SIST-TP CEN/TR 15993:2010
(Main)Automotive fuels - Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel - Background to the parameters required and their respective limits and determination
Automotive fuels - Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel - Background to the parameters required and their respective limits and determination
This Technical Report explains the requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered ethanol (E85) automotive fuel according to EN 15293. It provides background information to judge the (approval of the) final text of the standard and gives guidance and explanations to the producers, blenders, marketers and users of ethanol (E85) automotive fuel.
Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Ethanol-Kraftstoff (E85) - Hintergrund für die geforderten Parameter und deren jeweiligen Grenzwerte und Bestimmung
Carburants pour automobiles - Ethanol (E85) carburants pour automobiles - Background to the parameters required and their respective limits and determination
Goriva za motorna vozila - Etanol (E85) gorivo za motorna vozila - Izhodišča zahtevanih parametrov, mejnih vrednosti in določevanja
To tehnično poročilo pojasnjuje zahteve in preskusne metode za etanol (E85) gorivo za motorna vozila, ki je na trgu, ter dobavljeno gorivo, v skladu z EN 15293. Podaja izhodiščne podatke za presojanje (odobritve) končnega besedila standarda in podaja navodila in pojasnila proizvajalcem, mešalcem, tržnikom in uporabnikom etanol (E85) goriva za motorna vozila.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15993:2010
01-april-2010
*RULYD]DPRWRUQDYR]LOD(WDQRO ( JRULYR]DPRWRUQDYR]LOD,]KRGLãþD
]DKWHYDQLKSDUDPHWURYPHMQLKYUHGQRVWLLQGRORþHYDQMD
Automotive fuels - Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel - Background to the parameters
required and their respective limits and determination
Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Ethanol-Kraftstoff (E85) - Hintergrund für die geforderten
Parameter und deren jeweiligen Grenzwerte und Bestimmung
Carburants pour automobiles - Ethanol (E85) carburants pour automobiles - Background
to the parameters required and their respective limits and determination
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15993:2010
ICS:
71.080.60 Alkoholi. Etri Alcohols. Ethers
75.160.20 7HNRþDJRULYD Liquid fuels
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15993:2010 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 15993:2010
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15993
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
February 2010
ICS 75.160.20; 71.080.60
English Version
Automotive fuels - Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel - Background
to the parameters required and their respective limits and
determination
Carburants pour automobiles - Essence pour automobile Kraftstoffe für Kraftfahrzeuge - Ethanol-Kraftstoff (E85) -
Ethanol (E85) - Informations sur les paramètres requis et Hintergrund für die geforderten Parameter und deren
leurs limites et détermination respectives jeweiligen Grenzwerte und Bestimmung
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 4 January 2010. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15993:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
Foreword .3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Summary of the ethanol fuel (E85) taskforce work .4
4 Record of the work to date .5
4.1 Context .5
4.2 The Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel Task Force .5
4.3 Planning .7
5 The draft ethanol (E85) automotive fuel specification .7
5.1 Parameters included .7
5.2 Considerations on the parameters .8
5.2.1 Denaturants .8
5.2.2 RON MON .8
5.2.3 Ethanol content and higher alcohols.9
5.2.4 Vapour pressure . 10
5.2.5 Density . 11
5.2.6 Sulfur content . 11
5.2.7 Oxidation stability . 12
5.2.8 Existent gum content (solvent washed) . 12
5.2.9 Appearance . 12
5.2.10 Higher alcohols (C3-C5) content . 12
5.2.11 Methanol content . 13
5.2.12 Ether (5 or more C atoms) content . 14
5.2.13 Phosphorus . 14
5.2.14 Water content . 14
5.2.15 Chloride content . 15
5.2.16 Copper strip corrosion . 16
5.2.17 Total acidity . 16
5.2.18 Copper content . 16
5.2.19 Sulfate content . 16
5.2.20 Conductivity . 17
5.2.21 pHe . 17
5.2.22 High boiling components . 17
5.2.23 Additives . 18
5.2.24 Biologically sourced ethanol . 18
5.2.25 Guidelines . 18
5.3 Parameters considered and not included in the draft specification . 18
5.3.1 Chlorine as chlorides . 18
5.3.2 Lead . 18
6 Acknowledgement . 18
Bibliography . 19
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 15993:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and
liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of
which is held by NEN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The intention of the document was to support in publication of EN 15293, however both that document's and
the Technical Report enquiry ballot showed that many technical updates in both documents were needed.
