SIST EN 16603-31-02:2015
(Main)Space engineering - Two-phase heat transport equipment
Space engineering - Two-phase heat transport equipment
This standard defines requirements for two-phase heat transportation equipment (TPHTE), for use in spacecraft thermal control.
This standard is applicable to new hardware qualification activities.
Requirements for mechanical pump driven loops (MPDL) are not included in the present version of this Standard.
This standard includes definitions, requirements and DRDs from ECSS-E-ST-10-02, ECSS-E-ST-10-03, and ECSS-E-ST-10-06 applicable to TPHTE qualification. Therefore, these three standards are not applicable to the qualification of TPHTE.
This standard also includes definitions and part of the requirements of ECSS-E-ST-32-02 applicable to TPHTE qualification.
ECSS-E-ST-32-02 is therefore applicable to the qualification of TPHTE.
This standard does not include requirements for acceptance of TPHTE.
This standard may be tailored for the specific characteristic and constrains of a space project in conformance with ECSS-S-ST-00.
Raumfahrttechnik - Ausrüstung für Zwei-Phasen-Wärmetransport
Ingénierie spatiale - Equipements de transfert de chaleur à deux phases
Vesoljska tehnika - Oprema za dvofazni toplotni transport
Ta standard določa zahteve za opremo za dvofazni toplotni transport (TPHTE) za uporabo pri toplotnem nadzoru vesoljskih plovil. Ta standard se uporablja za dejavnosti, povezane s kvalifikacijo nove strojne opreme. Zahteve za zanke s pogonom prek mehanskih črpalk (MPDL) niso vključene v trenutno različico tega standarda. Ta standard vključuje definicije, zahteve in dokumente z definicijami zahtev iz standardov ECSS-E-ST-10-02, ECSS-E-ST-10-03 in ECSS-E-ST-10-06, ki se uporabljajo za kvalifikacijo TPHTE. Zato se ti trije standardi ne uporabljajo za kvalifikacijo TPHTE. Ta standard vključuje tudi definicije in del zahtev standarda ECSS-E-ST-32-02, ki se uporabljajo za kvalifikacijo TPHTE. ECSS-E-ST-32-02 se zato uporablja za kvalifikacijo TPHTE. Ta standard ne vključuje zahtev za sprejetje TPHTE. Ta standard se lahko prilagodi posameznim lastnostim in omejitvam vesoljskega projekta v skladu s standardom ECSS-S-ST-00.
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 16603-31-02:2015
01-november-2015
Vesoljska tehnika - Oprema za dvofazni toplotni transport
Space engineering - Two-phase heat transport equipment
Raumfahrttechnik - Ausrüstung für Zwei-Phasen-Wärmetransport
Ingénierie spatiale - Equipements de transfert de chaleur à deux phases
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 16603-31-02:2015
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
SIST EN 16603-31-02:2015 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 16603-31-02:2015
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SIST EN 16603-31-02:2015
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 16603-31-02
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2015
ICS 49.140
English version
Space engineering - Two-phase heat transport equipment
Ingénierie spatiale - Equipements de transfert de chaleur à Raumfahrttechnik - Ausrüstung für Zwei-Phasen-
deux phases Wärmetransport
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 November 2014.
CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving
this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning
such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN and CENELEC
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre
has the same status as the official versions.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 16603-31-02:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members and for CENELEC
Members.
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EN 16603-31-02:2015 (E)
Table of contents
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 9
3.1 Terms defined in other standards . 9
3.2 Terms specific to the present standard . 9
3.3 Abbreviated terms. 13
4 TPHTE qualification principles . 14
4.1 TPHTE categorization . 14
4.2 Involved organizations . 14
4.3 Generic requirements in this standard . 15
4.4 Processes, number of qualification units . 16
4.5 Thermal and mechanical qualification . 16
4.5.1 Temperature range . 16
4.5.2 Mechanical qualification . 18
5 Requirements . 20
5.1 Technical requirements specification (TS) . 20
5.1.1 General . 20
5.1.2 Requirements to the TS . 20
5.1.3 Requirements for formulating technical requirements . 21
5.2 Materials, parts and processes . 22
5.3 General qualification requirements . 22
5.3.1 Qualification process . 22
5.3.2 Supporting infrastructure – Tools and test equipment . 22
5.4 Qualification process selection . 22
5.5 Qualification stage . 24
5.5.1 General . 24
5.5.2 Quality audits . 25
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5.5.3 Qualification methods . 25
5.5.4 Full and delta qualification programme . 27
5.5.5 Performance requirements . 27
5.6 Qualification test programme . 29
5.6.1 Number of qualification units . 29
5.6.2 Test sequence . 29
5.6.3 Test requirements . 33
5.6.4 Physical properties measurement . 36
5.6.5 Proof pressure test . 37
5.6.6 Pressure cycle test . 37
5.6.7 Burst pressure test . 37
5.6.8 Leak test . 38
5.6.9 Thermal performance test . 39
5.6.10 Mechanical tests . 41
5.6.11 Thermal cycle test . 43
5.6.12 Aging and life tests . 43
5.6.13 Gas plug test . 44
5.6.14 Reduced thermal performance test . 44
5.7 Operating procedures . 45
5.8 Storage . 45
5.9 Documentation . 45
