SIST EN 14429:2015
(Main)Characterisation of waste - Leaching behaviour test - Influence of pH on leaching with initial acid/base addition
Characterisation of waste - Leaching behaviour test - Influence of pH on leaching with initial acid/base addition
This European Standard is applicable for determining the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from a waste material. Equilibrium condition as defined in the standard is established by addition of pre-determined amounts of acid or base to reach desired end pH values. This test method produces eluates, which are subsequently characterized physically and chemically.
This European Standard is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a waste under specified conditions.
NOTE This generally requires the application of several test methods, behavioural modelling and model validation as specified in EN 12920.
Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Untersuchung des Auslaugungsverhaltens - Einfluss des pH-Wertes unter vorheriger Säure/Base Zugabe
Diese Europäische Norm legt ein Verfahren für die Bestimmung des Einflusses des pH-Wertes auf die Eluierbarkeit von anorganischen Bestandteilen aus Abfall fest. Der Gleichgewichtszustand, wie er in dieser Norm definiert ist, wird durch Zugabe einer vorher bestimmten Menge an Säure oder Base hergestellt, um die gewünschten endgültigen pH-Werte zu erreichen. Dieses Prüfverfahren führt zu Eluaten, die anschließend physikalisch und chemisch charakterisiert werden.
Diese Europäische Norm ist eine parameterspezifische Prüfung, wie in EN 12920 festgelegt. Die Anwendung nur dieses Prüfverfahrens ist für die Bestimmung des genauen Elutionsverhaltens eines Abfalls unter festgelegten Bedingungen nicht ausreichend.
Caractérisation des déchets - Essais de comportement à la lixiviation - Influence du pH sur la lixiviation avec ajout initial d'acide/base
La présente Norme européenne définit une méthode de détermination de l’influence du pH sur la lixiviabilité des constituants inorganiques d’un déchet. L’état d’équilibre tel que défini dans la présente norme s’obtient en ajoutant des quantités prédéfinies d’acide ou de base pour atteindre les valeurs de pH souhaitées. Cette méthode d’essai produit des éluats qui sont ensuite caractérisés du point de vue physico-chimique.
La présente Norme européenne est un essai paramétrique, tel que spécifié dans l’EN 12920. Cette méthode d’essai n’est pas suffisante, à elle seule, pour déterminer le comportement à la lixiviation d’un déchet dans des conditions spécifiées.
Karakterizacija odpadkov - Izluževalni preskus - Vpliv pH na izluževanje z začetnim dodatkom kisline/baze
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Untersuchung des Auslaugungsverhaltens - Einfluss des pH-Wertes unter vorheriger Säure/Base ZugabeCaractérisation des déchets - Essais de comportement à la lixiviation - Influence du pH sur la lixiviation avec ajout initial d'acide/baseCharacterisation of waste - Leaching behaviour test - Influence of pH on leaching with initial acid/base addition13.030.01Odpadki na splošnoWastes in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14429:2015SIST EN 14429:2015en,fr,de01-junij-2015SIST EN 14429:2015SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 14429:20061DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 14429:2015
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14429
March 2015 ICS 13.030.01 Supersedes CEN/TS 14429:2005English Version
Characterization of waste - Leaching behaviour test - Influence of pH on leaching with initial acid/base addition
Caractérisation des déchets - Essais de comportement à la lixiviation - Influence du pH sur la lixiviation avec ajout initial d'acide/base
Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens - Einfluss des pH-Wertes auf die Elution unter vorheriger Säure/Base-Zugabe This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 December 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14429:2015 ESIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4 Introduction .5 1 Scope .7 2 Normative references .7 3 Terms and definitions .7 4 Symbols and abbreviations .8 5 Principle .9 6 Reagents .9 7 Equipment . 10 7.1 General . 10 7.2 Laboratory equipment . 10 8 Sample preparation . 11 8.1 Laboratory sample . 11 8.2 Preparation of the test sample . 11 8.3 Determination of dry residue . 11 8.4 Preparation of the test portion . 12 9 Procedure . 12 9.1 Contact time . 12 9.2 pH range . 12 9.3 Leaching test . 13 9.3.1 General . 13 9.3.2 Preparation of leachant . 13 9.3.3 Leaching procedure . 14 9.4 Natural pH . 15 10 Eluate treatment, storage and analysis . 16 11 Blank test . 16 12 Performance characteristics . 16 13 Test report . 17 Annex A (informative)
Example of a data sheet . 19 Annex B (informative)
Operation and uses of the test — Influence of pH on the leaching behaviour . 20 B.1 Clarification of the two modes of operation of the test: influence of pH on the leaching behaviour . 20 B.2 Expression of results . 22 B.3 Scope and limits of the application field of the test . 22 B.3.1 Remarks on the use of pH dependence test results to assess the effects of ageing . 22 B.3.2 Examples of test result use and considerations on scope . 23 B.4 Example: Identification of the sensitivity of leaching to pH over the environmentally relevant pH range. 24 Annex C (informative)
