star Topology Data Flow .76
8.6 Trunk Topology .76
8.6.1 Trunk Coordinator Requirements .76
8.6.2 Data Flow in a Trunk Topology .77
8.7 Peer-to-Peer Topology .77
8.8 Mesh Topology .78
8.8.1 Establishing a Mesh Network .78
8.9 Message Types . .81
8.9.1 Network Discovery Beacon (NDB) .83
8.9.2 Network Status Message (NSM) .87
8.9.3 Acknowledgement Message .91
8.9.4 Command Message .94
8.9.5 Data Message .95
8.9.6 Mesh Request .96
8.9.7 Mesh Data .97
8.10 Network Discovery .97
8.10.1 Methods of Network Discovery .98
8.10.2 Transmitting Network Discovery Beacons .98
8.10.3 Connectionless Network .99
8.10.4 Associated Network Connection (ANC) .100
8.11 Link Encryption Methods .102
9 Table of characteristic differences between the modes specified in this part of ISO/
IEC 18000 .103
Annex A (informative) Mode 1: Memory Map .104
Annex B (informative) Mode 1: CRC .110
Annex C (normative) Mode 2: Memory Map .113
Annex D (informative) Mode 2: CRC .115
Bibliography .117
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ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction
and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, SC 31, Automatic
identification and data capture techniques.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/IEC 18000-4:2008), of which it constitutes
a minor revision with the following changes:
— 5.1 has become Clause 5;
— 5.2 has become Clause 6;
— 5.3 has been Clause 7;
— Clause 8 has been introduced;
— Clause 6 has become Clause 9;
— Clause 1, Clause 2, Clause 3, Clause 4, Clause 5, and Clause 9 have been revised as necessary to also
cover Clause 8.
ISO/IEC 18000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Radio
frequency identification for item management:
— Part 1: Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized
— Part 2: Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz
— Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
— Part 4: Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz
— Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz General
— Part 61: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz Type A
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ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)

— Part 62: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz Type B
— Part 63: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz Type C
— Part 64: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz Type D
— Part 7: Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz
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ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)

Introduction
This part of ISO/IEC 18000 is one of a series of International Standards and Technical Reports developed
by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31, WG 4 for the identification of items (item management) using radio frequency
identification (RFID) technology.
This part of ISO/IEC 18000 defines three 2,45 GHz protocols. Each of the specific physical/data link
configurations is defined in a separate sub-clause. The configuration descriptions include a physical
layer and a data link layer.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) draw attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this document can involve the
use of patents concerning radio-frequency identification technology given in all parts of the document.
ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity, and scope of these patent rights.
The holders of these patent rights have assured the ISO and IEC that they are willing to negotiate licences
under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants throughout the world.
In this respect, the statements of the holders of these patent rights are registered with ISO and IEC.
Information can be obtained from the following companies.
Contact details
Patent Holder: Patent Holder:
Legal Name iControl Inc Legal Name Zebra Technologies Corporation
Contact for license application: Contact for license application:
Name & Department George Cavage Name & Department James O’Hagan, Director of
Patents & Technology
Address 3235 Kifer Road, suite 260
Address 475 Half Day Road, Suite 500
Address Santa Clara, CA 94109, USA
Address Lincolnshire, IL 60069, USA
Tel. [phone]
Tel. [phone]
Fax
Fax [phone]
E-mail [e-mail]
E-mail [e-mail]
URL (optional) www.icontrol-inc.com
URL (optional)
Patent Holder:
Legal Name Impinj, Inc.
Contact for license application:
Name & Department Stacy Jones, Impinj, Inc.
th
Address 701 N 34 Street, Suite 300
Address Seattle. WA 98103 USA
Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone]
E-mail [e-mail]
URL (optional) www.impinj.com
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)
Information technology — Radio frequency identification
for item management —
Part 4:
Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 18000 defines the air interface for radio frequency identification (RFID) devices
operating in the 2,45 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band used in item management
applications. This part of ISO/IEC 18000 provides a common technical specification for RFID devices
that can be used by ISO committees developing RFID application standards. This part of ISO/IEC 18000
is intended to allow for compatibility and to encourage inter-operability of products for the growing
RFID market in the international marketplace. This part of ISO/IEC 18000 defines the forward and
return link parameters for technical attributes including, but not limited to, operating frequency,
operating channel accuracy, occupied channel bandwidth, maximum equivalent isotropically radiated
power (EIRP), spurious emissions, modulation, duty cycle, data coding, bit rate, bit rate accuracy, bit
transmission order, and, where appropriate, operating channels, frequency hop rate, hop sequence,
spreading sequence, and chip rate. This part of ISO/IEC 18000 further defines the communications
protocol used in the air interface.
This part of ISO/IEC 18000 contains the following three modes:
— Mode 1 is an interrogator talks first with passive tag;
— Mode 2 is a tag talks first with battery-assisted passive tag;
— Mode 3 is a globally available, ubiquitous network supporting, among others, the logistics and
transportation industry; agnostic to any device, commercial or otherwise, requiring global
availability.
The detailed technical differences between the modes are shown in the parameter tables.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISO/IEC 7816-6:— , Identification cards — Integrated circuit cards — Part 6: Interindustry data elements
for interchange
ISO/IEC 15963, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Unique
identification for RF tags
ISO/IEC/TR 18047-4, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test
methods — Part 4: Test methods for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz
1)
ISO/IEC 19762 (all parts):— , Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC)
techniques — Harmonized vocabulary
1) To be published
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ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)

ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-15-4:2010, Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange
between systems — Local and metropolitan area networks — Specific requirements — Part 15-4: Wireless
medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low-rate wireless personal area
networks (WPANs)
3 Terms and definitions
2)
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762 (all parts):— and
the following apply.
3.1
associated
has successfully negotiated a di-directional wireless link with a coordinator
Note 1 to entry: Associated networks require communication be maintained and monitored for a period of time.
3.2
association
service used to establish membership for a device communicating within the wireless network described
in this International Standard
3.3
block cipher
cryptographic function that operates on strings of fixed size
3.4
coordinator
full-function device (FFD) capable of relaying messages
Note 1 to entry: If a coordinator is the principal controller of a personal area network (PAN), it is called the
PAN coordinator.
3.5
data server
device data termination point
3.6
device
any entity that meets the ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-15-4 medium access control (MAC), physical interface to
the wireless medium, and this protocol specification.
Note 1 to entry: A device can be a reduced-function device (RFD) or a full function device (FFD).
3.7
encryption
transformation of a message into a new representation so that privileged information is required to
recover the original representation
3.8
full-function device
FFD
device capable of operating as a coordinator
3.9
group key
key that is known only to a set of devices
2) To be published.
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ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)

3.10
hailing channel
ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-15-4 radio channel used to broadcast the NDB
3.11
key
privileged information that can be used, for example, to protect information from disclosure to, and/or
undetectable modification by, parties that do not have access to this privileged information
3.12
link key
secret key that is shared between precisely two devices
3.13
mesh networking
type of network where an FFD serves as a relay for other devices
3.14
message integrity code
MIC
data whereby an entity receiving a message corroborates evidence about the true source of the
information in the message and, thereby, evidence that the message has not been modified in transit
3.15
network channel
primary ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-15-4 radio channel between a coordinator and remote devices
3.16
packet
formatted, aggregated bits that are transmitted together in time across the physical medium
3.17
payload data
contents of a data message that is being transmitted
3.18
reduced-function device
RFD
device that is not capable of operating as a coordinator
3.19
server connected coordinator
SCC
network coordinator that terminates the wireless protocol described in this International Standard and
is connected to control servers
3.20
tag
any device type associated with the device and capable of joining the network
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
ACK acknowledgement
CCITT Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique
Cht Carrier high level tolerance
Clt Carrier low level tolerance
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ISO/IEC 18000-4:2015(E)

CRC cyclical redundancy check
CSMA carrier sense multiple access
f base frequency of the bit rate of Manchester code without bit changes
bitrate
f frequency of operating field (carrier frequency)
c
FCF frame control field
FCS frame check sequence
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
M Modulation
Ma Modulation overshoot
MAC medium access control
Mb Modulation undershoot
MIC message integrity code
MIN Manufacturing Identification Number
Mlt Modulation lower tolerance
Mut
...