5.9.1 Documentation summary . 45
5.9.2 Specific documentation requirements. 45
Annex A (normative) Technical requirements specification (TS) – DRD . 48
Annex B (normative) Verification plan (VP) – DRD . 51
Annex C (normative) Review-of-design report (RRPT) - DRD . 54
Annex D (normative) Inspection report (IRPT) – DRD . 56
Annex E (normative) Test specification (TSPE) – DRD . 58
Annex F (normative) Test procedure (TPRO) – DRD . 61
Annex G (normative) Test report (TRPT) – DRD . 64
Annex H (normative) Verification report (VRPT) – DRD. 66
Bibliography . 68
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Figures
Figure 3-1: Tilt definition for HP . 12
Figure 3-2: Tilt definition for LHP . 12
Figure 4-1: Categories of TPHTE (two-phase heat transport equipment) . 15
Figure 4-2: Figure-of-merit (G) for some TPHTE fluids . 17
Figure 4-3: Definition of temperature and performance ranges for a HP . 18
Figure 5-1: Selection of qualification process . 24
Figure 5-2: Qualification test sequence for HP . 31
Figure 5-3: Qualification test sequence for CDL . 32
Tables
Table 5-1: Categories of two-phase heat transport equipment according to heritage
(derived from ECSS-E-ST-10-02C, Table 5-1) . 23
Table 5-2: Allowable tolerances . 34
Table 5-3: Measurement accuracy . 36
Table 5-4: Equipment resonance search test levels . 42
Table 5-5: Sinusoidal vibration qualification test levels . 42
Table 5-6: Random vibration qualification test levels . 43
Table 5-7: TPHTE documentation . 47
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EN 16603-31-02:2015 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 16603-31-02:2015) has been prepared by Technical
Committee CEN/CLC/TC 5 “Space”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This standard (EN 16603-31-02:2015) originates from ECSS-E-ST-31-02C.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either
by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March
2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
March 2016.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document
may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the
European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
This document has been developed to cover specifically space systems and has
therefore precedence over any EN covering the same scope but with a wider
domain of applicability (e.g. : aerospace).
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards
organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European
Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
5
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EN 16603-31-02:2015 (E)
Introduction
This Standard is based on ESA PSS-49, Issue 2 “Heat pipe qualification
requirements”, written 1983, when the need for heat pipes in several ESA
projects had been identified. At that time a number of European development
activities were initiated to provide qualified heat pipes for these programmes,
which culminated in a first heat pipe application on a European spacecraft in
1981 (MARECS, BR-200, ESA Achievements - More Than Thirty Years of
Pioneering Space Activity, ESA November 30, 2001), followed by a first major
application on a European communication satellite in 1987 (TV-SAT 1, German
Communication Satellites).
ESA PSS-49 was published at a time, when knowledge of heat pipe technology
started to evolve from work of a few laboratories in Europe (IKE, University
Stuttgart, EURATOM Research Centre, Ispra). Several wick designs, material
combinations and heat carrier fluids were investigated and many process
related issues remained to be solved. From today’s view point the qualification
requirements of ESA PSS-49 appear therefore very detailed, exhaustive and in
some cases disproportionate in an effort to cover any not yet fully understood
phenomena. As examples the specified number of qualification units (14), the
number of required thermal cycles (800) and the extensive mechanical testing
(50 g constant acceleration, high level sine and random vibration) can be cited.
The present Standard takes advantage of valid requirements of ESA PSS-49, but
reflects at the same time today’s advanced knowledge of two-phase cooling
technology, which can be found with European manufacturers. This includes
experience to select proven material combinations, reliable wick and container
designs, to apply well-established manufacturing and testing processes, and
develop reliable analysis tools to predict in-orbit performance of flight
hardware. The experience is also based on numerous successful two-phase
cooling system application in European spacecraft over the last 20 years.
Besides stream-lining the ESA PSS-49, to arrive at today’s accepted set of heat
pipe qualification requirements, the following features have also been taken
into account:
• Inclusion of qualification requirements for two-phase loops (CPL, LHP),
• Reference to applicable requirements in other ECSS documents,
• Formatting to recent ECSS template in order to produce a document,
which can be used in business agreements between customer and
supplier.
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EN 16603-31-02:2015 (E)
1
Scope
This standard defines requirements for two-phase heat transportation
equipment (TPHTE), for use in spacecraft thermal control.
This standard is applicable to new hardware qualification activities.
Requirements for mechanical pump driven loops (MPDL) are not included in
the present version of this Standard.