Preliminary determination of the acid/base consumption . 25 C.1 General . 25 SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 3 C.2 Titration procedure to estimate the ANC and the BNC . 25 C.2.1 Reagents and laboratory devices . 25 C.2.2 Test portion . 25 C.2.3 Procedure . 25 C.2.4 Expression of results . 27 C.3 Arbitrary division of the maximum acid/base consumption for the extreme pH values . 27 C.3.1 General . 27 C.3.2 Reagents and laboratory devices . 27 C.3.3 Test portion . 27 C.3.4 Procedure . 27 C.3.5 Expression of results . 28 Annex D (informative)
Examples of acid and base neutralization capacities for waste, soil, sediment and construction materials . 30 D.1 Examples of acid and base neutralization capacities . 30 D.2 Use of acid and base neutralization capacity data . 32 Annex E (informative)
Repeatability and reproducibility data . 33 E.1 Materials used in the interlaboratory comparison study . 33 E.2 Interlaboratory comparison results . 33 Bibliography . 51
SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 14429:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 14429:2005. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. The following significant technical changes have been implemented in this new edition of the text: — the status of the document has been changed from a CEN/TS into a European Standard; — performance data has been added (see Annex E). According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 5 Introduction This document has been developed primarily to support the requirements for leaching behaviour testing within EU and EFTA countries. This document specifies a test method to determine the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from waste materials. For the complete characterization of the leaching behaviour of waste under specified conditions the application of other test methods is required (see EN 12920). Anyone dealing with waste and sludge analysis should be aware of the typical risks of that kind of material irrespective of the parameter to be determined. Waste and sludge samples can contain hazardous (e.g. toxic, reactive, flammable, infectious) substances, which can be liable to biological and/or chemical reaction. Consequently these samples should be handled with special care. Gases which can be produced by microbiological or chemical activity are potentially flammable and will pressurize sealed bottles. Bursting bottles are likely to result in hazardous shrapnel, dust and/or aerosol. National regulations will be followed with respect to all hazards associated with this method. In the different European countries, tests have been developed to characterize and assess the constituents which can be leached from waste materials. The release of soluble constituents upon contact with water is regarded as one of the main mechanism of release which results in a potential risk to the environment during life-cycle of waste materials (disposal or re-use scenario). The intent of these tests is to identify the leaching properties of waste materials. The complexity of the leaching process makes simplifications necessary. Not all of the relevant aspects of leaching behaviour can be addressed in one single standard. Procedures to characterize the behaviour of waste materials can generally be divided into three steps, using different tests in relation to the objective. The following test hierarchy is taken from the Landfill Directive 1) and the Decision on Annex II of this Directive 2) for disposal of waste. a) Basic characterization constitutes a full characterization of the waste by gathering all the necessary information for a safe management of the waste in the short and long term. Basic characterization may provide information on the waste (type and origin, composition, consistency, leachability, etc.), information for understanding the behaviour of waste in the considered management scenario, comparison of waste properties against limit values, and detection of key variables (critical parameters as liquid/solid (L/S) ratios, leachant composition, factors controlling leachability such as pH, redox potential, complexing capacity and physical parameters) for compliance testing and options for simplification of compliance testing. Characterization may deliver ratios between test results from basic characterization and results from simplified test procedures as well as information on a suitable frequency for compliance testing. In addition to the leaching behaviour, the composition of the waste should be known or determined by testing. The tests used for basic characterization should always include those to be used for compliance testing. b) Compliance testing is used to demonstrate that the sample of today fits the population of samples tested before by basic characterization and through that, is used to carry out compliance with regulatory limit values. The compliance test should therefore always be part of the basic characterization program. The compliance test focuses on key variables and leaching behaviour identified by basic characterization tests. Parts of basic characterization tests can also be used for compliance purposes.
1) Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste. 2) Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002. SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 6 c) On-site verification tests are used as a rapid check to confirm that the waste is the same as that which has been subjected to characterization or compliance tests. On-site verification tests are not necessarily leaching tests. The test procedure described in this document is a basic characterization test and falls in category a). In this European Standard leaching is carried out at different pH values as a result of the reaction between pre-selected amounts of acid or base and test portions of the waste material. Size reduction is performed to facilitate approaching equilibrium. This test is different from the "pH dependence test with continuous pH control" (pH static test, see EN 14997) in which the pH is controlled at pre-selected values over the entire testing period by continuous measurement and automatic addition of acid or base. The test is aiming at approaching equilibrium at the end of the procedure. NOTE In Annex B specific uses of both the pH dependence test with initial acid/ base addition and the pH dependence test with continuous pH control are indicated. SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from a waste material. The equilibrium condition as defined in the standard is established by addition of pre-determined amounts of acid or base to reach desired end pH values. This test method produces eluates, which are subsequently characterized physically and chemically. This European Standard is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a waste under specified conditions. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14346:2006, Characterization of waste — Calculation of dry matter by determination of dry residue or water content EN 14899, Characterization of waste — Sampling of waste materials — Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan EN 15002, Characterization of waste — Preparation of test portions from the laboratory sample EN 16192, Characterization of waste — Analysis of eluates EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods (ISO 3696) EN ISO 5667-3, Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples (ISO 5667-3) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 dry residue wdr remaining mass fraction of a sample after a drying process at 105 °C [SOURCE: EN 14346:2006] 3.2 eluate solution obtained by a leaching test 3.3 equilibrium condition achieved when the pH deviation during a checking period at the last 4 h of the test is below 0,3 pH unit SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 8 3.4 laboratory sample sample or subsample(s) sent to or received by the laboratory [SOURCE: IUPAC, 1990] Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, cutting, crushing, sawing, coring, or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the performance of the test or for analysis. The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sampling but it is the initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory. Note 2 to entry: Several laboratory samples may be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample. 3.5 leachant liquid that is brought into contact with the test portion in the leaching procedure 3.6 liquid to solid-ratio L/S ratio between the amount of liquid (L) and of solid (S) in the test Note 1 to entry: L/S is expressed in l/kg dry matter. 3.7 suspension mixture of leachant and test portion 3.8 test portion amount or volume of the test sample taken for analysis, usually of known weight or volume [SOURCE: IUPAC, 1990] 3.9 test sample sample, prepared from the laboratory sample, from which test portions are removed for testing or analysis [SOURCE: IUPAC, 1990] 4 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply. ANC acid neutralization capacity BNC base neutralization capacity DM dry matter DOC dissolved organic carbon L/S liquid to solid-ratio Md dried mass of the test portion md mass after drying SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 9 Mw un-dried mass of the test portion mr mass before drying t0 time at the start of the leaching test VA/B volume of acid or base used in leachant Vdemin volume of demineralized water used in leachant VL volume of added leachant wdr dry residue of the sample 5 Principle This European Standard describes a method to determine the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from a waste material. Separate test portions are leached at a fixed L/S ratio with leachants containing pre-selected amounts of acid or base in order to reach stationary pH values at the end of the extraction period. Each leachant is added in three steps in the beginning of the test. At least 8 final pH values are required, covering at the minimum the range pH 2 to pH 12 (both included i.e. the lowest value ≤ 2 and the highest value ≥ 12). The amounts of acid or base needed to cover the pH range can be derived from the results of a preliminary titration, from available experimental data on the material to be tested or from an arbitrary division of the predetermined maximum consumption of acid and base. The tests are carried out at a fixed contact time at the end of which equilibrium can be assumed to be approached for most constituents in most waste materials to be characterized. The