This document will thus be updated immediately after its publication.
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1 Scope
This Technical Report explains the requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered ethanol (E85)
automotive fuel according to EN 15293. It provides background information to judge the (approval of the) final text
of the standard and gives guidance and explanations to the producers, blenders, marketers and users of ethanol
(E85) automotive fuel.
NOTE 1 This document is directly related to prEN 15293:2009 and should be updated once further publications take
place.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the mass
fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ, respectively.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 228, Automotive fuels ― Unleaded petrol ― Requirements and test methods
prEN 15293:2009, Automotive fuels — Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel — Requirements and test methods
1)
EN 15376:2007 , Automotive fuels — Ethanol as a blending component for petrol — Requirements and test
methods
CWA 15293, Automotive fuels — Ethanol E85 — Requirements and test methods
3 Summary of the ethanol fuel (E85) taskforce work
At the 2007 plenary meeting, CEN/TC 19 decided to register the following work item as described in its active
programme of work: Automotive fuels ― Ethanol E85 ― Requirements and test methods, under responsibility of
WG 21, with the scope to develop a CEN Standard on the basis of CWA 15293 and existing related national
standards and to check for the most appropriate wording of the title of the standard.
The work on the specification was developed during a series of Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel Task Force
(TF E85) meetings between October 2007 and May 2009, and is presented by means of this Technical Report.
The draft standard, now referenced by the identification prEN 15293, comprises a set of properties and limit
values to define an adequate quality of the ethanol (E85) automotive fuel and recommendations for precautions to
be taken. (See Table 1 in prEN 15293:2009.)
The draft standard was presented to CEN/TC 19/WG 21 in November 2008, together with a request to allow the
TF some additional time to finalize discussions and to study data that still needed to be generated from field
experience, both of refinery and ethanol production. Following that November meeting a draft enquiry text has
been developed and this was presented in January 2009 to WG 21 and thereafter to CEN/CMC.
It should be noted that the draft standard has been considered on the basis of the ethanol blend component
specification EN 15376:2007 and the last version of the EN 228 (unleaded petrol) standard. Revision discussion
on those documents has been included in the discussions in the last two years. However prEN 15293 still
contains some pending issues, which are noted as such in the text.
1) Revision discussions regarding this version have been included in the TF discussions and in this Technical Report.
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Many of the test methods proposed by the test methods experts are being examined to determine their
applicability to ethanol (E85) fuel and to determine if their precision is sufficient to support the limit values
proposed. This activity is being undertaken in several other CEN working groups where the specialists in methods
are present.
An automatic link has been established between the gasoline and ethanol (EN 228, respectively EN 15376)
standards and the ethanol (E85) automotive fuel (prEN 15293) standard so that modifications to one will be
coherent with the other.
4 Record of the work to date
4.1 Context
The European Commission is following a policy of promoting renewable energy use in Europe, and to this end
is encouraging the extension of automotive gasoline fuel with a proportion of renewably-sourced ethyl alcohol
(referred to in this document as ethanol).
In order to facilitate a transparent and stable market in ethanol, it is necessary to establish an ethanol (E85)
automotive fuel standard for Europe that will ensure a uniform high quality fuel for problem-free ethanol use as
a gasoline fuel.
To this end, the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) Technical Committee 19, responsible for
Automotive Fuels Standards, has accepted the CWA revision as a work item on its programme to be
developed in Working Group 21, responsible for Automotive Gasoline management.
The intention of CEN/TC 19 was to redraft the CWA into a CEN standard based on the publication of
EN 15376 and EN 228, also taking into account the developments in Sweden, France and Germany.
Discussion in WG 21 had given indications that there were still test method questions to solve and thus
national initiatives were not halted.
CEN/TC 19, having considered the proposal for a new work item, as documented in N 1318 and supported by
WG 21, noting the request from UPEI in document N 1326R, decides to register the following work item as
described in N 1318 in its active programme of work: Automotive fuels ― Ethanol E85 ― Requirements and
test methods, under responsibility of WG 21, with the scope to develop a CEN standard on the basis of
CWA 15293 and existing related national standards and to check for the most appropriate wording of the title
of the standard. The Task Force E85 was created.