This standard includes definitions, requirements and DRDs from ECSS-E-ST-10-
02, ECSS-E-ST-10-03, and ECSS-E-ST-10-06 applicable to TPHTE qualification.
Therefore, these three standards are not applicable to the qualification of
TPHTE.
This standard also includes definitions and part of the requirements of ECSS-E-
ST-32-02 applicable to TPHTE qualification. ECSS-E-ST-32-02 is therefore
applicable to the qualification of TPHTE.
This standard does not include requirements for acceptance of TPHTE.
This standard may be tailored for the specific characteristic and constrains of a
space project in conformance with ECSS-S-ST-00.
7
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EN 16603-31-02:2015 (E)
2
Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this ECSS Standard. For dated
references, subsequent amendments to, or revision of any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this ECSS Standard are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the more recent editions of
the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest
edition of the publication referred to applies.
EN reference Reference in text Title
EN 16601-00-01 ECSS-S-ST-00-01 ECSS system - Glossary of terms
EN 16603-31 ECSS-E-ST-31 Space engineering - Thermal control general
requirements
EN 16603-32 ECSS-E-ST-32 Space engineering - Structural general requirements
EN 16603-32-01 ECSS-E-ST-32-01 Space engineering- Fracture control
EN 16603-32-02 ECSS-E-ST-32-02 Space engineering - Structural design and
verification of pressurized hardware
EN 16602-70 ECSS-Q-ST-70 Space product assurance - Materials, mechanical
parts and processes
EN 9100:2009 Aerospace series - Quality management systems -
Requirements for Aviation, Space and Defense
Organizations
8
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EN 16603-31-02:2015 (E)
3
Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms defined in other standards
For the purpose of this Standard, the terms and definitions from ECSS-E-ST-00-01
apply.
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definitions from
ECSS-E-ST-10-02 apply:
analysis
qualification stage
review-of-design (ROD)
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definitions from
ECSS-E-ST-32-02 apply:
burst pressure
differential pressure
external pressure
internal pressure
leak-before-burst (LBB)
pressure vessel (PV)
pressurized hardware (PH)
proof test
3.2 Terms specific to the present standard
3.2.1 capillary driven loop (CDL)
TPL, in which fluid circulation is accomplished by capillary action (capillary
pump)
NOTE See TPL definition in 3.2.21.
3.2.2 capillary pumped loop (CPL)
CDL with the fluid reservoir separated from the evaporator and without a
capillary link to the evaporator
NOTE See CDL definition in 3.2.1.
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3.2.3 constant conductance heat pipe (CCHP)
heat pipe with a fixed thermal conductance between evaporator and condenser
at a given saturation temperature
NOTE See heat pipe definition in 3.2.7.
3.2.4 dry-out
depletion of liquid in the evaporator section at high heat input when the
capillary pressure gain becomes lower than the pressure drop in the circulating
fluid
3.2.5 effective length
heat pipe length between middle of evaporator and middle of condenser for
configurations with one evaporator and one condenser only
NOTE Used to determine the heat pipe transport
capability (see 3.2.10).
3.2.6 exposure temperature range
maximum temperature range to which a TPHTE is exposed during its product
life cycle and which is relevant for thermo-mechanical qualification
NOTE 1 The internal pressure at the maximum temperature
of this range defines the MDP for the pressure
vessel qualification of a TPHTE.
NOTE 2 The extreme temperatures of this range can be
below freezing and / or above critical temperatures
of the working fluid.
NOTE 3 In other technical domains, this temperature range
is typically called non-operating temperature
range (see clause 4 for additional explanation).
3.2.7 heat pipe (HP)
TPHTE consisting of a single container with liquid and vapour passages
arranged in such a way that the two fluid phases move in counter flow
NOTE 1 See TPHTE definition in 3.2.20.
NOTE 2 The capillary structure in a heat pipe extends over
the entire container length.
3.2.8 heat pipe diode (HPD)
heat pipe, which transports heat based on evaporation and condensation only
in one direction
NOTE See heat pipe definition in 3.2.7.
3.2.9 loop heat pipe (LHP)
CDL with the fluid reservoir as integral part of the evaporator
NOTE 1 See CDL definition in 3.2.1.
NOTE 2 The reservoir can be separated, but has a capillary
link to the evaporator.
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3.2.10 heat transport capability
maximum amount of heat, which can be transported in a TPHTE from the
evaporator to the condenser
NOTE For heat pipes it is the maximum heat load
expressed in [Wm] (transported heat x effective
length).
3.2.11 maximum design pressure (MDP)
maximum allowed pressure inside a TPHTE during product life cycle
NOTE The product life cycle starts after acceptance of
the product for flight.
3.2.12 mechanical pump driven loop (MPDL)
TPL, in which fluid circulation is accomplished by a mechanical pump
NOTE See TPL definitions in 3.2.21.