approaching of equilibrium as defined in the standard is verified at the end of the extraction period. The results are expressed in mg/l of constituents for each final pH value. For each final pH value also the quantity of acid that is added is expressed in mol H+/kg DM and the quantity of base that is added is expressed as mol OH-/kg DM (for graphical presentation mol OH-/kg DM is expressed as – mol H+/kg DM). NOTE Other expression of results is possible (including mg leached /kg dry matter). Since this test is aiming at approaching equilibrium i.e. solubility controlled, the results alone cannot be used to quantify the soluble mass fraction. The acid or base neutralization capacity (ANC, BNC) of the waste is also determined. The pH range covered by the test may be restricted to a pH range relevant for the specific material and the considered problem (see 9.2). 6 Reagents Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade, unless otherwise specified. 6.1 Distilled water, demineralized water, de-ionized water or water of equivalent purity (5 < pH < 7,5) with a conductivity < 0,1 mS/m according to grade 2 specified in EN ISO 3696. 6.2 Nitric acid, c(HNO3) = 0,1 mol/l to 5 mol/l. 6.3 Sodium hydroxide, c(NaOH) = 0,1 mol/l to 5 mol/l. Sodium hydroxide is unstable due to possible uptake of CO2. Therefore it is recommended to prepare a fresh solution. SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 10 7 Equipment 7.1 General Check the materials and equipment specified in 7.2.1, 7.2.4 and 7.2.9 before use for proper operation and absence of interfering elements that may affect the result of the test. Calibrate the equipment specified in 7.2.2, 7.2.6, 7.2.7 and 7.2.8. 7.2 Laboratory equipment Usual laboratory apparatus, and in particular the following: 7.2.1 Agitation device, end-over-end tumbler (5 r/min to 10 r/min) or roller table rotating at about 10 r/min. 7.2.2 Analytical balance, with an accuracy of at least 0,1 g. 7.2.3 Glass or plastic bottles, e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE)/polypropylene (PP)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/polyethyleneterephtalate (PET). Use bottles with an appropriate volume (250 ml for the test portions of 15 g of dry mass, 500 ml for the test portions of 30 g of dry mass and 1 l for the test portions of 60 g of dry mass), and with screw caps. For eluate collection and preservation of eluate samples use bottles with an appropriate volume and with screw caps (rinsed in accordance with EN ISO 5667-3). 7.2.4 Crushing equipment, jaw crusher or a cutting device. NOTE Crushing is prescribed to avoid unnecessary grinding to very fine particle sizes, such as takes place in a rotary swing mill, ball mill or similar device. 7.2.5 Membrane filters, with a pore size of 0,45 µm. Membrane filters for the filtration device, fabricated from inert material, which is compatible with the waste. Filter shall be pre-rinsed with demineralized water or similarly clean in order to remove DOC. 7.2.6 pH meter, with an accuracy of at least 0,05 pH units. 7.2.7 Conductivity meter, with an accuracy of at least 0,1 mS/m. 7.2.8 Redox potential meter (optional). 7.2.9 Vacuum filtration device or pressure filtration device. 7.2.10 Sieving equipment, with sieve of 1 mm nominal screen sizes. Due to crushing and sieving, contamination of the sample may occur to an extent, which may affect the leached amounts of some constituents of concern, e.g. Co and W from tungsten carbide crushing equipment or Cr, Ni, Mo and V from stainless steel equipment. SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 11 8 Sample preparation 8.1 Laboratory sample The laboratory sample shall consist of a mass equivalent of at least 1 kg of dry mass. In case less material is available, a justification shall be provided in the test report. Perform sampling in accordance with EN 14899 or a standard derived from EN 14899 in order to obtain a representative laboratory sample. 8.2 Preparation of the test sample The tests shall be made on material with a grain size of 95 % less than 1 mm. In order to ensure that the test sample consists in 95 % mass of particles less than 1 mm in diameter, it shall be sieved, using the sieving equipment (see 7.2.4), to separate the oversized particles. If oversized material exceeds 5 % (mass), the entire oversized fraction shall be crushed. Any non-crushable material (e.g. metallic parts such as nuts, bolts, scrap) shall be separated from the oversized fraction and the weight and nature of the non-crushable material shall be recorded. Crushed and uncrushed material shall be mixed to constitute the test sample. Moist material that is not possible to sieve needs to be dried prior to sieving and/or crushing. The drying temperature shall not exceed 40 °C. Perform size reduction, drying, if needed, and sub-sampling according to specifications provided in EN 15002. NOTE 1 There is no obligation to sieve if it is obvious that the material will fully pass the sieve on 1 mm. NOTE 2 The crushed material can change upon storage due to ageing of fresh surfaces. It is therefore preferable to test the material as soon as possible after crushing. It is recommended that materials with a high natural pH be crushed under nitrogen in order to avoid contact with air leading to carbonation. 8.3 Determination of dry residue The whole test sample, complying with the size criteria in 8.2 shall not be further dried. The dry residue (wdr) of the test sample shall be determined on a separate test portion. The dry residue shall be determined at 105 °C ± 3 °C according to EN 14346. The dry residue is calculated as follows: 100ddrrmwm=× (1) where wdr is the dry residue of the waste, expressed as a percentage (%); md is the mass after drying, in grams (g); mr is the mass before drying, in grams (g). SIST EN 14429:2015
