ISO/TS 6084:2022
(Main)Steel and steel products — Vocabulary relating to chemical analysis
Steel and steel products — Vocabulary relating to chemical analysis
This document defines terms relating to methods of the determination of the chemical composition of steel and steel products.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 6084
First edition
2022-06
Steel and steel products — Vocabulary
relating to chemical analysis
Reference number
ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
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© ISO 2022
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms related to steel and cast iron . 1
3.2 General terms related to preparation of steel and cast iron . 3
3.3 General terms related to sample and sampling. 4
3.4 General terms related to analytical standards . 7
3.5 Definitions of the analysis methods and analytical instrument . 11
3.6 Definitions relating to characteristics and properties of the equipment . 18
3.7 Definitions relating to interference . 24
3.8 Characteristics of methods.29
Bibliography .42
Index .45
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 1, Methods of
determination of chemical composition.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
Introduction
To ensure that communication in a particular domain is effective and that difficulties in understanding
are minimized, it is essential that the various participants use the same concepts and concept
representations. Unambiguous communication related to analytical chemistry concepts is crucial given
the implications that can arise from misunderstandings with regard to equipment.
Different levels of scientific and technical knowledge can lead to widely divergent understandings and
assumptions about concepts. The result is poor communication that can lead into an increase of the risk
of accidents and duplication of efforts as different define concepts according to their perspectives.
Conceptual arrangement of terms and definitions is based on concepts systems that show corresponding
relationships analytical chemistry concepts. Such arrangement provides users with a structured view
of the analytical methods and will facilitate common understanding of all related concepts. Besides,
concepts systems and conceptual arrangement of terminological data will be helpful to any kind of user
because it will promote clear, accurate and useful communication.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
Steel and steel products — Vocabulary relating to chemical
analysis
1 Scope
This document defines terms relating to methods of the determination of the chemical composition of
steel and steel products.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General terms related to steel and cast iron
3.1.1
alloy steel
steel (3.1.17), other than a stainless steel, that conforms to a specification that requires one or more of
the following elements, by mass percent, to have a minimum content equal to or greater than: 0,30 for
aluminum; 0,000 8 for boron; 0,30 for chromium; 0,30 for cobalt; 0,40 for copper; 0,40 for lead; 1,65 for
manganese; 0,08 for molybdenum; 0,30 for nickel; 0,06 for niobium (columbium); 0,60 for silicon; 0,05
for titanium; 0,30 for tungsten (wolfram); 0,10 for vanadium; 0,05 for zirconium; or 0,10 for any other
alloying element, except sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen
[SOURCE: ASTM A941: 2018]
3.1.2
austenitic steel
steel (3.1.17) where the structure consists of austenite (3.1.3) at ambient temperature
Note 1 to entry: Cast austenitic steels can contain up to about 20 % of ferrite (3.1.8).
3.1.3
austenite
solid solution of one or more elements in gamma iron (3.1.19)
3.1.4
boriding
thermochemical treatment of a workpiece to enrich the surface of a workpiece with boron
Note 1 to entry: The medium in which boriding takes place should be specified, e.g. pack boriding, paste boriding,
etc.
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
3.1.5
cast/heat analysis
chemical analysis determined by the steel producer as being representative of a specific heat of steel
(3.1.17)
Note 1 to entry: Where the analysis reported by the steel producer is not sufficiently complete for conformance
with the heat analysis (3.1.5) requirements of the applicable product specification to be fully assessed, the
manufacturer can complete the assessment of conformance with such heat analysis (3.1.5) requirements by using
a product analysis (3.1.16) for the specified elements that were not reported by the steel producer, provided that
product analysis (3.1.16) tolerances are not applied and the heat analysis (3.1.5) is not altered
[SOURCE: ASTM A941: 2018]
3.1.6
cast iron
alloy of iron, carbon and silicon where the carbon content is approximately more than 2 %
3.1.7
ductile iron
nodular cast iron
cast iron (3.1.6) that has been treated while molten with an element (usually magnesium or cerium)
that spheroidizes the graphite
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.4]
3.1.8
ferrite
body-centred cubic lattice structure of iron or steel (3.1.17)
3.1.9
forged steel
steel (3.1.17) product obtained by forging and that does not undergo subsequent hot conversion
Note 1 to entry: These products are mainly in the form of circles or squares.
3.1.10
grey cast iron
cast material, mainly iron and carbon based, carbon being present mainly in the form of flake (lamellar)
graphite particles
Note 1 to entry: Grey cast iron is also known as flake graphite cast iron, and less commonly as lamellar graphite
cast iron.
Note 2 to entry: Graphite form, distribution and size are specified in ISO 945-1.
[SOURCE: EN 1561:2011, 3.1]
3.1.11
killed steel
steel (3.1.17) deoxidized to such a level that essentially no reaction occurred between carbon and
oxygen during solidification
[SOURCE: ASTM A941: 2018]
3.1.12
malleable iron
white cast iron (3.1.18) that is thermally treated to convert most or all of the cementite to graphite
(temper carbon)
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.3]
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3.1.13
martensite
(phase) formed in carbon containing steels (3.1.17) by the cooling of austenite (3.1.3) at such a high rate
that carbon atoms do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal structure in large enough quantities to
form cementite (Fe C)
3
3.1.14
nitriding
case-hardening process in which nitrogen is introduced into the surface of metallic materials (most
commonly ferrous alloys)
EXAMPLE Liquid nitriding, gas nitriding, ion nitriding and plasma (3.6.32) nitriding.
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.11]
3.1.15
non-alloyed steel
steel in which the percentage of each element is less than specific limiting values specified
Note 1 to entry: See Table in ISO 4948-1:1982, 3.1.2.
3.1.16
product analysis
chemical analysis carried out on a sample of the product taken after the final hot rolling operation
3.1.17
steel
ferrous material the principal element of which is iron and the carbon content of which is not more than
2 % of mass
Note 1 to entry: The presence of large quantities of carbide-forming elements can modify the upper limit of the
carbon content.
Note 2 to entry: The nomenclature for unalloyed steels suitable for heat treatment and for alloyed steels is given
in ISO 4948-1 and ISO 4948-2.
Note 3 to entry: Small amount of alloying elements added to non-alloy steels can cause the product to be defined
as a micro-alloy steel.
3.1.18
white cast iron
cast iron (3.1.6) that displays a white fracture surface due to the presence of cementite
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.2]
3.1.19
gamma iron
pure iron with face-centred cubic lattice structure
3.2 General terms related to preparation of steel and cast iron
3.2.1
grinding
method of preparing a sample of metal for a physical method of analysis in which the surface of the test
sample (3.3.15) is abraded using an abrasive wheel
3.2.2
linishing
method of preparing a sample of metal for a physical method of analysis in which the surface of the
test sample (3.3.15) is abraded using a flexible rotating disc or continuous belt coated with an abrasive
substance
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3.2.3
milling
method of preparing sample chips or the surface of a sample for a physical method of analysis in which
the surface of the sample is machined using a rotating, multi-edged cutting tool
3.3 General terms related to sample and sampling
3.3.1
aliquot
known amount of a homogeneous material, assumed to be taken with negligible sampling error
Note 1 to entry: The term "aliquot" is usually applied to fluids.
Note 2 to entry: The term "aliquot" is usually used when the fractional part is an exact divisor of the whole; the
term "aliquant" has been used when the fractional part is not exact divisor of the whole (e.g. a 15 ml portion is an
aliquant of 100 ml).