3.2.13 product life cycle
product life starting from the delivery of the TPHTE hardware until end of
service live
3.2.14 reflux mode
operational mode, where the liquid is returned from the condenser to the
evaporator by gravitational forces and not by capillary forces
3.2.15 start-up
operational phase starting with initial supply of heat to the evaporator until
nominal operational conditions of the device are established
3.2.16 sub-cooling
temperature difference between average CDL reservoir temperature and the
temperature of the liquid line at the inlet to the reservoir
NOTE The average CDL reservoir temperature
represents the saturation temperature inside the
reservoir.
3.2.17 thermal performance temperature range
temperature range for which a TPHTE is thermally qualified
NOTE In the thermal performance temperature range
a thermal performance map exists.
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3.2.18 tilt for HP
height of the evaporator (highest point) above the condenser (lowest point)
during ground testing
NOTE This definition is valid for a configuration with
one evaporator and one condenser (see Figure
3-1).
evaporator
condenser
Figure 3-1: Tilt definition for HP
3.2.19 tilt for LHP
height of the evaporator (highest point) above the reservoir (lowest point)
during ground testing
NOTE See Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-2: Tilt definition for LHP
3.2.20 two-phase heat transport equipment (TPHTE)
hermetically closed system filled with a working fluid and transporting thermal
energy by a continuous evaporation/condensation process using the latent heat
of the fluid
NOTE 1 A fluid evaporates in the heat input zone
(evaporator) and condenses in the heat output
zone (condenser).
NOTE 2 This is in contrast to a single-phase loop where the
sensible heat of a liquid is transported (a liquid
heats up in the heat input zone and cools down in
the heat output zone).
3.2.21 two-phase loop (TPL)
TPHTE with physically separated vapour and liquid transport lines forming a
closed loop
NOTE See TPHTE definition in 3.2.20.
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3.2.22 variable conductance heat pipe (VCHP)
heat pipe with an additional non-condensable gas reservoir allowing a variable
thermal conductance between evaporator and condenser
NOTE 1 See heat pipe definition in 3.2.7.
NOTE 2 The variation in thermal conductance is generally
accomplished by regulating the volume of a non-
condensable gas plug reaching into the condenser
zone, which in turn varies the effective condenser
length.
NOTE 3 The variation of the gas volume can be performed
by active or passive means.
3.3 Abbreviated terms
The following abbreviations are defined and used within this standard:
Abbreviation Meaning
constant conductance heat pipe
CCHP
capillary driven loop
CDL
capillary pumped loop
CPL
coefficient of thermal expansion
CTE
document requirements definition
DRD
heat pipe
HP
heat pipe diode
HPD
leak before burst
LBB
loop heat pipe
LHP
maximum design pressure
MDP
mechanical pump driven loop
MPDL
metallic special pressurized equipment
MSPE
non-destructive inspection
NDI
pressurized hardware
PH
review-of-design
ROD
special pressurized equipment
SPE
thermal control (sub)system
TCS
two-phase heat transport equipment
TPHTE
two-phase loop
TPL
technical requirement specification
TS
variable conductance heat pipe
VCHP
verification plan
VP
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4
TPHTE qualification principles
4.1 TPHTE categorization
TPHTE are considered special pressurized hardware, as defined in clause 3.
Requirements of ECSS-E-ST-32-02 are included in this Standard for this reason.
The TPHTE are categorized in Figure 4-1 according to their design and
functional principle.
Heat pipes consist of a single container with a capillary structure extending
over the entire container length. Liquid and vapour passages are arranged in
such a way that the two fluid phases move in counter flow.
Capillary driven loops (CDL) have separate evaporator and condenser sections,
which are connected by dedicated vapour and liquid tubing. At least one
capillary structure is located in the evaporator section, which serves as capillary
pump to circulate the fluid in a true loop configuration.
The mechanically pumped two-phase loop (MPDL) has a configuration, which
is similar to the CDL, except that the circulation of the fluid is accomplished by
a mechanical pump.
NOTE Requirements for MPDL are not included in the
present version of this Standard.
4.2 Involved organizations
The qualification process of TPHTE is generally carried out by a specialized
equipment manufacturer (called in this document “supplier”) and controlled by
the qualification authority, which is called in this document the “customer”.
The qualification activity is embedded in the supplier’s product assurance and
quality organization and in most cases the supplier's quality assurance plan has
been established and approved for space activities independently from the
TPHTE qualification process specified in this document. It is the task of the
supplier’s PA authority to introduce / approve adequate product assurance
provisions at his subcontractor(s). The existence of an approved PA Plan is
precondition for commencing qualification activities.
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Figure 4-1: Categories of TPHTE (two-phase heat transport equipment)
4.3 Generic requirements in this standard
The present document provides generic, i.e. not project specific requirements
for formal qualification of TPHTE. It is therefore important to select overall and
enveloping qualification requirements in order to support a maximum of
spacecraft application without the need for delta qualification.