EN 14429:2015 (E) 12 8.4 Preparation of the test portion Prepare at least 8 test portions by the use of a sample splitter or by coning and quartering in accordance with EN 15002. Based on sample heterogeneity and eluate volume requirement for analysis, test portion size shall be either Md = 15 g, 30 g or 60 g (with a tolerance of ± 10 %). Calculate the undried mass of the test portion Mw to be used for the test as follows: 100dwdrMMw=× (2) where Mw
is the undried mass of the test portion, in grams (g); Md
is the dried mass of the test portion, in grams (g); wdr is the dry residue of the waste, expressed as a percentage (%). 9 Procedure 9.1 Contact time The leaching procedure consists of three defined stages: — Period A (acid/base addition)
from t0 up t0 + 4 h for acid/base addition in three steps; — Period B (equilibration period) from t0 + 4 h up to t0 + 44 h equilibration period; — Period C (verification period) from t0 + 44 h up to t0 + 48 h for verification
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
01-oktober-2013
.DUDNWHUL]DFLMDRGSDGNRY,]OXåHYDOQLSUHVNXV9SOLYS+QDL]OXåHYDQMH]]DþHWQLP
GRGDWNRPNLVOLQHED]H
Characterisation of waste - Leaching behaviour test - Influence of pH on leaching with
initial acid/base addition
Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Untersuchung des Auslaugungsverhaltens - Einfluss
des pH-Wertes unter vorheriger Säure/Base Zugabe
Caractérisation des déchets - Essais de comportement à la lixiviation - Influence du pH
sur la lixiviation avec ajout initial d'acide/base
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 14429
ICS:
13.030.01 Odpadki na splošno Wastes in general
oSIST prEN 14429:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 14429
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2013
ICS 13.030.01 Will supersede CEN/TS 14429:2005
English Version
Characterisation of waste - Leaching behaviour test - Influence
of pH on leaching with initial acid/base addition
Caractérisation des déchets - Essais de comportement à la Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Untersuchung des
lixiviation - Influence du pH sur la lixiviation avec ajout initial Auslaugungsverhaltens - Einfluss des pH-Wertes unter
d'acide/base vorheriger Säure/Base-Zugabe
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 292.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14429:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .4
Introduction .5
1 Scope .6
2 Normative references .6
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Symbols and abbreviations .7
5 Principle .8
6 Reagents .8
7 Equipment .9
7.1 General .9
7.2 Laboratory equipment .9
8 Sample preparation .9
8.1 Laboratory sample .9
8.2 Preparation of test sample . 10
8.3 Determination of dry residue . 10
8.4 Preparation of the test portion . 10
9 Procedure . 11
9.1 Contact time . 11
9.2 pH-range . 11
9.3 Leaching test . 11
9.3.1 General . 11
9.3.2 Preparation of leachant . 11
9.3.3 Leaching procedure . 13
9.4 Natural pH . 14
10 Eluate treatment, storage and analysis . 14
11 Blank test . 14
12 Performance characteristics . 15
13 Test report . 16
Annex A (informative) Example of a data sheet . 17
Annex B (informative) Operation and uses of the test — Influence of pH on the leaching
behaviour . 18
B.1 Clarification of the two modes of operation of the test: influence of pH on the leaching
behaviour . 18
B.2 Expression of results . 20
B.3 Scope and limits of the application field of the test . 20
B.4 Example: Identification of the sensitivity of leaching to pH over the environmentally
relevant pH range. 21
Annex C (informative) Preliminary determination of the acid/base consumption . 23
C.1 General . 23
C.2 Titration procedure to estimate the ANC and the BNC . 23
C.2.1 Reagents and laboratory devices . 23
C.2.2 Test portion . 23
C.2.3 Procedure . 23
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013
C.2.4 Expression of results . 25
C.3 Arbitrary division of the maximum acid/base consumption for the extreme pH values . 25
C.3.1 General . 25
C.3.2 Reagents and laboratory devices . 25
C.3.3 Test portion . 25
C.3.4 Procedure . 25
C.3.5 Expression of results . 26
Annex D (informative) Examples of acid and base neutralisation capacities for waste, soil,
sediment and construction materials . 27
D.1 Examples of acid and base neutralisation capacities . 27
D.2 Use of acid and base neutralisation capacity data . 29
Annex E (informative) Repeatability and reproducibility data . 30
E.1 Materials used in the interlaboratory comparison study . 30
E.2 Interlaboratory comparison results . 30
Bibliography . 40
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 14429:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292
“Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede CEN/TS 14429:2005.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
This document has been developed primarily to support the requirements for leaching behaviour testing within
EU and EFTA countries.