Note 3 to entry: When a laboratory sample (3.3.7) or a test sample (3.3.15) is "aliquoted" or otherwise subdivided,
the portions have been called split samples.
3.3.2
analyte
component of a system to be analysed
[SOURCE: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations
1989))]
3.3.3
analytical sample
sample prepared from the laboratory sample (3.3.7) and from which analytical portions can be taken
Note 1 to entry: The analytical sample can be subjected to various treatments before an analytical portion is
taken.
Note 2 to entry: Where no homogenization or subdivision is necessary, the laboratory sample (3.3.7), the test
sample (3.3.15), and, if the latter requires no further chemical or physical treatment, the analytical samples are
identical. With some homogeneous materials such as waters or oils, the laboratory sample (3.3.7) may be taken
directly from a sample unit and, if no further subdivision or homogenization is carried out, the laboratory sample
(3.3.7) is the test sample (3.3.15). Similarly, with atmospheric particulates collected on a filter, the sample unit is
the laboratory sample (3.3.7) and, if no further subdivision or homogenization is carried out, also the test sample
(3.3.15).
[SOURCE: ISO 15193:2009, 3.3, modified — Note to entry added.]
3.3.4
consignment
quantity of metal delivered at one time
3.3.5
duplicate samples
replicate samples
multiple (or two) samples taken under comparable conditions
Note 1 to entry: This selection can be accomplished by taking units adjacent in time or space. Although the
replicate samples are expected to be identical, often the only thing replicated is the act of taking the physical
sample. A duplicate sample is a replicate sample consisting of two portions. The umpire samples usually used to
settle a dispute; the replicate sample is usually used to estimate sample variability.
[SOURCE: PAC, 1990, 62, 1193 (Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (Recommendations
1990))]
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3.3.6
increment
quantity of metal obtained by sampling at one time from a consignment (3.3.4)
3.3.7
laboratory sample
sample or subsample(s) (3.3.13) sent to or received by the laboratory
Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding
(3.2.1), or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample (3.3.15). When no preparation of the
laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample (3.3.15). A test portion (3.3.14) is removed
from the test sample (3.3.15) for the performance of the test or for analysis.
Note 2 to entry: The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the
initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory.
Note 3 to entry: Several laboratory samples can be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same
laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single
laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample.
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6, Sampling stages]
3.3.8
lot
quantity of material that is assumed to be a single population for sampling purposes
[SOURCE: PAC, 1990, 62, 1193 (Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (Recommendations
1990))]
3.3.9
matrix
components of the sample other than the analyte (3.3.2)
Note 1 to entry: to entry. In analysis.
[SOURCE: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations
1989))]
3.3.10
primary sample
collection of one or more increments (3.3.6) or units initially taken from a population
Note 1 to entry: The portions can be either combined (composited or bulked sample) or kept separate (gross
sample). If combined and mixed to homogeneity, it is a blended bulk sample.
Note 2 to entry: The term "bulk sample" is commonly used in the sampling literature as the sample formed by
combining increments (3.3.6). The term "bulk sample" is ambiguous since it could also mean a sample from a
bulk lot (3.3.8) and it does not indicate whether the increments (3.3.6) or units are kept separate or combined.
Such use should be discouraged because less ambiguous alternative expressions (composite sample, aggregate
sample) are available.
Note 3 to entry: "Lot sample" and "batch sample" have also been used for this concept, but they are self-limiting
terms.
Note 4 to entry: The use of "primary" in this sense is not meant to imply the necessity for multistage sampling.
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6, Sampling stages]
3.3.11
representative sample
sample that has the same properties as a defined batch of material and represents the bulk material,
within a defined confidence limit
[SOURCE: ISO 14488:2007, 3.7]
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3.3.12
specimen
one or more pieces taken from each product in the sample, for the purpose of producing test pieces
[SOURCE: ISO 6361-1:2011, 3.7]
3.3.13
subsample
sample obtained by procedures in which the items of interest are randomly distributed in parts of equal
or unequal size
Note 1 to entry: A sub-sample can be any of the following:
a) a portion of the sample obtained by selection or division;
b) an individual unit of the lot (3.3.8) taken as part of the sample;
c) the final unit of multistage sampling.
Note 2 to entry: The term “subsample” is used either in the sense of a “sample of a sample” or as a synonym for
“unit”. In practice, the meaning is usually apparent from the context or is defined.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.1.34]
3.3.14
test portion
part of the test sample, or part of the sample taken from the melt, submitted to analysis, in certain
cases, the test portion can be selected from the sample product itself
Note 1 to entry: The following special types of test portions in the form of a solid mass obtained from a probe
sample are distinguished
— disc originating from the sampling of molten metal (from a special sampler or a small ingot), used for OES or
XRF
— test portion in the shape of a small disc, commonly described as a slug, obtained by punching,
— test portion in the form of a small appendage, commonly described as a lug,
— test portion in the form of a small-diameter rod, commonly described as a pin, obtained by cutting.
Note 2 to entry: When the test sample is in the form of chips or powder, or when a sample in the form of a solid
mass is analysed by a thermal method, the test portion (3.3.14) is obtained by weighing. In the case of a physical
method of analysis, the part actually analysed will constitute only a small mass of the test sample. In an optical
emission spectrometric method, the mass of metal consumed in an electrical discharge (3.6.14) is about 0,5 mg
to 1 mg, in an X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method, the characteristic radiation is produced from a very thin
surface layer of the sample.
3.3.15
test sample
sample taken or formed from the laboratory sample (3.3.7), by a process involving homogenization
using physical or mechanical treatments such as grinding (3.2.1), drilling, milling (3.2.3) or sieving
Note 1 to entry: The test sample is then in a form suitable for subsampling for analytical purposes, for storing for
future analysis or for using for test purposes other than analytical.
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.9]
3.3.16
test solution
analytical solution
solution prepared by dissolving, with or without reaction, the test portion (3.3.14) in a liquid
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6 Sampling stages]
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3.3.17
trace element
element having an average concentration of less than about 100 parts per million atoms (ppm) or less
than 0,01 % by weight
[SOURCE: PAC, 1979, 51, 2243 (General aspects of trace analytical methods - IV. Recommendations
for nomenclature, standard procedures and reporting of experimental data for surface analysis
techniques)]
3.4 General terms related to analytical standards
3.4.1
blank test solution
solution that contains all the chemicals except for the element to be determined in the same
concentration as required for the preparation of a reference standard solution (3.4.17) of that element
[SOURCE: OIML R 100-1:2013, 3.3.2]
3.4.2
blank reference solution
solution used to set the zero absorbance on the spectrometer (3.5.22) and that normally consists of a
pure solvent such as deionized water
[SOURCE: OIML R 100-1:2013, 3.3.1]
3.4.3
blank value
reading or result originating from the matrix (3.3.9), reagents and any residual bias (3.8.5) in the
measurement device or process, which contributes to the value obtained for the quantity in the
analytical procedure
[SOURCE: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations
1989))]
3.4.4
bracketing technique
analytical method consisting of bracketing the measured absorption or machine reading of the sample
between two measurements made on calibration solutions (3.4.8) of neighbouring concentrations
within the optimum working range
[SOURCE: ISO 6486-2:1999, 3.3]
3.4.5
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the
quantity values (3.4.16) with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and
corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties (3.8.20) and, in a second step,
uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication
Note 1 to entry: A calibration can be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram,
calibration curve (3.4.7), or calibration table. In some cases, it can consist of an additive or multiplicative
correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty (3.8.20).
