ISO 16836:2019
(Main)Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing — Measurement method for acoustic emission signals in concrete
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing — Measurement method for acoustic emission signals in concrete
This document establishes a measurement method for acoustic emission signals in concrete.
Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par émission acoustique — Méthode de mesure pour les signaux d'émission acoustique dans le béton
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16836
First edition
2019-01
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic
emission testing — Measurement
method for acoustic emission signals
in concrete
Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par émission acoustique — Méthode
de mesure pour les signaux d'émission acoustique dans le béton
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Detection of AE waves. 2
5 Measuring system . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Sensor . 3
5.3 Amplifier . 4
5.4 Filter . 4
6 Signal analysis and AE parameters . 4
7 Setup and measurement . 6
7.1 Sensor setup . 6
7.2 Environmental noises . 6
7.3 Measurement . 7
7.4 System inspection . 7
7.5 Storage of data . 7
8 Test report . 7
Annex A (informative) Recommended types of sensors to be used in concrete.8
Bibliography . 9
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing,
Subcommittee SC 9, Acoustic emission testing.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Acoustic emission (AE) techniques have been investigated in concrete engineering for more than a half
century. Nowadays, results of AE research are put to practical use for infrastructures, not only concrete
structures, but also masonry structures.
Concrete structures can deteriorate due to heavy traffic loads, fatigue, chemical reactions and
unpredictable disasters, although concrete structures have long been referred to as maintenance-
free. Eventually, retrofit and rehabilitation of the structures are in heavy demand all over the world. It
results in the need for the development of advanced and effective inspection techniques prior to repair
work. In this regard, AE techniques have been extensively studied in concrete engineering.
Focusing on crack detection and damage evaluation, it is known that AE techniques are prospectively
applicable to concrete and concrete structures. Therefore, basic aspects on the measurement method
for AE signals in concrete are prescribed. AE is an inspection technique, by which elastic waves due
to cracking and damage in concrete are detected. Since AE phenomena are to be observed under in-
service conditions, AE measurement can be conducted not only in a laboratory, but also on site.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16836:2019(E)
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing —
Measurement method for acoustic emission signals in
concrete
1 Scope
This document establishes a measurement method for acoustic emission signals in concrete.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12713, Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission inspection — Primary calibration of transducers
ISO 12714, Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission inspection — Secondary calibration of acoustic
emission sensors
ISO 12716, Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission inspection — Vocabulary
ISO/TR 13115, Non-destructive testing — Methods for absolute calibration of acoustic emission transducers
by the reciprocity technique
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12716 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
acoustic emission
AE
transient elastic waves generated by the release of energy within a material
3.2
AE signal
electrical signal detected at a sensor, which is converted through the detection of AE wave (3.3)
(elastic wave)
3.3
AE wave
wave that can be detected in the form of hits (3.5) on one or more channels (3.4)
3.4
channel
one line of AE signal (3.2) detected by AE (3.1) sensor and processed by the other devices
3.5
hit
given AE (3.1) channel (3.4) that has detected and processed one AE transient
3.6
event
group of AE (3.1) hits (3.5) received from a single source by two or more channels (3.4), of which spatial
coordinates can be located
3.7
array
spatial arrangement of AE (3.1) sensors for spatially locating AE sources
3.8
attenuation
observed loss of a signal as it travels through a medium
3.9
noise
signal produced by causes other than AE (3.1) phenomena
Note 1 to entry: Elimination of noises is essential for effective detection of AE signals (3.2).
4 Detection of AE waves
Microscopic fracture in concrete takes place with the release of stored strain energy as nucleating
micro-cracks and generating elastic waves. These waves due to crack nucleation are referred to as AE
waves, which propagate inside a material and are detected by an AE sensor as shown in Figure 1.
Key
S detection of AE waves by an AE sensor
Pa propagation of AE waves
C nucleation of a crack
Ps propagation of sound waves in air
Figure 1 — Detection of AE waves
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
5 Measuring system
5.1 General
A basic system is illustrated in Figure 2, where only analog devices are shown. Following this system, a
digital signal-processor is usually applied.