This document specifies test to determine the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from
waste materials.
For the complete characterization of the leaching behaviour of waste under specified conditions the
application of other test methods is required, (see EN 12920).
Anyone dealing with waste and sludge analysis should be aware of the typical risks of that kind of material
irrespective of the parameter to be determined. Waste and sludge samples can contain hazardous (e.g. toxic,
reactive, flammable, infectious) substances, which can be liable to biological and/or chemical reaction.
Consequently these samples should be handled with special care. Gases which can be produced by
microbiological or chemical activity are potentially flammable and will pressurise sealed bottles. Bursting
bottles are likely to result in hazardous shrapnel, dust and/or aerosol. National regulations should be followed
with respect to all hazards associated with this method.
4
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013
Introduction
In the different European countries, tests have been developed to characterize and assess the constituents
which can be leached from waste materials. The release of soluble constituents upon contact with water is
regarded as one of the main mechanism of release which results in a potential risk to the environment during
life-cycle of waste materials (disposal or re-use scenario). The intent of these tests is to identify the leaching
properties of waste materials. The complexity of the leaching process makes simplifications necessary. Not all
of the relevant aspects of leaching behaviour can be addressed in one single standard.
Procedures to characterize the behaviour of waste materials can generally be divided into three steps, using
1)
different tests in relation to the objective. The following test hierarchy is taken from the Landfill Directive and
2)
the Decision on Annex II of this Directive for disposal of waste.
Basic characterization constitutes a full characterization of the waste by gathering all the necessary
information for a safe management of the waste in the short and long term. Basic characterization may
provide information on the waste (type and origin, composition, consistency, leachability, etc.), information for
understanding the behaviour of waste in the considered management scenario, comparison of waste
properties against limit values, and detection of key variables (critical parameters as liquid/solid (L/S) ratios,
leachant composition, factors controlling leachability such as pH, redox potential, complexing capacity and
physical parameters) for compliance testing and options for simplification of compliance testing.
Characterization may deliver ratios between test results from basic characterization and results from simplified
test procedures as well as information on a suitable frequency for compliance testing. In addition to the
leaching behaviour, the composition of the waste should be known or determined by testing. The tests used
for basic characterization should always include those to be used for compliance testing.
Compliance testing is used to demonstrate that the sample of today fits the population of samples tested
before by basic characterization and through that, is used to carry out compliance with regulatory limit values.
The compliance test should therefore always be part of the basic characterization program. The compliance
test focuses on key variables and leaching behaviour identified by basic characterization tests. Parts of basic
characterization tests can also be used for compliance purposes.
On-site verification tests are used as a rapid check to confirm that the waste is the same as that which has
been subjected to characterization or compliance tests. On-site verification tests are not necessarily leaching
tests.
The test procedure described in this document is a basic characterization test and falls in category a).
In this European Standard leaching is carried out at different pH values as a result of the reaction between
pre-selected amounts of acid or base and test portions of the waste material. Size reduction is performed to
facilitate approaching equilibrium. This test is different from the "pH dependence test with continuous pH
control" (pH static test, see EN 14997) in which the pH is controlled at pre-selected values over the entire
testing period by continuous measurement and automatic addition of acid or base. The test is aiming at
approaching equilibrium at the end of the procedure.
NOTE In Annex B specific uses of both the pH dependence test with initial acid/ base addition and the pH
dependence test with continuous pH control are indicated.
1) Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste.
2) Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002.
5
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard is applicable for determining the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic
constituents from a waste material. Equilibrium condition as defined in the standard is established by addition
of pre-determined amounts of acid or base to reach desired end pH values. This test method produces
eluates, which are subsequently characterized physically and chemically.
This European Standard is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920. The application of this test
method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a waste under
specified conditions.
NOTE This generally requires the application of several test methods, behavioural modelling and model validation as
specified in EN 12920.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 14346, Characterization of waste – Calculation of dry matter by determination of dry residue and water
content.