Note 2 to entry: Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly
called “self-calibration”, nor with verification (3.8.47) of calibration.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.39]
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3.4.6
calibration blank solution
solution prepared in the same way as the calibration solution (3.4.8) but leaving out the analyte (3.3.2),
also called “zero member” of the calibration (3.4.5) series
[SOURCE: ISO 21400:2018, 3.8, modified]
3.4.7
calibration curve
expression of the relation between indication and corresponding measured quantity value (3.4.16.2)
Note 1 to entry: A calibration curve expresses a one-to-one relation that does not supply a measurement result as
it bears no information about the measurement uncertainty (3.8.20).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.31]
3.4.8
calibration solution
solution used to calibrate the instrument, prepared from a stock solution (3.4.21) or a certified standard
by adding acids, buffer (3.6.5), reference element (3.7.7) and salts as needed
[SOURCE: ISO 21400:2018, 3.9]
3.4.9
certified reference material
CRM
reference material (RM) characterized by a metrologically valid procedure for one or more specified
properties, accompanied by an RM certificate that provides the value of the specified property, its
associated uncertainty (3.8.20), and a statement of metrological traceability
Note 1 to entry: The concept of value includes a nominal property or a qualitative attribute such as identity or
sequence. Uncertainties for such attributes can be expressed as probabilities or levels of confidence.
[SOURCE: ISO Guide 30:2015, 2.1.2, modified —Notes 2, 3 and 4 to entry deleted.]
3.4.10
internal standard
compound added to a sample in a fixed amount that has similar properties (spectral, physical, isobaric
etc.) to the target analyte (3.3.2) used to correct for instrument drift (3.6.15) and matrix interference
(3.7.11)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 20593:2017, 3.6, modified]
3.4.11
internal standard line
spectral line (3.6.40) of an internal standard (3.4.10), to which the radiant energy of an analytical line is
compared
[SOURCE: ASTM E135: 2021]
3.4.12
matrix solution
synthetic solution consisting of the solvent and containing, if possible, all the constituents of the
analytical sample (3.3.3) except the analyte (3.3.2)
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3.4.13
primary reference material
primary RM
high purity material of the analyte (3.3.2), certified for the mass/mole fraction of the analyte (3.3.2)
in the material, and which constitutes the realization of the International System of Units (SI) for the
analyte (3.3.2) of interest
Note 1 to entry: A primary reference material has its value assigned either directly by a primary RMP or indirectly
by determining the impurities of the material by appropriate analytical methods (e.g. mass balance method).
[SOURCE: ISO 17511:2020, 3.35]
3.4.14
reference material
RM
material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which
has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process
Note 1 to entry: RM is a generic term.
Note 2 to entry: Properties can be quantitative or qualitative, e.g. identity of substances or species.
Note 3 to entry: Uses can include the calibration (3.4.5) of a measurement system, assessment of a measurement
procedure, assigning values to other materials, and quality control (3.8.26).
Note 4 to entry: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 5.13 has an analogous definition, but restricts the term “measurement”
to apply to quantitative values. However, Note 3 of ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 5.13, specifically includes qualitative
properties, called “nominal properties”.
[SOURCE: ISO/Guide 30:2015, 2.1.1]
3.4.15
reference method
reference measurement procedure
measurement procedure accepted as providing measurement results fit for their intended use in
assessing measurement trueness (3.8.46) of measured quantity values (3.4.16.2) obtained from other
measurement procedures for quantities of the same kind, in calibration (3.4.5), or in characterizing
reference materials (3.4.14)
Note 1 to entry: The accuracy (3.8.1) of a reference method must be demonstrated through direct comparison
with a definitive method or with a primary Reference Material (3.4.13).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.7, modified — New preferred term added, Note to entry added.]
3.4.16
quantity value
number and reference together expressing magnitude of a quantity
[SOURCE: JCGM 200:2012 1.19]
3.4.16.1
reference quantity value
reference value
quantity value (3.4.16) used as a basis for comparison with values of quantities of the same kind
Note 1 to entry: A reference quantity value can be a true quantity value (3.8.45) of a measurand, in which case it is
unknown, or a conventional quantity value, in which case it is known.
Note 2 to entry: A reference quantity value with associated measurement uncertainty (3.8.20) is usually provided
with reference to:
a) a material, e.g. a certified reference material (3.4.9);
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
b) a device, e.g. a stabilized laser;
c) a reference measurement procedure (3.4.15);
d) a comparison of measurement standards.
[
...
© ISO #### – All rights reserved
ISO/AWI TS 6084:20212022(E)
ISO TC 17/SC 1/WG 67
Date: 2022-01-17
Secretariat: JapanJISC
Steel and steel products- — Vocabulary relating to chemical analysis
DTS stage
Warning for WDs and CDs
This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is
subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent
rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
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ISO/AWI TS 6084: 20212022(E)
© ISO 2022
Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or
posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested
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ISO copyright office
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Tel. + Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
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Email: copyright@iso.org
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO/AWI TS 6084:20212022(E)
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction. v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography . 44
Alphabetical index of
terms………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………47
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ISO/AWI TS 6084: 20212022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Field Code Changed
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation onof the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)), see the following URL:
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. Field Code Changed
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 1,
MethodMethods of determination of chemical composition.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/AWI TS 6084:20212022(E)
Introduction
To ensure that communication in a particular domain is effective and that difficulties in understanding
are minimized, it is essential that the various participants use the same concepts and concept
representations. Unambiguous communication related to analytical chemistry concepts is crucial given
the implications that can arise from misunderstandings with regard to equipment.
The standardization of terms and definitions is thus fundamental to all standardization activities.
This document provides terms and definitions for analytical chemistry concepts dealing with analysis
and measurements in support of safe operation and standardization of methods for the determination of
chemical composition of steel and cast iron. Terminological data are taken from ISO standards developed
and other technically validated documents issued by international organizations.
Unambiguous communication related to analytical chemistry concepts is crucial taking into account the
relevant implications that may arise from misunderstandings with regard to equipment and materials
involved in the standards dealing with any subject regarding different method that used and operated for
a wide range of applications and requirements and for different kinds of steel and cast iron products.
In view of the foregoing, a large number of people are involved having differentDifferent levels of
scientific and technical knowledge, thus, it can belead to widely divergent understandings and
assumptions about concepts. The result is poor communication that mightcan lead into an increase of the
risk of accidents and duplication of efforts as different groups are going to define concepts according to
their perspectives.
Conceptual arrangement of terms and definitions is based on concepts systems that show corresponding
relationships analytical chemistry concepts. Such arrangement provides users with a structured view of
the analytical methods and will facilitate common understanding of all related concepts. Besides,
concepts systems and conceptual arrangement of terminological data will be helpful to any kind of user
because it will promote clear, accurate and useful communication.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
Steel and steel products- — vocabulary relating to chemical
analysis
1 Scope
This document defines terms relating to methods of the determination of the chemical composition of
steel and steel products.
In other terms, it provides terms and definitions for analytical chemistry concepts dealing with analysis
and measurements in support of safe operation and standardization of methods to facilitate
communication and promote common understanding.