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4.4 Processes, number of qualification units
The qualification of TPHTE is based on qualified manufacturing processes (e.g.
cleaning, surface treatment, welding and leak testing) and covers in general the
following areas:
• Performance over long operation time (compatibility between fluid and
wall material, space radiation, leak tightness)
• Mechanical performance (strength, pressurized hardware)
• Thermal performance (e.g. heat transport capability, start-up behaviour,
heat transfer coefficients)
In this context the number of TPHTE units to be produced for the qualification
program are evaluated and selected by the supplier. There are no general
applicable sources, which specify the minimum of units to be used to undergo
identical qualification testing in order to arrive at a successful qualified
product. The question to be answered for each TPHTE configuration is: How
many identical units need to be built and tested in order to verify that
production processes provide reproducible performance results.
The following are possible selection criteria:
• Experience of the manufacturer in production of similar products,
• Simplicity of the configuration,
• TPHTE design features, which have inherent capability for good
repeatability of the production processes (e.g. simple axial grooved heat
pipes).
This Standard specifies the number of needed units submitted to the
qualification process for configurations, which are currently used in several
spacecraft applications. It is recommended that the supplier performs the
selection for other configura
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST FprEN 16603-31-02:2014
01-julij-2014
Vesoljska tehnika - Oprema za dvofazni toplotni transport
Space engineering - Two-phase heat transport equipment
Raumfahrttechnik - Ausrüstung für Zwei-Phasen-Wärmetransport
Ingénierie spatiale - Equipements de transfert de chaleur à deux phases
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprEN 16603-31-02
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
kSIST FprEN 16603-31-02:2014 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST FprEN 16603-31-02:2014
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kSIST FprEN 16603-31-02:2014
EUROPEAN STANDARD
FINAL DRAFT
FprEN 16603-31-02
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2014
ICS 49.140
English version
Space engineering - Two-phase heat transport equipment
Ingénierie spatiale - Equipements de transfert de chaleur à Raumfahrttechnik - Ausrüstung für Zwei-Phasen-
deux phases Wärmetransport
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for unique acceptance procedure. It has been drawn up by the Technical
Committee CEN/CLC/TC 5.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN and CENELEC in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any
other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprEN 16603-31-02:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members and for CENELEC
Members.
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kSIST FprEN 16603-31-02:2014
FprEN 16603-31-02:2014 (E)
Table of contents
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 9
3.1 Terms defined in other standards . 9
3.2 Terms specific to the present standard . 9
3.3 Abbreviated terms. 13
4 TPHTE qualification principles . 14
4.1 TPHTE categorization . 14
4.2 Involved organizations . 14
4.3 Generic requirements in this standard . 15
4.4 Processes, number of qualification units . 16
4.5 Thermal and mechanical qualification . 16
4.5.1 Temperature range . 16
4.5.2 Mechanical qualification . 18
5 Requirements . 20
5.1 Technical requirements specification (TS) . 20
5.1.1 General . 20
5.1.2 Requirements to the TS . 20
5.1.3 Requirements for formulating technical requirements . 21
5.2 Materials, parts and processes . 22
5.3 General qualification requirements . 22
5.3.1 Qualification process . 22
5.3.2 Supporting infrastructure – Tools and test equipment . 22
5.4 Qualification process selection . 22
5.5 Qualification stage . 24
5.5.1 General . 24
5.5.2 Quality audits . 25
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5.5.3 Qualification methods . 25
5.5.4 Full and delta qualification programme . 27
5.5.5 Performance requirements . 27
5.6 Qualification test programme . 29
5.6.1 Number of qualification units . 29
5.6.2 Test sequence . 29
5.6.3 Test requirements . 33
5.6.4 Physical properties measurement . 36
5.6.5 Proof pressure test . 37
5.6.6 Pressure cycle test . 37
5.6.7 Burst pressure test . 37
5.6.8 Leak test . 38
5.6.9 Thermal performance test . 39
5.6.10 Mechanical tests . 41
5.6.11 Thermal cycle test . 43
5.6.12 Aging and life tests . 43
5.6.13 Gas plug test . 44
5.6.14 Reduced thermal performance test . 44
5.7 Operating procedures . 45
5.8 Storage . 45
5.9 Documentation . 45
5.9.1 Documentation summary . 45
5.9.2 Specific documentation requirements. 45
Annex A (normative) Technical requirements specification (TS) – DRD . 48
Annex B (normative) Verification plan (VP) – DRD . 51
Annex C (normative) Review-of-design report (RRPT) - DRD . 54
Annex D (normative) Inspection report (IRPT) – DRD . 56
Annex E (normative) Test specification (TSPE) – DRD . 58
Annex F (normative) Test procedure (TPRO) – DRD . 61
Annex G (normative) Test report (TRPT) – DRD . 64
Annex H (normative) Verification report (VRPT) – DRD. 66
Bibliography . 68
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Figures
Figure 3-1: Tilt definition for HP . 12
Figure 3-2: Tilt definition for LHP . 12
Figure 4-1: Categories of TPHTE (two-phase heat transport equipment) . 15
Figure 4-2: Figure-of-merit (G) for some TPHTE fluids . 17
Figure 4-3: Definition of temperature and performance ranges for a HP . 18
Figure 5-1: Selection of qualification process . 24
Figure 5-2: Qualification test sequence for HP . 31
Figure 5-3: Qualification test sequence for CDL . 32
Tables
Table 5-1: Categories of two-phase heat transport equipment according to heritage
(derived from ECSS-E-ST-10-02C, Table 5-1) . 23
Table 5-2: Allowable tolerances . 34
Table 5-3: Measurement accuracy . 36
Table 5-4: Equipment resonance search test levels . 42
Table 5-5: Sinusoidal vibration qualification test levels . 42
Table 5-6: Random vibration qualification test levels . 43
Table 5-7: TPHTE documentation . 47
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Foreword
This document (FprEN 16603-31-02:2014) has been prepared by Technical
Committee CEN/CLC/TC 5 “Space”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN
(Germany).
