ISO 20915:2018
(Main)Life cycle inventory calculation methodology for steel products
Life cycle inventory calculation methodology for steel products
This document specifies guidelines and requirements for conducting life cycle inventory (LCI) studies of steel products reflecting steel's capacity for closed-loop recycling, including: a) specification of the functional unit used for LCI calculation of steel products; b) definition of the system boundaries used for LCI calculation of steel products; c) evaluation of scrap in LCI calculation of steel products; d) evaluation of co-products in LCI calculation of steel products; e) reporting of LCI calculation results of steel products. The application of LCI results, including life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), is outside the scope of this document.
Méthodologie de calcul de l’inventaire du cycle de vie des produits en acier
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20915
First edition
2018-11
Life cycle inventory calculation
methodology for steel products
Méthodologie de calcul de l’inventaire du cycle de vie des produits
en acier
Reference number
©
ISO 2018
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Basic conditions for LCI of steel products . 3
4.1 General requirements . 3
4.2 Function and functional unit . 3
4.3 System boundary . 4
4.4 Data quality . 5
4.4.1 General. 5
4.4.2 Time-related coverage . 5
4.4.3 Geographical coverage . 5
4.4.4 Technology coverage . 5
4.4.5 Sources of the data . 5
4.4.6 Cut-off criteria . 5
5 Methodological procedure for LCI calculation of steel products with provision for
scrap recycling . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Calculation of cradle to gate LCI without allocation for scrap input . 7
5.3 Allocation for scrap recycling . 8
5.3.1 General. 8
5.3.2 LCI calculation methodology for scrap . 8
5.3.3 Calculation of the burden for scrap input to produce the specific steel
product under study . 8
5.3.4 Calculation of the credits for scrap recovery . 9
5.4 Collecting data . 9
5.4.1 General. 9
5.4.2 Co-products . 9
5.4.3 Ferrous raw materials .10
5.4.4 Process coal .11
5.4.5 Non-ferrous raw materials .11
5.4.6 Ferro alloy .11
5.4.7 Other input materials .11
5.4.8 Fuels .11
5.4.9 Process gases .11
5.4.10 Electricity .12
5.4.11 Steam .12
5.4.12 Sea water .12
5.4.13 Fresh water .12
5.4.14 Industrial gases .12
5.4.15 Emissions to air, water and soil .12
5.4.16 Flares .12
5.4.17 Transportation .13
5.5 Allocation procedure for co-products .13
5.5.1 General requirement .13
5.5.2 System expansion .13
6 Reporting .13
7 Critical review .14
Annex A (informative) An example for calculating X .15
pr
Annex B (informative) Example of LCI result reporting .17
Annex C (informative) Example uses of co-products outside of the system boundary .23
Annex D (informative) Comparison among standards .24
Annex E (informative) Details for calculating the recycling rate .25
Annex F (informative) LCI calculations for electricity and steam .27
Bibliography .29
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
Introduction
The life cycle inventory (LCI) of steel products is an important component in the support of life cycle
assessments for a wide range of products and applications that contain steel or where steel is used to
support the manufacture, production or delivery of products.
This document describes the methodology for the calculation of the steel life cycle inventories that can
be applied to a wide range of steel products, and represents the main process routes for global steel
production. This includes the extraction of raw materials from the earth through to the production
of steel products at the factory gate, as well as provision for scrap recycling of steel products and
the treatment of steel scrap. The methodology conforms to the principles and framework set out in
ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 and demonstrates how these principles can be applied to steel
product manufacture and steel recycling.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the life cycle of steel products consists of the following stages:
— sourcing of natural resources (which includes mining
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20915
First edition
2018-11
Life cycle inventory calculation
methodology for steel products
Méthodologie de calcul de l’inventaire du cycle de vie des produits
en acier
Reference number
©
ISO 2018
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Basic conditions for LCI of steel products . 3
4.1 General requirements . 3
4.2 Function and functional unit . 3
4.3 System boundary . 4
4.4 Data quality . 5
4.4.1 General. 5
4.4.2 Time-related coverage . 5
4.4.3 Geographical coverage . 5
4.4.4 Technology coverage . 5
4.4.5 Sources of the data . 5
4.4.6 Cut-off criteria . 5
5 Methodological procedure for LCI calculation of steel products with provision for
scrap recycling . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Calculation of cradle to gate LCI without allocation for scrap input . 7
5.3 Allocation for scrap recycling . 8
5.3.1 General. 8
5.3.2 LCI calculation methodology for scrap . 8
5.3.3 Calculation of the burden for scrap input to produce the specific steel
product under study . 8
5.3.4 Calculation of the credits for scrap recovery . 9
5.4 Collecting data . 9
5.4.1 General. 9
5.4.2 Co-products . 9
5.4.3 Ferrous raw materials .10
5.4.4 Process coal .11
5.4.5 Non-ferrous raw materials .11
5.4.6 Ferro alloy .11
5.4.7 Other input materials .11
5.4.8 Fuels .11
5.4.9 Process gases .11
5.4.10 Electricity .12
5.4.11 Steam .12
5.4.12 Sea water .12
5.4.13 Fresh water .12
5.4.14 Industrial gases .12
5.4.15 Emissions to air, water and soil .12
5.4.16 Flares .12
5.4.17 Transportation .13
5.5 Allocation procedure for co-products .13
5.5.1 General requirement .13
5.5.2 System expansion .13
6 Reporting .13
7 Critical review .14
Annex A (informative) An example for calculating X .15
pr
Annex B (informative) Example of LCI result reporting .17
Annex C (informative) Example uses of co-products outside of the system boundary .23
Annex D (informative) Comparison among standards .24
Annex E (informative) Details for calculating the recycling rate .25
Annex F (informative) LCI calculations for electricity and steam .27
Bibliography .29
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
Introduction
The life cycle inventory (LCI) of steel products is an important component in the support of life cycle
assessments for a wide range of products and applications that contain steel or where steel is used to
support the manufacture, production or delivery of products.
This document describes the methodology for the calculation of the steel life cycle inventories that can
be applied to a wide range of steel products, and represents the main process routes for global steel
production. This includes the extraction of raw materials from the earth through to the production
of steel products at the factory gate, as well as provision for scrap recycling of steel products and
the treatment of steel scrap. The methodology conforms to the principles and framework set out in
ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 and demonstrates how these principles can be applied to steel
product manufacture and steel recycling.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the life cycle of steel products consists of the following stages:
— sourcing of natural resources (which includes mining
...
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