32 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
43 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
4.13.1 General terms related to steel and cast iron
3.1.1
alloy steel
steel (3.1.17), other than a stainless steel, that conforms to a specification that requires one or more of
the following elements, by mass percent, to have a minimum content equal to or greater than: 0,30 for
aluminum; 0,000 8 for boron; 0,30 for chromium; 0,30 for cobalt; 0,40 for copper; 0,40 for lead; 1,65 for
manganese; 0,08 for molybdenum; 0,30 for nickel; 0,06 for niobium (columbium); 0,60 for silicon; 0,05
for titanium; 0,30 for tungsten (wolfram); 0,10 for vanadium; 0,05 for zirconium; or 0,10 for any other
alloying element, except sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen
[SOURCE: ASTM A941:2018]
3.1.2
austenitic steel
steel (3.1.17) where the structure consists of austenite (3.1.3) at ambient temperature
Note 1 to entry: Cast austenitic steels can contain up to about 20 % of ferrite (3.1.8).
[SOURCE: ISO 4885:2018]
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
4.1.1
3.1.3
austenite
solid solution of one or more elements in gamma iron (3.1.19pure iron with face-centred cubic lattice
structure)
[SOURCE: ISO 4885:2018]
4.1.2
3.1.4
boriding
thermochemical treatment of a workpiece to enrich the surface of a workpiece with boron
Note 1 to entry: The medium in which boriding takes place should be specified, e.g. pack boriding, paste boriding,
etc.
[SOURCE: ISO 4885:2018]
4.1.3
3.1.5
cast/heat analysis
chemical analysis determined by the steel producer as being representative of a specific heat of steel
(3.1.17)
Note 1 to entry: Where the analysis reported by the steel producer is not sufficiently complete for conformance with
the heat analysis (3.1.5) requirements of the applicable product specification to be fully assessed, the manufacturer
maycan complete the assessment of conformance with such heat analysis (3.1.5) requirements by using a product
analysis (3.1.16) for the specified elements that were not reported by the steel producer, provided that product
analysis (3.1.16) tolerances are not applied and the heat analysis (3.1.5) is not altered
[SOURCE: ASTM A941:2018]
Or
chemical analysis representative of the heat, by a method determined at the steelmaker's discretion
[SOURCE: ISO 404:2013, 3.11, modified.]
4.1.4
3.1.6
cast iron
alloy of iron, carbon and silicon where the carbon content is approximately more than 2 %
[SOURCE: ISO 4885:2018]
4.1.5
3.1.7
ductile iron
nodular cast iron
cast iron (3.1.6) that has been treated while molten with an element (usually magnesium or cerium) that
spheroidizes the graphite
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[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.4]
3.1.8
ferrite
body-centred cubic lattice structure of iron or steel (3.1.17)
[SOURCE: ISO 4885:2018]
4.1.6
3.1.9
forged steel
steel (3.1.17) product obtained by forging and that does not undergo subsequent hot conversion
Note 1 to entry: These products are mainly in the form of roundscircles or squares.
[SOURCE: ISO 6929:2013]
4.1.7
3.1.10
grey cast iron
cast material, mainly iron and carbon based, carbon being present mainly in the form of flake (lamellar)
graphite particles
Note 1 to entry: Grey cast iron is also known as flake graphite cast iron, and less commonly as lamellar graphite cast
iron.
Note 2 to entry: Graphite form, distribution and size are specified in EN ISO 945-1.
[SOURCE: BS EN 1561:2011, 3.1]
3.1.11
killed steel
steel (3.1.17) deoxidized to such a level that essentially no reaction occurred between carbon and oxygen
during solidification
[SOURCE: ASTM A941:2018]
3.1.12
malleable iron
white cast iron (3.1.18) that is thermally treated to convert most or all of the cementite to graphite
(temper carbon)
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.3]
3.1.13
martensite
(phase) formed in carbon containing steels (3.1.17) by the cooling of austenite (3.1.3) at such a high rate
that carbon atoms do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal structure in large enough quantities to
form cementite (Fe C)
3
[SOURCE: ISO 4885:2018, modified- notes have been omitted]
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
4.1.8
3.1.14
nitriding
case-hardening process in which nitrogen is introduced into the surface of metallic materials (most
commonly ferrous alloys)
EXAMPLE :
Liquid nitriding, gas nitriding, ion nitriding and plasma (3.6.32) nitriding.
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.11]
3.1.15
non-alloyed steel
non-alloy steels are thosesteel in which the percentage of each element is less than thespecific limiting
values specified in
Note 1 to entry: See Table, clause in 3.1.2, ISO 4948-1
[SOURCE: ISO 4948-1:1982], 3.1.2.
3.1.16
product analysis
chemical analysis carried out on a sample of the product taken after the final hot rolling operation
[SOURCE: ISO 404:2013, 3.12, modified.]
4.1.9
3.1.17
steel
ferrous material the principal element of which is iron and the carbon content of which is not more than
2 % of mass
Note 1 to entry: The presence of large quantities of carbide-forming elements can modify the upper limit of the
carbon content.
Note 2 to entry: The nomenclature for unalloyed steels suitable for heat treatment and for alloyed steels is defined
bygiven in ISO 4948-1 and ISO 4948-2.
[SOURCE: ISO 4885:2018]
Note 3 to entry: Small amount of alloying elements added to non-alloy steels maycan cause the product to be defined
as a micro-alloy steel.
[SOURCE: ISO 4948-2:1981]
4.1.10
3.1.18
white cast iron
cast iron (3.1.6) that displays a white fracture surface due to the presence of cementite
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.2]
3.1.19
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gamma iron
pure iron with face-centred cubic lattice structure
4.23.2 General terms related to preparation of steel and cast iron
3.2.1
grinding
method of preparing a sample of metal for a physical method of analysis in which the surface of the test
sample (3.3.15) is abraded using an abrasive wheel
[SOURCE: ISO 14284:1996, 3.18]
4.2.1
3.2.2
linishing
method of preparing a sample of metal for a physical method of analysis in which the surface of the test
sample (3.3.15) is abraded using a flexible rotating disc or continuous belt coated with an abrasive
substance
[SOURCE: ISO 14284:1996, 3.19]
4.2.2
3.2.3
milling
method of preparing sample chips or the surface of a sample for a physical method of analysis in which
the surface of the sample is machined using a rotating, multi-edged cutting tool
[SOURCE: ISO 14284:1996, 3.20]
4.33.3 General terms related to sample and sampling
3.3.1
aliquot
known amount of a homogeneous material, assumed to be taken with negligible sampling error, the
Note 1 to entre: The term "aliquot" is usually applied to fluids.
Note 1 2 to entry: The term "aliquot" is usually used when the fractional part is an exact divisor of the whole; the
term "aliquant" has been used when the fractional part is not exact divisor of the whole (e.g.,. a 15 ml portion is an
aliquant of 100 ml).
Note 2 3 to entry: When a laboratory sample (3.3.7) or a test sample (3.3.15) is "aliquoted" or otherwise subdivided,
the portions have been called split samples.
3.3.2
analyte
component of a system to be analysed
[SOURCE: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis
(Recommendations1989)) on page 1660]Recommendations 1989))]
3.3.3
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
analytical sample
sample prepared from the laboratory sample (3.3.7) and from which analytical portions can be taken
Note 1 to entry: The analytical sample can be subjected to various treatments before an analytical portion is taken.