This document (FprEN 16603-31-02:2014) originates from ECSS-E-ST-31-02C.
This document is currently submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure.
This document has been developed to cover specifically space systems and will
the-refore have precedence over any EN covering the same scope but with a
wider do-main of applicability (e.g. : aerospace).
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Introduction
This Standard is based on ESA PSS-49, Issue 2 “Heat pipe qualification
requirements”, written 1983, when the need for heat pipes in several ESA
projects had been identified. At that time a number of European development
activities were initiated to provide qualified heat pipes for these programmes,
which culminated in a first heat pipe application on a European spacecraft in
1981 (MARECS, BR-200, ESA Achievements - More Than Thirty Years of
Pioneering Space Activity, ESA November 30, 2001), followed by a first major
application on a European communication satellite in 1987 (TV-SAT 1, German
Communication Satellites).
ESA PSS-49 was published at a time, when knowledge of heat pipe technology
started to evolve from work of a few laboratories in Europe (IKE, University
Stuttgart, EURATOM Research Centre, Ispra). Several wick designs, material
combinations and heat carrier fluids were investigated and many process
related issues remained to be solved. From today’s view point the qualification
requirements of ESA PSS-49 appear therefore very detailed, exhaustive and in
some cases disproportionate in an effort to cover any not yet fully understood
phenomena. As examples the specified number of qualification units (14), the
number of required thermal cycles (800) and the extensive mechanical testing
(50 g constant acceleration, high level sine and random vibration) can be cited.
The present Standard takes advantage of valid requirements of ESA PSS-49, but
reflects at the same time today’s advanced knowledge of two-phase cooling
technology, which can be found with European manufacturers. This includes
experience to select proven material combinations, reliable wick and container
designs, to apply well-established manufacturing and testing processes, and
develop reliable analysis tools to predict in-orbit performance of flight
hardware. The experience is also based on numerous successful two-phase
cooling system application in European spacecraft over the last 20 years.
Besides stream-lining the ESA PSS-49, to arrive at today’s accepted set of heat
pipe qualification requirements, the following features have also been taken
into account:
• Inclusion of qualification requirements for two-phase loops (CPL, LHP),
• Reference to applicable requirements in other ECSS documents,
• Formatting to recent ECSS template in order to produce a document,
which can be used in business agreements between customer and
supplier.
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1
Scope
This standard defines requirements for two-phase heat transportation
equipment (TPHTE), for use in spacecraft thermal control.
This standard is applicable to new hardware qualification activities.
Requirements for mechanical pump driven loops (MPDL) are not included in
the present version of this Standard.
This standard includes definitions, requirements and DRDs from ECSS-E-ST-10-
02, ECSS-E-ST-10-03, and ECSS-E-ST-10-06 applicable to TPHTE qualification.
Therefore, these three standards are not applicable to the qualification of
TPHTE.
This standard also includes definitions and part of the requirements of ECSS-E-
ST-32-02 applicable to TPHTE qualification. ECSS-E-ST-32-02 is therefore
applicable to the qualification of TPHTE.
This standard does not include requirements for acceptance of TPHTE.
This standard may be tailored for the specific characteristic and constrains of a
space project in conformance with ECSS-S-ST-00.
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2
Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this ECSS Standard. For dated
references, subsequent amendments to, or revision of any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this ECSS Standard are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the more recent editions of
the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest
edition of the publication referred to applies.
EN reference Reference in text Title
EN 16601-00-01 ECSS-S-ST-00-01 ECSS system - Glossary of terms
EN 16603-31 ECSS-E-ST-31 Space engineering - Thermal control general
requirements
EN 16603-32 ECSS-E-ST-32 Space engineering - Structural general requirements
EN 16603-32-01 ECSS-E-ST-32-01 Space engineering- Fracture control
EN 16603-32-02 ECSS-E-ST-32-02 Space engineering - Structural design and
verification of pressurized hardware
EN 16602-70 ECSS-Q-ST-70 Space product assurance - Materials, mechanical
parts and processes
EN 9100:2009 Aerospace series - Quality management systems -
Requirements for Aviation, Space and Defense
Organizations
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3
Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms defined in other standards
For the purpose of this Standard, the terms and definitions from ECSS-E-ST-00-01
apply.