Key
S AE sensor
Pa pre-amplifier
Ma main amplifier
Bf band-pass filter
Figure 2 — AE measurement system
5.2 Sensor
AE sensors shall be sensitive enough to detect AE signals generated in the target structure, taking
acoustic coupling into consideration. They convert elastic waves (motions) on the surface of a material
into electric signals, preferably, without any distortions. A resonance-type sensor is most sensitive
around the resonant frequency, while a broad-band sensor has approximately flat response in the range
but is less sensitive than the resonance-type. AE sensor shall be robust enough against temperature
change, moisture condition and mechanical vibrations in the environments.
Refer to Annex A for recommended types of sensors to be used in the concrete.
Sensitivity calibration of AE sensors shall be performed by employing the standard source, in addition
to the calibration methods prescribed in ISO 12713 and ISO 12714. A simulated AE source due to pencil-
lead break is defined in ASTM E976. This standard source is illustrated in Figure 3, where a guide ring
is recommended to be employed.
Key
H lead-holder of a mechanical pencil
Gr guid ring of Teflon
P pencil lead of 0,5 mm diameter and 3 mm length
Figure 3 — Standard AE source
Absolute calibration of AE sensors shall be made on the basis of ISO/TR 13115.
5.3 Amplifier
Amplifiers normally consist of the pre-amplifier and the main amplifier as shown in Figure 2. The pre-
amplifier shall be located as close as possible to AE sensor. The internal noise of the amplifier shall be
inherently low and less than 20 µV (26 dB for 0 dB = 1 µV) as the peak voltage converted by input
AE AE
voltage. Here, the gain of the amplifier is given in dB (decibels AE), which means the ratio of the
AE
output voltage V to the input voltage V as,
o i
V
dB =20log
AE
V
i
The amplifier shall be robust enough against the environmental conditions and be protected properly.
5.4 Filter
The frequency range shall be determined prior to the measurement, taking into account the
performance of AE sensors and the amplifiers. Selection of the frequency rage is closely related to
elim
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16836
First edition
2019-01
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic
emission testing — Measurement
method for acoustic emission signals
in concrete
Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par émission acoustique — Méthode
de mesure pour les signaux d'émission acoustique dans le béton
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Detection of AE waves. 2
5 Measuring system . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Sensor . 3
5.3 Amplifier . 4
5.4 Filter . 4
6 Signal analysis and AE parameters . 4
7 Setup and measurement . 6
7.1 Sensor setup . 6
7.2 Environmental noises . 6
7.3 Measurement . 7
7.4 System inspection . 7
7.5 Storage of data . 7
8 Test report . 7
Annex A (informative) Recommended types of sensors to be used in concrete.8
Bibliography . 9
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing,
Subcommittee SC 9, Acoustic emission testing.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Acoustic emission (AE) techniques have been investigated in concrete engineering for more than a half
century. Nowadays, results of AE research are put to practical use for infrastructures, not only concrete
structures, but also masonry structures.
Concrete structures can deteriorate due to heavy traffic loads, fatigue, chemical reactions and
unpredictable disasters, although concrete structures have long been referred to as maintenance-
free. Eventually, retrofit and rehabilitation of the structures are in heavy demand all over the world. It
results in the need for the development of advanced and effective inspection techniques prior to repair
work. In this regard, AE techniques have been extensively studied in concrete engineering.