[SOURCE: ISO 15193:2009, 3.3]
Note 2 to entry: Where no homogenization or subdivision is necessary, the laboratory sample (3.3.7), the test sample
(3.3.15), and, if the latter requires no further chemical or physical treatment, the analytical samples are identical.
With some homogeneous materials such as waters or oils, the laboratory sample (3.3.7) may be taken directly from
a sample unit and, if no further subdivision or homogenization is carried out, the laboratory sample (3.3.7) is the
test sample (3.3.15). Similarly, with atmospheric particulates collected on a filter, the sample unit is the laboratory
sample (3.3.7) and, if no further subdivision or homogenization is carried out, also the test sample (3.3.15).
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10ISO 15193:2009, 3.3, modified — Note to entry added.]
3.3.4.9]
consignment
quantity of metal delivered at one time
[SOURCE: ISO 14284: 1996, 3.21]
4.3.1
3.3.5
duplicate (samples
replicate) samples
multiple (or two) samples taken under comparable conditions
Note 1 to entry: This selection maycan be accomplished by taking units adjacent in time or space. Although the
replicate samples are expected to be identical, often the only thing replicated is the act of taking the physical sample.
A duplicate sample is a replicate sample consisting of two portions. The umpire samples usually used to settle a
dispute; the replicate sample is usually used to estimate sample variability.
[SOURCE: PAC, 1990, 62, 1193 (Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (Recommendations
1990)) on page 1203]))]
3.3.6
increment
quantity of metal obtained by sampling at one time from a consignment (3.3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 14284: 1996, 3.22]
4.3.2
3.3.7
laboratory sample
sample or subsample(s) (3.3.13) sent to or received by the laboratory
Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding (3.2.1),
or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample (3.3.15). When no preparation of the laboratory
sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample (3.3.15). A test portion (3.3.14) is removed from the test
sample (3.3.15) for the performance of the test or for analysis.
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Note 2 to entry: The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the
initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory.
Note 3 to entry: Several laboratory samples maycan be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same
laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single
laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample.
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6, Sampling stages]
3.3.8
lot
quantity of material whichthat is assumed to be a single population for sampling purposes
[SOURCE: PAC, 1990, 62, 1193 (Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (Recommendations
1990)) on page 1201))]
PAC, 1988, 60, 1461(Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis-
X. Preparation of materials for analytical atomic spectroscopy (3.3.9
3.5.26) and other related techniques (Recommendations 1988)) on page 1463]
4.3.3
matrix
(in analysis) components of the sample other than the analyte (3.3.2)
Note 1 to entry. In analysis.
[SOURCE: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis
(Recommendations 1989)) on page 1660]))]
3.3.10
primary sample
collection of one or more increments (3.3.6) or units initially taken from a population
Note 1 to entry: The portions maycan be either combined (composited or bulked sample) or kept separate (gross
sample). If combined and mixed to homogeneity, it is a blended bulk sample.
Note 2 to entry: The term "bulk sample" is commonly used in the sampling literature as the sample formed by
combining increments (3.3.6). The term "bulk sample" is ambiguous since it could also mean a sample from a bulk
lot (3.3.8) and it does not indicate whether the increments (3.3.6) or units are kept separate or combined. Such use
should be discouraged because less ambiguous alternative termsexpressions (composite sample, aggregate sample)
are available.
Note 3 to entry: "Lot sample" and "batch sample" have also been used for this concept, but they are self-limiting
terms.
Note 4 to entry: The use of "primary" in this sense is not meant to imply the necessity for multistage sampling.
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6, Sampling stages]
3.3.11
representative sample
sample that has the same properties as a defined batch of material and represents the bulk material,
within a defined confidence limit
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[SOURCE: ISO 14488:2007, 3.7]
3.3.12
specimen
one or more pieces taken from each product in the sample, for the purpose of producing test pieces
[SOURCE: ISO 6361-1:2011, 3.7]
3.3.13
subsample
sample obtained by procedures in which the items of interest are randomly distributed in parts of equal
or unequal size
Note 1 to entry: A sub-sample maycan be any of the following:
a) a portion of the sample obtained by selection or division;
b) an individual unit of the lot (3.3.8) taken as part of the sample;
c) the final unit of multistage sampling.
Note 2 to entry: The term “sub-samplesubsample” is used either in the sense of a “sample of a sample” or as a
synonym for “unit”. In practice, the meaning is usually apparent from the context or is defined.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.1.34]
3.3.14
test portion
part of the test sample, or part of the sample taken from the melt, submitted to analysis, in certain cases,
the test portion may can be selected from the sample product itself
Note 1 to entry: The following special types of test portions in the form of a solid mass obtained from a probe sample
are distinguished
- — disc originating from the sampling of molten metal (from a special sampler or a small ingot), used for OES or
XRF
- — test portion in the shape of a small disc, commonly described as a slug, obtained by punching,
- — test portion in the form of a small appendage, commonly described as a lug,
- — test portion in the form of a small-diameter rod, commonly described as a pin, obtained by cutting.
Note 2 to entry: When the test sample is in the form of chips or powder, or when a sample in the form of a solid
mass is analysed by a thermal method, the test portion (3.3.14) is obtained by weighing. In the case of a physical
method of analysis, the part actually analysed will constitute only a small mass of the test sample. In an optical
emission spectrometric method, the mass of metal consumed in an electrical discharge (3.6.14) is about 0,5 mg to
1 mg, in an X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method, the characteristic radiation is produced from a very thin
surface layer of the sample.
[SOURCE: ISO 14284: 1996, 3.17, modified]
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4.3.4
3.3.15
test sample
sample taken or formed from the laboratory sample (3.3.7), by a process involving homogenization using
physical or mechanical treatments such as grinding (3.2.1), drilling, milling (3.2.3) or sieving
Note 1 to entry: The test sample is then in a form suitable for subsampling for analytical purposes, for storing for
future analysis or for using for test purposes other than analytical.
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.9]
3.3.16
test solution
/analytical solution
solution prepared by dissolving, with or without reaction, the test portion (3.3.14) in a liquid
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6 Sampling stages]
3.3.17
trace element
any element having an average concentration of less than about 100 parts per million atoms (ppm) or
less than 0,01 % by weight
[SOURCE: PAC, 1979, 51, 2243 (General aspects of trace analytical methods - IV. Recommendations for
nomenclature, standard procedures and reporting of experimental data for surface analysis techniques)
on page 2246])]
4.43.4 General terms related to analytical standards
3.4.1
blank test solution
solution that contains all the chemicals except for the element to be determined in the same concentration
as required for the preparation of a reference standard solution (3.4.17) of that element
[SOURCE: OIML R 100-1:2013, 3.3.2]
3.4.2
blank reference solution
solution used to set the zero absorbance on the spectrometer (3.5.22) and that normally consists of a pure
solvent such as deionized water
[SOURCE: OIML R 100-1:2013, 3.3.1]
3.4.3
blank value
(in analysis)
reading or result originating from the matrix (3.3.9), reagents and any residual bias (3.8.5) in the
measurement device or process, which contributes to the value obtained for the quantity in the analytical
procedure
[SOURCE: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis
(Recommendations 1989)) on page 1662))]
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PAC, 1990, 62, 2167(Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)) on page 2176]
4.4.1
3.4.4
bracketing technique
analytical method consisting of bracketing the measured absorption or machine reading of the sample
between two measurements made on calibration solutions (3.4.8) of neighboringneighbouring
concentrations within the optimum working range
[SOURCE: ISO 6486-2:1999, 3.3]
3.4.5
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity
values (3.4.16) with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding
indications with associated measurement uncertainties (3.8.20) and, in a second step, uses this
information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication
Note 1 to entry: A calibration maycan be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram,
calibration curve (3.4.7), or calibration table. In some cases, it maycan consist of an additive or multiplicative
correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty (3.8.20).