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definitions from
ECSS-E-ST-10-02 apply:
analysis
qualification stage
review-of-design (ROD)
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms and definitions from
ECSS-E-ST-32-02 apply:
burst pressure
differential pressure
external pressure
internal pressure
leak-before-burst (LBB)
pressure vessel (PV)
pressurized hardware (PH)
proof test
3.2 Terms specific to the present standard
3.2.1 capillary driven loop (CDL)
TPL, in which fluid circulation is accomplished by capillary action (capillary
pump)
NOTE See TPL definition in 3.2.21.
3.2.2 capillary pumped loop (CPL)
CDL with the fluid reservoir separated from the evaporator and without a
capillary link to the evaporator
NOTE See CDL definition in 3.2.1.
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3.2.3 constant conductance heat pipe (CCHP)
heat pipe with a fixed thermal conductance between evaporator and condenser
at a given saturation temperature
NOTE See heat pipe definition in 3.2.7.
3.2.4 dry-out
depletion of liquid in the evaporator section at high heat input when the
capillary pressure gain becomes lower than the pressure drop in the circulating
fluid
3.2.5 effective length
heat pipe length between middle of evaporator and middle of condenser for
configurations with one evaporator and one condenser only
NOTE Used to determine the heat pipe transport
capability (see 3.2.10).
3.2.6 exposure temperature range
maximum temperature range to which a TPHTE is exposed during its product
life cycle and which is relevant for thermo-mechanical qualification
NOTE 1 The internal pressure at the maximum temperature
of this range defines the MDP for the pressure
vessel qualification of a TPHTE.
NOTE 2 The extreme temperatures of this range can be
below freezing and / or above critical temperatures
of the working fluid.
NOTE 3 In other technical domains, this temperature range
is typically called non-operating temperature
range (see clause 4 for additional explanation).
3.2.7 heat pipe (HP)
TPHTE consisting of a single container with liquid and vapour passages
arranged in such a way that the two fluid phases move in counter flow
NOTE 1 See TPHTE definition in 3.2.20.
NOTE 2 The capillary structure in a heat pipe extends over
the entire container length.
3.2.8 heat pipe diode (HPD)
heat pipe, which transports heat based on evaporation and condensation only
in one direction
NOTE See heat pipe definition in 3.2.7.
3.2.9 loop heat pipe (LHP)
CDL with the fluid reservoir as integral part of the evaporator
NOTE 1 See CDL definition in 3.2.1.
NOTE 2 The reservoir can be separated, but has a capillary
link to the evaporator.
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3.2.10 heat transport capability
maximum amount of heat, which can be transported in a TPHTE from the
evaporator to the condenser
NOTE For heat pipes it is the maximum heat load
expressed in [Wm] (transported heat x effective
length).
3.2.11 maximum design pressure (MDP)
maximum allowed pressure inside a TPHTE during product life cycle
NOTE The product life cycle starts after acceptance of
the product for flight.
3.2.12 mechanical pump driven loop (MPDL)
TPL, in which fluid circulation is accomplished by a mechanical pump
NOTE See TPL definitions in 3.2.21.
3.2.13 product life cycle
product life starting from the delivery of the TPHTE hardware until end of
service live
3.2.14 reflux mode
operational mode, where the liquid is returned from the condenser to the
evaporator by gravitational forces and not by capillary forces
3.2.15 start-up
operational phase starting with initial supply of heat to the evaporator until
nominal operational conditions of the device are established
3.2.16 sub-cooling
temperature difference between average CDL reservoir temperature and the
temperature of the liquid line at the inlet to the reservoir
NOTE The average CDL reservoir temperature
represents the saturation temperature inside the
reservoir.
3.2.17 thermal performance temperature range
temperature range for which a TPHTE is thermally qualified
NOTE In the thermal performance temperature range
a thermal performance map exists.
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3.2.18 tilt for HP
height of the evaporator (highest point) above the condenser (lowest point)
during ground testing
NOTE This definition is valid for a configuration with
one evaporator and one condenser (see Figure
3-1).
evaporator
condenser
Figure 3-1: Tilt definition for HP
3.2.19 tilt for LHP
height of the evaporator (highest point) above the reservoir (lowest point)
during ground testing
NOTE See Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-2: Tilt definition for LHP
3.2.20 two-phase heat transport equipment (TPHTE)
hermetically closed system filled with a working fluid and transporting thermal
energy by a continuous evaporation/condensation process using the latent heat
of the fluid
NOTE 1 A fluid evaporates in the heat input zone
(evaporator) and condenses in the heat output
zone (condenser).
NOTE 2 This is in contrast to a single-phase loop where the
sensible heat of a liquid is transported (a liquid
heats up in the heat input zone and cools down in
the heat output zone).