EN 14899, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Framework for the preparation and
application of a sampling plan
EN 15002, Characterization of waste – Preparation of test portions from the laboratory sample
EN 16192, Characterization of waste – Analysis of eluates
EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use – Specification and test methods
EN ISO 5667-3, Water quality – Sampling – Part 3: Preservation and handling of samples
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
dry residue
w
dr
remaining mass fraction of a sample after a drying process at 105 °C
[SOURCE: EN 14346:2007]
3.2
eluate
solution obtained by a laboratory leaching test
[SOURCE: EN 12457-1:2002]
3.3
equilibrium
condition achieved when the pH deviation during a checking period at the last 4 h of the test is below 0,3 pH
unit
6
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013
3.4
laboratory sample
sample or subsample(s) sent to or received by the laboratory
[SOURCE: IUPAC, 1997]
Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, cutting, sawing, coring, or
by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is
required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the performance of
the test or for analysis. The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sampling but it is the initial
sample from the point of view of the laboratory.
Note 2 to entry: Several laboratory samples may be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same
laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single laboratory
sample and is documented as a single sample.
3.5
leachant
liquid that is brought into contact with the test portion in the leaching procedure
3.6
liquid to solid-ratio
L/S
ratio between the amount of liquid (L) and of solid (S) in the test
Note 1 to entry: L/S is expressed in l/kg dry matter.
3.7
suspension
mixture of leachant and test portion
3.8
test portion
amount or volume of the test sample taken for analysis, usually of known weight or volume
[SOURCE: IUPAC, 1997]
3.9
test sample
sample, prepared from the laboratory sample, from which test portions are removed for testing or analysis
[SOURCE: IUPAC, 1997]
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply.
ANC acid neutralization capacity
BNC base neutralization capacity
DM dry matter
DOC dissolved organic carbon
L/S liquid to solid-ratio
M dried mass of the test portion
d
7
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013 (E)
m mass after drying
d
M un-dried mass of the test portion
w
m mass before drying
r
t time at the start of the leaching test
0
V volume of acid or base used in leachant
A/B
V volume of demineralized water used in leachant
demin
V volume of added leachant
L
w dry residue of the waste
dr
5 Principle
This European Standard describes a method to determine the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic
constituents from a waste material.
Separate test portions are leached at a fixed L/S ratio with leachants containing pre-selected amounts of acid
or base in order to reach stationary pH values at the end of the extraction period. Each leachant is added in
three steps in the beginning of the test. At least 8 final pH-values are required, covering at the minimum the
range pH 4 to pH 12 (both included i.e. the lowest value ≤4 and the highest value ≥12). The amounts of acid
or base needed to cover the pH range can be derived from the results of a preliminary titration, from available
experimental data on the material to be tested or from an arbitrary division of the predetermined maximum
consumption of acid and base. The tests are carried out at a fixed contact time at the end of which equilibrium
can be assumed to be approached for most constituents in most waste materials to be characterized. The
approaching of equilibrium as defined in the standard is verified at the end of the extraction period.
The results are expressed in mg/l of constituents for each final pH value. For each final pH value also the
+
quantity of acid that is added is expressed in mol H /kg DM and the quantity of base that is added is
- -
expressed as negative mol OH /kg DM (-mol OH /kg DM).
NOTE 1 Other expression of results is possible (including mg leached /kg dry matter). Since this test is aiming at
approaching equilibrium i.e. solubility controlled, the results alone cannot be used to quantify the soluble mass fraction.
The acid or base neutralization capacity (ANC, BNC) of the waste is also determined.
NOTE 2 The pH range covered by the test may be restricted to a pH range relevant for the specific material and the
considered problem (see 9.2).
6 Reagents
Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade, unless otherwise specified.
6.1 Distilled water, demineralised water, de-ionised water or water of equivalent purity (5 < pH < 7,5) with
a conductivity < 0,1 mS/m according to grade 2 specified in EN ISO 3696
6.2 Nitric acid, c(HNO ) = 0,1 mol/l to 5 mol/l
3
6.3 Sodium hydroxide, c(NaOH) = 0,1 mol/l to 5 mol/l
NOTE Sodium hydroxide is unstable due to possible uptake of CO . Therefore it is recommended to prepare a fresh
2
solution.
8
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013
7 Equipment
7.1 General
Check the materials and equipment specified in 7.2.1, 7.2.4 and 7.2.9 before use for proper operation and
absence of interfering elements that may affect the result of the test.
Calibrate the equipment specified in 7.2.2, 7.2.6, 7.2.7 and 7.2.8.