Note 2 to entry: Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly called
“self-calibration”, nor with verification (3.8.47) of calibration.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007, 2.39]
3.4.6
calibration blank solution
solution prepared in the same way as the calibration solution (3.4.8) calibration solution (3.4.8) but
leaving out the analyte analyte (3.3.2), also called “zero member” of the calibration (3.4.5) series
[SOURCE: ISO 21400:2018, 3.8, modified]
3.4.7
calibration curve
expression of the relation between indication and corresponding measured quantity value (3.4.16.2)
Note 1 to entry: A calibration curve expresses a one-to-one relation that does not supply a measurement result as
it bears no information about the measurement uncertainty (3.8.20).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007, 4.31]
3.4.8
calibration solution
solution used to calibrate the instrument, prepared from a stock solution stock solution (3.4.21) or a
certified standard by adding acids, buffer (3.6.5), reference element (3.7.7) and salts as needed
[SOURCE: ISO 21400:2018, 3.9]
3.4.9
certified reference material
CRM
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reference material (RM) characterized by a metrologically valid procedure for one or more specified
properties, accompanied by an RM certificate that provides the value of the specified property, its
associated uncertainty (3.8.20), and a statement of metrological traceability
Note 1 to entry: The concept of value includes a nominal property or a qualitative attributesattribute such as
identity or sequence. Uncertainties for such attributes maycan be expressed as probabilities or levels of confidence.
[SOURCE: ISO Guide 30:2015, 2.1.2, modified —Notes 2, 3 and 4 have beento entry deleted.]
3.4.10
internal standard
compound added to a sample in a fixed amount that has similar properties (spectral, physical, isobaric
etc.) to the target analyte (3.3.2) used to correct for instrument drift (3.6.15) and matrix interference
(3.7.11)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 20593:2017, 3.6, modified]
3.4.11
internal standard line
(in atomic spectrometry), spectral line (3.6.40) of an internal standard (3.4.10), to which the radiant
energy of an analytical line is compared
[SOURCE: ASTM E135:2021, , modified] ]
3.4.12
matrix solution
synthetic solution consisting of the solvent and containing, if possible, all the constituents of the analytical
s
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 6084
First edition
Steel and steel products — Vocabulary
relating to chemical analysis
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
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© ISO 2022
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ii
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms related to steel and cast iron . 1
3.2 General terms related to preparation of steel and cast iron . 3
3.3 General terms related to sample and sampling. 4
3.4 General terms related to analytical standards . 7
3.5 Definitions of the analysis methods and analytical instrument . 11
3.6 Definitions relating to characteristics and properties of the equipment . 18
3.7 Definitions relating to interference . 24
3.8 Characteristics of methods.29
Bibliography .42
Index .45
iii
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 1, Methods of
determination of chemical composition.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
Introduction
To ensure that communication in a particular domain is effective and that difficulties in understanding
are minimized, it is essential that the various participants use the same concepts and concept
representations. Unambiguous communication related to analytical chemistry concepts is crucial given
the implications that can arise from misunderstandings with regard to equipment.
Different levels of scientific and technical knowledge can lead to widely divergent understandings and
assumptions about concepts. The result is poor communication that can lead into an increase of the risk
of accidents and duplication of efforts as different define concepts according to their perspectives.
Conceptual arrangement of terms and definitions is based on concepts systems that show corresponding
relationships analytical chemistry concepts. Such arrangement provides users with a structured view
of the analytical methods and will facilitate common understanding of all related concepts. Besides,
concepts systems and conceptual arrangement of terminological data will be helpful to any kind of user
because it will promote clear, accurate and useful communication.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
Steel and steel products — Vocabulary relating to chemical
analysis
1 Scope
This document defines terms relating to methods of the determination of the chemical composition of
steel and steel products.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General terms related to steel and cast iron
3.1.1
alloy steel
steel (3.1.17), other than a stainless steel, that conforms to a specification that requires one or more of
the following elements, by mass percent, to have a minimum content equal to or greater than: 0,30 for
aluminum; 0,000 8 for boron; 0,30 for chromium; 0,30 for cobalt; 0,40 for copper; 0,40 for lead; 1,65 for
manganese; 0,08 for molybdenum; 0,30 for nickel; 0,06 for niobium (columbium); 0,60 for silicon; 0,05
for titanium; 0,30 for tungsten (wolfram); 0,10 for vanadium; 0,05 for zirconium; or 0,10 for any other
alloying element, except sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen
[SOURCE: ASTM A941: 2018]
3.1.2
austenitic steel
steel (3.1.17) where the structure consists of austenite (3.1.3) at ambient temperature
Note 1 to entry: Cast austenitic steels can contain up to about 20 % of ferrite (3.1.8).
3.1.3
austenite
solid solution of one or more elements in gamma iron (3.1.19)
3.1.4
boriding
thermochemical treatment of a workpiece to enrich the surface of a workpiece with boron
Note 1 to entry: The medium in which boriding takes place should be specified, e.g. pack boriding, paste boriding,
etc.
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
3.1.5
cast/heat analysis
chemical analysis determined by the steel producer as being representative of a specific heat of steel
(3.1.17)
Note 1 to entry: Where the analysis reported by the steel producer is not sufficiently complete for conformance
with the heat analysis (3.1.5) requirements of the applicable product specification to be fully assessed, the
manufacturer can complete the assessment of conformance with such heat analysis (3.1.5) requirements by using
a product analysis (3.1.16) for the specified elements that were not reported by the steel producer, provided that
product analysis (3.1.16) tolerances are not applied and the heat analysis (3.1.5) is not altered
[SOURCE: ASTM A941: 2018]
3.1.6
cast iron
alloy of iron, carbon and silicon where the carbon content is approximately more than 2 %
3.1.7
ductile iron
nodular cast iron
cast iron (3.1.6) that has been treated while molten with an element (usually magnesium or cerium)
that spheroidizes the graphite
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.4]
3.1.8
ferrite
body-centred cubic lattice structure of iron or steel (3.1.17)
3.1.9
forged steel
steel (3.1.17) product obtained by forging and that does not undergo subsequent hot conversion
Note 1 to entry: These products are mainly in the form of circles or squares.
3.1.10
grey cast iron
cast material, mainly iron and carbon based, carbon being present mainly in the form of flake (lamellar)
graphite particles
Note 1 to entry: Grey cast iron is also known as flake graphite cast iron, and less commonly as lamellar graphite
cast iron.
Note 2 to entry: Graphite form, distribution and size are specified in ISO 945-1.