3.2.21 two-phase loop (TPL)
TPHTE with physically separated vapour and liquid transport lines forming a
closed loop
NOTE See TPHTE definition in 3.2.20.
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3.2.22 variable conductance heat pipe (VCHP)
heat pipe with an additional non-condensable gas reservoir allowing a variable
thermal conductance between evaporator and condenser
NOTE 1 See heat pipe definition in 3.2.7.
NOTE 2 The variation in thermal conductance is generally
accomplished by regulating the volume of a non-
condensable gas plug reaching into the condenser
zone, which in turn varies the effective condenser
length.
NOTE 3 The variation of the gas volume can be performed
by active or passive means.
3.3 Abbreviated terms
The following abbreviations are defined and used within this standard:
Abbreviation Meaning
constant conductance heat pipe
CCHP
capillary driven loop
CDL
capillary pumped loop
CPL
coefficient of thermal expansion
CTE
document requirements definition
DRD
heat pipe
HP
heat pipe diode
HPD
leak before burst
LBB
loop heat pipe
LHP
maximum design pressure
MDP
mechanical pump driven loop
MPDL
metallic special pressurized equipment
MSPE
non-destructive inspection
NDI
pressurized hardware
PH
review-of-design
ROD
special pressurized equipment
SPE
thermal control (sub)system
TCS
two-phase heat transport equipment
TPHTE
two-phase loop
TPL
technical requirement specification
TS
variable conductance heat pipe
VCHP
verification plan
VP
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4
TPHTE qualification principles
4.1 TPHTE categorization
TPHTE are considered special pressurized hardware, as defined in clause 3.
Requirements of ECSS-E-ST-32-02 are included in this Standard for this reason.
The TPHTE are categorized in Figure 4-1 according to their design and
functional principle.
Heat pipes consist of a single container with a capillary structure extending
over the entire container length. Liquid and vapour passages are arranged in
such a way that the two fluid phases move in counter flow.
Capillary driven loops (CDL) have separate evaporator and condenser sections,
which are connected by dedicated vapour and liquid tubing. At least one
capillary structure is located in the evaporator section, which serves as capillary
pump to circulate the fluid in a true loop configuration.
The mechanically pumped two-phase loop (MPDL) has a configuration, which
is similar to the CDL, except that the circulation of the fluid is accomplished by
a mechanical pump.
NOTE Requirements for MPDL are not included in the
present version of this Standard.
4.2 Involved organizations
The qualification process of TPHTE is generally carried out by a specialized
equipment manufacturer (called in this document “supplier”) and controlled by
the qualification authority, which is called in this document the “customer”.
The qualification activity is embedded in the supplier’s product assurance and
quality organization and in most cases the supplier's quality assurance plan has
been established and approved for space activities independently from the
TPHTE qualification process specified in this document. It is the task of the
supplier’s PA authority to introduce / approve adequate product assurance
provisions at his subcontractor(s). The existence of an approved PA Plan is
precondition for commencing qualification activities.
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Figure 4-1: Categories of TPHTE (two-phase heat transport equipment)
4.3 Generic requirements in this standard
The present document provides generic, i.e. not project specific requirements
for formal qualification of TPHTE. It is therefore important to select overall and
enveloping qualification requirements in order to support a maximum of
spacecraft application without the need for delta qualification.
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4.4 Processes, number of qualification units
The qualification of TPHTE is based on qualified manufacturing processes (e.g.
cleaning, surface treatment, welding and leak testing) and covers in general the
following areas:
• Performance over long operation time (compatibility between fluid and
wall material, space radiation, leak tightness)
• Mechanical performance (strength, pressurized hardware)
• Thermal performance (e.g. heat transport capability, start-up behaviour,
heat transfer coefficients)
In this context the number of TPHTE units to be produced for the qualification
program are evaluated and selected by the supplier. There are no general
applicable sources, which specify the minimum of units to be used to undergo
identical qualification testing in order to arrive at a successful qualified
product. The question to be answered for each TPHTE configuration is: How
many identical units need to be built and tested in order to verify that
production processes provide reproducible performance results.
The following are possible selection criteria:
• Experience of the manufacturer in production of similar products,
• Simplicity of the configuration,
• TPHTE design features, which have inherent capability for good
repeatability of the production processes (e.g. simple axial grooved heat
pipes).
This Standard specifies the number of needed units submitted to the
qualification process for configurations, which are currently used in several
spacecraft applications. It is recommended that the supplier performs the
selection for other configurations and provide argumentation to the customer
for agreement of his choice.
Compared to full qualification of a new product the number of units can be
reduced for delta qualification of an existing but modified product.
4.5 Thermal and mechanical qualification
4.5.1 Temperature range
In contrast to most of electronic equipment the performance of a TPHTE varies
with its operating temperature, because properties of the used heat carrier are
temperature dependent. For heat pipes as an example, important fluid
properties can be grouped int
...
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