7.2 Laboratory equipment
Usual laboratory apparatus, and in particular the following:
7.2.1 Agitation device, end-over-end tumbler (5 r/min to 10 r/min) or roller table rotating at about 10 r/min
7.2.2 Analytical balance, with an accuracy of at least 0,1 g
7.2.3 Glass or plastic bottles, e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE)/polypropylene
(PP)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/polyethyleneterephtalate (PET)
Use bottles with an appropriate volume (250 ml for the test portions of 15 g of dry mass, 500 ml for test
portions of 30 g dry mass and 1 l for test portions of 60 g dry mass), and with screw cap, for eluate collection
and preservation of eluate samples (rinsed in accordance with EN ISO 5667-3).
7.2.4 Crushing equipment, jaw crusher or a cutting device
NOTE Crushing is prescribed to avoid unnecessary grinding to very fine particle sizes, such as takes place in a rotary
swing mill, ball mill or similar device.
7.2.5 Membrane filters, with a pore size of 0,45 µm
Membrane filters for the filtration device, fabricated from inert material, which is compatible with the waste.
Filter shall be pre-rinsed with demineralised water or similarly clean in order to remove DOC.
7.2.6 pH meter, with an accuracy of at least 0,05 pH units
7.2.7 Conductivity meter, with an accuracy of at least 0,1 mS/m
7.2.8 Redox potential meter (optional)
7.2.9 Vacuum filtration device or pressure filtration device
8 Sample preparation
8.1 Laboratory sample
The laboratory sample shall consist of a mass equivalent of at least 1 kg of dry mass. In case less material is
available, a justification shall be provided in the test report.
Perform sampling in accordance with EN 14899 or a standard derived from EN 14899 in order to obtain a
representative laboratory sample.
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013 (E)
8.2 Preparation of test sample
The tests shall be made on material with a grain size of 95 % less than 1 mm. In order to ensure that the test
sample consists in 95 % mass of particles less than 1 mm in diameter, it shall be sieved, using the sieving
equipment (see 7.2.4), to separate the oversized particles. If oversized material exceeds 5 % (mass), the
entire oversized fraction shall be crushed. Any non-crushable material (e.g. metallic parts such as nuts, bolts,
scrap) shall be separated from the oversized fraction and the weight and nature of the non-crushable material
shall be recorded. Crushed and uncrushed material shall be mixed to constitute the test sample.
Moist material that is not possible to sieve needs to be dried prior to sieving and/or crushing. The drying
temperature shall not exceed 40 °C.
Perform size reduction, drying, if needed, and sub-sampling according to specifications provided in EN 15002.
NOTE 1 There is no obligation to sieve if it is obvious that the material will fully pass the sieve on 1 mm.
NOTE 2 The crushed material can change upon storage due to ageing of fresh surfaces. It is therefore preferable to
test the material as soon as possible after crushing.
NOTE 3 It is recommended that materials with a high natural pH be crushed under nitrogen in order to avoid contact
with air leading to carbonation.
8.3 Determination of dry residue
The whole test sample, complying with the size criteria in 8.2 shall not be further dried. The dry residue (w )
dr
of the test sample shall be determined on a separate test portion.
The dry residue shall be determined at 105 °C ± 5 °C according to EN 14346. The dry residue is calculated as
follows:
m
d
w = 100 × (1)
dr
m
r
where
w is the dry residue of the waste, expressed as a percentage (%);
dr
m is the mass after drying, in grams (g);
d
m is the mass before drying, in grams (g).
r
8.4 Preparation of the test portion
Prepare at least 8 test portions by the use of a sample splitter or by coning and quartering in accordance with
EN 15002. Based on sample heterogeneity and eluate volume requirement for analysis, test portion size shall
be either M = 15 g, 30 g or 60 g (with a tolerance of ± 10 %).
d
Calculate the undried mass of the test portion M to be used for the test as follows:
w
M
d
M = ×100 (2)
w
w
dr
where
M is the dried mass of the test portion, in grams (g);
d
M is the undried mass of the test portion, in grams (g);
w
w is the dry residue of the waste, expressed as a percentage (%).
dr
10
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 14429:2013
prEN 14429:2013
9 Procedure
9.1 Contact time
The leaching procedure consists of three defined stages:
— Period A (acid/base addition) from t up t +4 h for acid/base addition in three steps;
0 0
— Period B (equilibration period) from t up to t +44 h equilibration period;
0+4 h 0
Period C (verification period) from t up to t +48 h for verification of equilibrium condition.
0+44 h 0
Measure the pH in the liquid after each of these periods.
The total contact period (A+B+C) is 48
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.