[SOURCE: EN 1561:2011, 3.1]
3.1.11
killed steel
steel (3.1.17) deoxidized to such a level that essentially no reaction occurred between carbon and
oxygen during solidification
[SOURCE: ASTM A941: 2018]
3.1.12
malleable iron
white cast iron (3.1.18) that is thermally treated to convert most or all of the cementite to graphite
(temper carbon)
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.3]
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
3.1.13
martensite
(phase) formed in carbon containing steels (3.1.17) by the cooling of austenite (3.1.3) at such a high rate
that carbon atoms do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal structure in large enough quantities to
form cementite (Fe C)
3
3.1.14
nitriding
case-hardening process in which nitrogen is introduced into the surface of metallic materials (most
commonly ferrous alloys)
EXAMPLE Liquid nitriding, gas nitriding, ion nitriding and plasma (3.6.32) nitriding.
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.11]
3.1.15
non-alloyed steel
steel in which the percentage of each element is less than specific limiting values specified
Note 1 to entry: See Table in ISO 4948-1:1982, 3.1.2.
3.1.16
product analysis
chemical analysis carried out on a sample of the product taken after the final hot rolling operation
3.1.17
steel
ferrous material the principal element of which is iron and the carbon content of which is not more than
2 % of mass
Note 1 to entry: The presence of large quantities of carbide-forming elements can modify the upper limit of the
carbon content.
Note 2 to entry: The nomenclature for unalloyed steels suitable for heat treatment and for alloyed steels is given
in ISO 4948-1 and ISO 4948-2.
Note 3 to entry: Small amount of alloying elements added to non-alloy steels can cause the product to be defined
as a micro-alloy steel.
3.1.18
white cast iron
cast iron (3.1.6) that displays a white fracture surface due to the presence of cementite
[SOURCE: ISO 15156-2:2020, 3.5.2]
3.1.19
gamma iron
pure iron with face-centred cubic lattice structure
3.2 General terms related to preparation of steel and cast iron
3.2.1
grinding
method of preparing a sample of metal for a physical method of analysis in which the surface of the test
sample (3.3.15) is abraded using an abrasive wheel
3.2.2
linishing
method of preparing a sample of metal for a physical method of analysis in which the surface of the
test sample (3.3.15) is abraded using a flexible rotating disc or continuous belt coated with an abrasive
substance
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
3.2.3
milling
method of preparing sample chips or the surface of a sample for a physical method of analysis in which
the surface of the sample is machined using a rotating, multi-edged cutting tool
3.3 General terms related to sample and sampling
3.3.1
aliquot
known amount of a homogeneous material, assumed to be taken with negligible sampling error
Note 1 to entry: The term "aliquot" is usually applied to fluids.
Note 2 to entry: The term "aliquot" is usually used when the fractional part is an exact divisor of the whole; the
term "aliquant" has been used when the fractional part is not exact divisor of the whole (e.g. a 15 ml portion is an
aliquant of 100 ml).
Note 3 to entry: When a laboratory sample (3.3.7) or a test sample (3.3.15) is "aliquoted" or otherwise subdivided,
the portions have been called split samples.
3.3.2
analyte
component of a system to be analysed
[SOURCE: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations
1989))]
3.3.3
analytical sample
sample prepared from the laboratory sample (3.3.7) and from which analytical portions can be taken
Note 1 to entry: The analytical sample can be subjected to various treatments before an analytical portion is
taken.
Note 2 to entry: Where no homogenization or subdivision is necessary, the laboratory sample (3.3.7), the test
sample (3.3.15), and, if the latter requires no further chemical or physical treatment, the analytical samples are
identical. With some homogeneous materials such as waters or oils, the laboratory sample (3.3.7) may be taken
directly from a sample unit and, if no further subdivision or homogenization is carried out, the laboratory sample
(3.3.7) is the test sample (3.3.15). Similarly, with atmospheric particulates collected on a filter, the sample unit is
the laboratory sample (3.3.7) and, if no further subdivision or homogenization is carried out, also the test sample
(3.3.15).
[SOURCE: ISO 15193:2009, 3.3, modified — Note to entry added.]
3.3.4
consignment
quantity of metal delivered at one time
3.3.5
duplicate samples
replicate samples
multiple (or two) samples taken under comparable conditions
Note 1 to entry: This selection can be accomplished by taking units adjacent in time or space. Although the
replicate samples are expected to be identical, often the only thing replicated is the act of taking the physical
sample. A duplicate sample is a replicate sample consisting of two portions. The umpire samples usually used to
settle a dispute; the replicate sample is usually used to estimate sample variability.
[SOURCE: PAC, 1990, 62, 1193 (Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (Recommendations
1990))]
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
3.3.6
increment
quantity of metal obtained by sampling at one time from a consignment (3.3.4)
3.3.7
laboratory sample
sample or subsample(s) (3.3.13) sent to or received by the laboratory
Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding
(3.2.1), or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample (3.3.15). When no preparation of the
laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample (3.3.15). A test portion (3.3.14) is removed
from the test sample (3.3.15) for the performance of the test or for analysis.
Note 2 to entry: The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the
initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory.
Note 3 to entry: Several laboratory samples can be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same
laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single
laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample.
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6, Sampling stages]
3.3.8
lot
quantity of material that is assumed to be a single population for sampling purposes
[SOURCE: PAC, 1990, 62, 1193 (Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (Recommendations
1990))]
3.3.9
matrix
components of the sample other than the analyte (3.3.2)
Note 1 to entry: to entry. In analysis.
[SOURCE: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations
1989))]
3.3.10
primary sample
collection of one or more increments (3.3.6) or units initially taken from a population
Note 1 to entry: The portions can be either combined (composited or bulked sample) or kept separate (gross
sample). If combined and mixed to homogeneity, it is a blended bulk sample.
Note 2 to entry: The term "bulk sample" is commonly used in the sampling literature as the sample formed by
combining increments (3.3.6). The term "bulk sample" is ambiguous since it could also mean a sample from a
bulk lot (3.3.8) and it does not indicate whether the increments (3.3.6) or units are kept separate or combined.
Such use should be discouraged because less ambiguous alternative expressions (composite sample, aggregate
sample) are available.
Note 3 to entry: "Lot sample" and "batch sample" have also been used for this concept, but they are self-limiting
terms.
Note 4 to entry: The use of "primary" in this sense is not meant to imply the necessity for multistage sampling.
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6, Sampling stages]
3.3.11
representative sample
sample that has the same properties as a defined batch of material and represents the bulk material,
within a defined confidence limit
[SOURCE: ISO 14488:2007, 3.7]
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
3.3.12
specimen
one or more pieces taken from each product in the sample, for the purpose of producing test pieces
[SOURCE: ISO 6361-1:2011, 3.7]
3.3.13
subsample
sample obtained by procedures in which the items of interest are randomly distributed in parts of equal
or unequal size
Note 1 to entry: A sub-sample can be any of the following:
a) a portion of the sample obtained by selection or division;
b) an individual unit of the lot (3.3.8) taken as part of the sample;
c) the final unit of multistage sampling.
Note 2 to entry: The term “subsample” is used either in the sense of a “sample of a sample” or as a synonym for
“unit”. In practice, the meaning is usually apparent from the context or is defined.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.1.34]
3.3.14
test portion
part of the test sample, or part of the sample taken from the melt, submitted to analysis, in certain
cases, the test portion can be selected from the sample product itself
Note 1 to entry: The following special types of test portions in the form of a solid mass obtained from a probe
sample are distinguished
— disc originating from the sampling of molten metal (from a special sampler or a small ingot), used for OES or
XRF
— test portion in the shape of a small disc, commonly described as a slug, obtained by punching,
— test portion in the form of a small appendage, commonly described as a lug,
— test portion in the form of a small-diameter rod, commonly described as a pin, obtained by cutting.