The aim of the CWA was to keep the specification simple and straightforward, allowing cars to be introduced
in the market. The original idea was to ensure basic car functionality, for which the existing CWA succeeded.
However, as flexi-fuel vehicles would fall under the Emission Legislation soon, more stringent fuel
requirements were needed. The existing CWA was not able to support EURO V vehicles.
This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered Ethanol (E85)
automotive fuel. It is applicable to Ethanol (E85) for use in spark ignition engine vehicles designed to run on
Ethanol (E85).
Ethanol (E85) is a mixture of nominally 85 % ethanol and 15 % petrol, but also including the possibility of
having different "seasonal grades" containing more than 50 % ethanol.
This document is the report on the work to date carried out by this TF E85 towards establishing a European
Standard for ethanol (E85) automotive fuel.
4.2 The Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel Task Force
CEN, in anticipation of a mandate from the Commission, requested TC 19/WG 21 to convene a task force and
begin work on a draft ethanol (E85) automotive fuel standard. A call was made to the industries concerned by
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the mandate for experts to participate in the TF E85, and the experts that have contributed to the work are
listed in Table 1.
Table 1 — Membership of the taskforce
Name Organisation Country
Auger Celine (since meeting 2) Renault France
Baldini Luca ENI Italy
Bennett John Afton Chemical UK
Bernard Joerg Suedzuecker Germany
Betlejewski Marek (since 2) PKN Orlen Poland
Colbert Dane Ethanol Union France
Costenoble Ortwin (TF Secretary) NEN Netherlands
Crepeau Gerald (Convenor) PSA Peugeot Citroën France
Elliott Nigel Exxon Mobil UK
Engelen Benoit Total Belgium
Feuerhelm Tom DIN/FAM Germany
Gameson Thomas Abengoa Bioenergia Spain
Gizynski Piotr PKN Orlen S.A. Poland
Grand Jean-Gabriel (until 2) Renault France
Hermans Pierre Exxonmobil Belgium
Jeuland Nicolas (since 5) IFP France
King Stan Afton Chemical CEFIC-ATC
Kronström Börje Svenska Shell Sweden
Lloyd Robin (until 4) Argent Energy UK
Leber Edwin Opel Germany
Manuelli Pascal Total France
Mirabella Walter Lyondell Italy
Nilsson Magnus General Motors Powertrain Sweden
Olofsson Mathias SEKAB Sweden
Pollak Vanda (since 6) Hungrana Hungary
Rantanen – Kolehmainen Leena (since 6) Nesteoil Finland
Rappange Aly Royal Nedalco Netherlands
Schuermans Kurt (since 7) Chevron
Sijben Jo (since 4) Proces Design Center Netherlands
Skret Iwona (until 6) Instytut Technologii Nafty Poland
Spaans Han AC Analytical Controls Netherlands
Tittarelli Paolo SSC Italy
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Following his retirement as TF project leader, due to his change of profession, Mr Bennett handed over the
work to Mr Crépeau during the second meeting and his contribution to the work and initiatives of this TF is
hereby warmly acknowledged.
The task force has met on eight occasions:
st
1) 30 October 2007 Brussels, 1 meeting;
nd
2) 15 January 2008 Brussels, 2 meeting;
rd
3) 5 March 2008 Hamburg, 3 meeting;
th
4) 18 April 2008 London, 4 meeting;
th
5) 3 July Brussels, 5 meeting;
th
6) 11 September 2008 Brussels, 6 meeting;
th
7) 4/5 December 2008 Paris, 7 meeting;
th
8) 23 April 2009 Paris, 8 meeting.
4.3 Planning
The initial planning was: enquiry text ready in August 2008, the comments known in April 2009 and the final
text to be delivered to CEN/CMC in November 2009.
WG 21 had advised to use EN 228 as the blending component and had supported a six month extension
allowance for the E85 specification for the necessary updating of test methods and seasonal grades. Next, it
agreed that no shortened procedure, such as UAP, should be used. Thus, the renewed planning was pursued
and prEN 15239 published for ballot in May 2009.