Focusing on crack detection and damage evaluation, it is known that AE techniques are prospectively
applicable to concrete and concrete structures. Therefore, basic aspects on the measurement method
for AE signals in concrete are prescribed. AE is an inspection technique, by which elastic waves due
to cracking and damage in concrete are detected. Since AE phenomena are to be observed under in-
service conditions, AE measurement can be conducted not only in a laboratory, but also on site.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16836:2019(E)
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing —
Measurement method for acoustic emission signals in
concrete
1 Scope
This document establishes a measurement method for acoustic emission signals in concrete.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12713, Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission inspection — Primary calibration of transducers
ISO 12714, Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission inspection — Secondary calibration of acoustic
emission sensors
ISO 12716, Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission inspection — Vocabulary
ISO/TR 13115, Non-destructive testing — Methods for absolute calibration of acoustic emission transducers
by the reciprocity technique
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12716 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
acoustic emission
AE
transient elastic waves generated by the release of energy within a material
3.2
AE signal
electrical signal detected at a sensor, which is converted through the detection of AE wave (3.3)
(elastic wave)
3.3
AE wave
wave that can be detected in the form of hits (3.5) on one or more channels (3.4)
3.4
channel
one line of AE signal (3.2) detected by AE (3.1) sensor and processed by the other devices
3.5
hit
given AE (3.1) channel (3.4) that has detected and processed one AE transient
3.6
event
group of AE (3.1) hits (3.5) received from a single source by two or more channels (3.4), of which spatial
coordinates can be located
3.7
array
spatial arrangement of AE (3.1) sensors for spatially locating AE sources
3.8
attenuation
observed loss of a signal as it travels through a medium
3.9
noise
signal produced by causes other than AE (3.1) phenomena
Note 1 to entry: Elimination of noises is essential for effective detection of AE signals (3.2).
4 Detection of AE waves
Microscopic fracture in concrete takes place with the release of stored strain energy as nucleating
micro-cracks and generating elastic waves. These waves due to crack nucleation are referred to as AE
waves, which propagate inside a material and are detected by an AE sensor as shown in Figure 1.
Key
S detection of AE waves by an AE sensor
Pa propagation of AE waves
C nucleation of a crack
Ps propagation of sound waves in air
Figure 1 — Detection of AE waves
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
5 Measuring system
5.1 General
A basic system is illustrated in Figure 2, where only analog devices are shown. Following this system, a
digital signal-processor is usually applied.
Key
S AE sensor
Pa pre-amplifier
Ma main amplifier
Bf band-pass filter
Figure 2 — AE measurement system
5.2 Sensor
AE sensors shall be sensitive enough to detect AE signals generated in the target structure, taking
acoustic coupling into consideration. They convert elastic waves (motions) on the surface of a material
into electric signals, preferably, without any distortions. A resonance-type sensor is most sensitive
around the resonant frequency, while a broad-band sensor has approximately flat response in the range
but is less sensitive than the resonance-type. AE sensor shall be robust enough against temperature
change, moisture condition and mechanical vibrations in the environments.
Refer to Annex A for recommended types of sensors to be used in the concrete.
Sensitivity calibration of AE sensors shall be performed by employing the standard source, in addition
to the calibration methods prescribed in ISO 12713 and ISO 12714. A simulated AE source due to pencil-
lead break is defined in ASTM E976. This standard source is illustrated in Figure 3, where a guide ring
is recommended to be employed.
Key
H lead-holder of a mechanical pencil
Gr guid ring of Teflon
P pencil lead of 0,5 mm diameter and 3 mm length
Figure 3 — Standard AE source
Absolute calibration of AE sensors shall be made on the basis of ISO/TR 13115.
5.3 Amplifier
Amplifiers normally consist of the pre-amplifier and the main amplifier as shown in Figure 2. The pre-
amplifier shall be located as close as possible to AE sensor. The internal noise of the amplifier shall be
inherently low and less than 20 µV (26 dB for 0 dB = 1 µV) as the peak voltage converted by input
AE AE
voltage. Here, the gain of the amplifier is given in dB (decibels AE), which means the ratio of the
AE
output voltage V to the input voltage V as,
o i
V
dB =20log
AE
V
i
The amplifier shall be robust enough against the environmental conditions and be protected properly.
5.4 Filter
The frequency range shall be determined prior to the measurement, taking into account the
performance of AE sensors and the amplifiers. Selection of the frequency rage is closely related to
elim
...
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