Note 2 to entry: When the test sample is in the form of chips or powder, or when a sample in the form of a solid
mass is analysed by a thermal method, the test portion (3.3.14) is obtained by weighing. In the case of a physical
method of analysis, the part actually analysed will constitute only a small mass of the test sample. In an optical
emission spectrometric method, the mass of metal consumed in an electrical discharge (3.6.14) is about 0,5 mg
to 1 mg, in an X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method, the characteristic radiation is produced from a very thin
surface layer of the sample.
3.3.15
test sample
sample taken or formed from the laboratory sample (3.3.7), by a process involving homogenization
using physical or mechanical treatments such as grinding (3.2.1), drilling, milling (3.2.3) or sieving
Note 1 to entry: The test sample is then in a form suitable for subsampling for analytical purposes, for storing for
future analysis or for using for test purposes other than analytical.
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 10.3.4.9]
3.3.16
test solution
analytical solution
solution prepared by dissolving, with or without reaction, the test portion (3.3.14) in a liquid
[SOURCE: IUPAC orange book: 2002, 18.3.6 Sampling stages]
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
3.3.17
trace element
element having an average concentration of less than about 100 parts per million atoms (ppm) or less
than 0,01 % by weight
[SOURCE: PAC, 1979, 51, 2243 (General aspects of trace analytical methods - IV. Recommendations
for nomenclature, standard procedures and reporting of experimental data for surface analysis
techniques)]
3.4 General terms related to analytical standards
3.4.1
blank test solution
solution that contains all the chemicals except for the element to be determined in the same
concentration as required for the preparation of a reference standard solution (3.4.17) of that element
[SOURCE: OIML R 100-1:2013, 3.3.2]
3.4.2
blank reference solution
solution used to set the zero absorbance on the spectrometer (3.5.22) and that normally consists of a
pure solvent such as deionized water
[SOURCE: OIML R 100-1:2013, 3.3.1]
3.4.3
blank value
reading or result originating from the matrix (3.3.9), reagents and any residual bias (3.8.5) in the
measurement device or process, which contributes to the value obtained for the quantity in the
analytical procedure
[SOURCE: PAC, 1989, 61, 1657 (Nomenclature for automated and mechanised analysis (Recommendations
1989))]
3.4.4
bracketing technique
analytical method consisting of bracketing the measured absorption or machine reading of the sample
between two measurements made on calibration solutions (3.4.8) of neighbouring concentrations
within the optimum working range
[SOURCE: ISO 6486-2:1999, 3.3]
3.4.5
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the
quantity values (3.4.16) with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and
corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties (3.8.20) and, in a second step,
uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication
Note 1 to entry: A calibration can be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram,
calibration curve (3.4.7), or calibration table. In some cases, it can consist of an additive or multiplicative
correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty (3.8.20).
Note 2 to entry: Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly
called “self-calibration”, nor with verification (3.8.47) of calibration.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007, 2.39]
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
3.4.6
calibration blank solution
solution prepared in the same way as the calibration solution (3.4.8) but leaving out the analyte (3.3.2),
also called “zero member” of the calibration (3.4.5) series
[SOURCE: ISO 21400:2018, 3.8, modified]
3.4.7
calibration curve
expression of the relation between indication and corresponding measured quantity value (3.4.16.2)
Note 1 to entry: A calibration curve expresses a one-to-one relation that does not supply a measurement result as
it bears no information about the measurement uncertainty (3.8.20).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007, 4.31]
3.4.8
calibration solution
solution used to calibrate the instrument, prepared from a stock solution (3.4.21) or a certified standard
by adding acids, buffer (3.6.5), reference element (3.7.7) and salts as needed
[SOURCE: ISO 21400:2018, 3.9]
3.4.9
certified reference material
CRM
reference material (RM) characterized by a metrologically valid procedure for one or more specified
properties, accompanied by an RM certificate that provides the value of the specified property, its
associated uncertainty (3.8.20), and a statement of metrological traceability
Note 1 to entry: The concept of value includes a nominal property or a qualitative attribute such as identity or
sequence. Uncertainties for such attributes can be expressed as probabilities or levels of confidence.
[SOURCE: ISO Guide 30:2015, 2.1.2, modified —Notes 2, 3 and 4 to entry deleted.]
3.4.10
internal standard
compound added to a sample in a fixed amount that has similar properties (spectral, physical, isobaric
etc.) to the target analyte (3.3.2) used to correct for instrument drift (3.6.15) and matrix interference
(3.7.11)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 20593:2017, 3.6, modified]
3.4.11
internal standard line
spectral line (3.6.40) of an internal standard (3.4.10), to which the radiant energy of an analytical line is
compared
[SOURCE: ASTM E135: 2021]
3.4.12
matrix solution
synthetic solution consisting of the solvent and containing, if possible, all the constituents of the
analytical sample (3.3.3) except the analyte (3.3.2)
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ISO/TS 6084:2022(E)
3.4.13
primary reference material
primary RM
high purity material of the analyte (3.3.2), certified for the mass/mole fraction of the analyte (3.3.2)
in the material, and which constitutes the realization of the International System of Units (SI) for the
analyte (3.3.2) of interest
Note 1 to entry: A primary reference material has its value assigned either directly by a primary RMP or indirectly
by determining the impurities of the material by appropriate analytical methods (e.g. mass balance method).
[SOURCE: ISO 17511:2020, 3.35]
3.4.14
reference material
RM
material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which
has been established to be fit for its intended use in a measurement process
Note 1 to entry: RM is a generic term.
Note 2 to entry: Properties can be quantitative or qualitative, e.g. identity of substances or species.
Note 3 to entry: Uses can include the calibration (3.4.5) of a measurement system, assessment of a measurement
procedure, assigning values to other materials, and quality control (3.8.26).
Note 4 to entry: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 5.13 has an analogous definition, but restricts the term “measurement”
to apply to quantitative values. However, Note 3 of ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 5.13, specifically includes qualitative
properties, called “nominal properties”.
[SOURCE: ISO/GUIDE 30:2015, 2.1.1]
3.4.15
reference method
reference measurement procedure
measurement procedure accepted as providing measurement results fit for their intended use in
assessing measurement trueness (3.8.46) of measured quantity values (3.4.16.2) obtained from other
measurement procedures for quantities of the same kind, in calibration (3.4.5), or in characterizing
reference materials (3.4.14)
Note 1 to entry: The accuracy (3.8.1) of a reference method must be demonstrated through direct comparison
with a definitive method or with a primary Reference Material (3.4.13).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.7, modified — New preferred term added, Note to entry added.]
3.4.16
quantity value
number and reference together expressing magnitude of a quantity
[SOURCE: JCGM 200:2012 1.19]
3.4.16.1
reference quantity value
reference value
quantity value (3.4.16) used as a basis for comparison with values of quantities of the same kind
Note 1 to entry: A reference quantity value can be a true quantity value (3.8.45) of a measurand, in which case it is
unknown, or a conventional quantity value, in which case it is known.
Note 2 to entry: A reference quantity value with associated measurement uncertainty (3.8.20) is usually provided
with reference to:
a) a material, e.g. a certified reference material (3.4.9);
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