However, the TF encountered several open issues due to the uncertainty of the guarantee of the octane in the
future with the integration of Blending Oxygenate Base-stock (BOB) in all European markets and its impact on
ethanol (E85) fuels. In addition, the test methods precision for chlorine content at 1 ppm or below and the
high-boiler requirement are under evaluation. Also time is required to collect data on the current market,
resulting in a better specification proposal. At the end of 2009, the TF still planned to aim at a submission for
Formal Vote halfway through 2010 although being revised this CEN Technical Report shall support the ballots.
5 The draft ethanol (E85) automotive fuel specification
5.1 Parameters included
Ethanol (E85) automotive fuel should be based on unleaded petrol complying with EN 228 and ethanol complying
with EN 15376.
The parameters chosen by the TF E85 are those presented in Table 1 (general requirements) and Table 2
(seasonal requirements) of prEN 15293:2009. There are different E85 TF positions for different parameters at the
moment. Most matters were agreed upon in full consensus. The following issues currently have a majority position
halfway 2009:
a) maximum limit of the inorganic chloride at 6,0 mg/kg at the stage where EN 15376 required the same and
a test was not assessed for lower measurements;
b) the required test method for pHe;
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c) inclusion of the high boiling components in the seasonal requirements table.
A pending issue which is omitted at this stage is the minimum ethanol content for the summer grade.
NOTE For rejected parameters see 5.3,
5.2 Considerations on the parameters
5.2.1 Denaturants
The presence of petrol that conforms to EN 228 is generally considered sufficient to render Ethanol (E85) a
denatured product. The taskforce considers it is necessary to follow the same line of requirement as set out by
the ethanol taskforce and thus their requirement is copied.
5.2.2 RON MON
In Europe, E85 Flex Fuels Vehicles (FFV) are engineered on taking advantage of the higher octane value of
85 % ethanol. Originally, the CWA was drafted on the assumption that EN 228 would be used for blending and
the engine ignitions are tuned to these specification limits. The difference between E0 to E85 RON range were
analysed and the combustion potentials with higher octane fuels were demonstrated. The impact of energy
content loss, the knocking effect and the ignition timing was explained. The car manufacturers calibrate for E0
and E85 fuels based on an oxygen (ethanol) sensor. It is necessary to limit the variation on RON/MON for the
E85 fuel because a lower value on RON/MON is not suitable for engine calibration and could potentially
damage the engine. Also, it is impossible to test for EN 228 quality at the fuelling station in E85. If future
EN 228 at E10 level is used, it will be the finished E10 that meets the EN 228 boundaries. FFVs needed to be
able to run on RON 95, but for optimization reasons (OEMs calibrate on the full range of fuels used in the
FFV) they would need a minimum of 104/90 for the E85. If the octane is not measured (and EN 228 would not
be required for the petroleum part), other elements like paraffin needed to be limited and calorific value
needed to be tested. Moreover, it was shown the 104/90 RON/MON proposal was also for optimization of the
fuel economy.
ACEA suggested 104,0 RON and 90,0 MON minimum limits and the ethanol industry agreed to support the
auto-industry in their need to use the better octane.
Oil industry mentioned the only available petrol for blending will be BOB, which meets EN 228 after addition of
ethanol. They suggested defining an alternative proposal requiring blending with EN 228 minus the octane
specification. After a lot of discussions inside the TF E85 covering several meetings, the industry concluded
the final RON/MON depended on the quality of the BOB (typical BOB RON could be down to 92), but
suspected that in E85 it would be close to 104/88.
This issue warranted a MON/RON limit in the specification to maximise the benefits in the market, besides
having sufficient blend stock available at economical conditions to allow the market to grow.
The group agreed to consider a higher RON/MON based on the proposal of the engine manufacturers and
agreed on setting a MON/RON limit with the actual CFR engine test, include a BOB- ethanol calculation table
as an information for the blenders and to do a BOB-ethanol base blend check to further define the E85 limit.
After discussions, an E85 based on a fuel with 91 of RON and 83 of MON can reach the 104 and 88 targets,
these values are accepted by the group. Tests on two batches of low MON and RON imply that the
MON/RON requirement (104/88) was safely set. Oil industry confirmed that and also that sufficient flexibility
for the refinery remained.
As the uncertainty of the future value of RON and MON with the introduction of the BOB, a new debate on this
subject appeared. After additional information, EU car makers design vehicles in order to exploit higher octane
when available in the tank. For example, with a RON of 106 vs. 98, a CO gain of 5 % on mixed cycle.
2
Moreover, if OEMs are sure of the higher RON value, fuel consumption can be reduced by 40 % to 25 %
particularly if driven on highway due to a better knocking resistance.
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As OEMs and ethanol industry believe this will make E85 fuels more attractive for the customer, it was agreed
to leave the 104 as indicative in the table in the first instance. Once there is sufficient confidence with actual
field data, the values could become mandatory.
The current ISO 5164 test can measure at the level of 106 of RON. It was suggested to specify 104 based on
the precision at that level. However, two steps should be taken notice of: estimation of the octane number and
the depicting of the specific nozzle on the CFR engine. As all engines should be certified for their specific
nozzle, it was agreed not to clarify the specific r and R in the specification. A correction should not be included
in the E85 specification.
5.2.3 Ethanol content and higher alcohols
The ethanol content is specified as a minimum to ensure a correct degree of purity for its use in automobiles,
and to qualify for Custom and Excise recognition. As the ethanol coming from the production facility may
contain small quantities of higher saturated alcohols C3 – C5 that are not considered harmful to engines, they
are included within this parameter. The higher saturated alcohols are also limited by a maximum content as a
separate parameter.
TF E85 supported allowing more flexibility on the amount of petrol to achieve the necessary performance. It
was suggested to include the French limits and to use different indications of grades to prevent confusion with
EN 228 climate classes.
The French Customs required a maximum range of 10 % from a consumer protection viewpoint. But the
flexibility in the DVPE would lose if you would limit the range of ethanol to 10 %. It was suggested to first
define the volatility grades and see if the ethanol content needed similar or additional grades.
Since the summer period seemed to give the constraints, ethanol industry suggested leaving out the
requirement of maximum ethanol percentage and limiting it by the vapour pressure. However in winter a limit
of 75 % seemed to give optimum results, as the more gasoline the better.
The group agreed to further address the need for a maximum ethanol limit and the French 10 % range
requirement, based on information from the car industry.
The engine needs vapour pressure for a cold start and DVPE is a way to measure it. Once running, the broad
distillation characteristics become the more critical and driveability is assisted by high front-end distillates. The
usefulness of the Driveability Index was debated. It was feared that we would deviate too much from the
original model with such high ethanol quantities.
Referring to the work in CEN/TC 19/WG 9 on three different methods, the GC test should report: oxygenates
only or also hydrocarbons. A reliable ethanol determination could be made with only minor updating of the
existing test methods.
It was suggested improving the definition of the effective ethanol content, which was a calculation of 100 %
minus the rest. The group felt that the ethanol content meant ethanol + higher alcohols. Oil industry, referring
to the fact that we needed to measure it in volume, would reckon the fact that ethanol has higher alcohols in it.
Ethanol industry indicated that the denaturants should be excluded and administrations referred to the needs
of the tax authorities.
The TF E85 agreed to limit the ethanol and higher content, using EN 15721 or another test suggested by
WG 9, and not the EN 15376 content, since there was a maximum on the higher alcohols content in the
specification table.
Limiting the content of unleaded petrol, the suggestion to delete the petrol content requirement from the table
was accepted since Ethanol (E85) is defined as a mixture of ethanol and petrol.
Ethanol industry favoured the original principal of actually blending 85 % and lowering the percentage too
much would make the product less commercially attractive. In the US, 70 % was required as a minimum.
Regarding E85 volatility in very cold conditions, it could be necessary to use block heaters.
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To be sure that the completely range of EN 228 products can be used to ensure the vapour pressure requests
(see 5.2.4), a consensus proposal with four grades was presented and discussed. A wide range of limits on
ethanol and higher alcohol content was proposed: grade "a" from 70 % to 85 %, grade "b" from 70 % to 85 %,
grade "c" from 60 % to 85 % and grade "d" from 50 % to 85 %.
The debate was on acknowledging the French experience and a
...
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