99/31/EC - Landfill of waste
Council Directive 1999/31/EC aims to minimize environmental and health risks from waste landfilling across the European Union. It establishes stringent operational and technical requirements for the location, design, management, and closure of landfills, focusing on preventing pollution of soil, surface water, groundwater, and air, as well as addressing global concerns like the greenhouse effect. The Directive classifies landfills into three categories-hazardous, non-hazardous, and inert waste-and sets specific acceptance criteria and waste treatment procedures to reduce the volume and hazardous nature of waste before landfill. It mandates Member States to develop national strategies to reduce biodegradable municipal waste sent to landfills, progressively decreasing it to 35% of 1995 levels by 2016 through recycling, composting, and other recovery methods. The Directive also requires landfill operators to obtain permits, implement monitoring systems, provide financial guarantees for site closure and aftercare, and ensures compliance through regular inspections. Certain exemptions apply for small or isolated landfills and specific underground storage facilities, subject to notification and approval procedures. Overall, the Directive fosters waste management practices aligned with sustainability and environmental protection goals within the EU.
Purpose
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste aims to minimize the environmental and health risks associated with waste landfilling within the European Union. The directive provides stringent operational and technical requirements to prevent or reduce negative effects such as pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil, and air, as well as broader global impacts including greenhouse gas emissions. It seeks to ensure a high level of environmental protection during the entire lifecycle of landfills-from the location, design, and operation to closure and after-care phases.
In particular, the directive focuses on:
- Reducing the quantity and hazardous nature of waste destined for landfill.
- Encouraging waste prevention, recycling, and recovery.
- Ensuring controlled and safe landfill practices to prevent pollution and health risks.
- Introducing standards for landfill classes, waste acceptance, monitoring, and permit requirements.
- Managing methane emissions from biodegradable waste to combat global warming.
Key Obligations
1. Classification of Landfills:
Landfills must be classified as:
- Landfill for hazardous waste
- Landfill for non-hazardous waste
- Landfill for inert waste
2. National Waste Strategies:
Member States must develop and notify the European Commission of their national strategies to reduce biodegradable municipal waste sent to landfills by certain targets:
- 75% reduction within 5 years of the directive’s implementation date.
- 50% reduction within 8 years.
- 35% reduction within 15 years.
3. Waste Acceptance and Treatment:
- Establish uniform acceptance procedures and classification of waste for different landfill types.
- Prohibit or restrict certain types of waste in specific landfill classes.
- Encourage treatment processes (e.g., sorting, recycling, composting) prior to landfill to reduce volume and hazardous properties.
4. Permit and Inspection Procedures:
- All landfills require a permit based on compliance with defined technical and environmental standards.
- Competent authorities must inspect landfill sites before operation begins to verify compliance.
- Operators must submit documentation and demonstrate financial security for site closure and after-care responsibilities.
5. Monitoring and After-Care:
- Landfill operators must monitor environmental parameters such as leachate and landfill gas emissions during operation and after closure.
- Obligations regarding closure and after-care-including financial provisions-ensure long-term environmental protection.
6. Pricing and Cost Recovery:
- Prices charged for landfill disposal must cover all costs associated with establishment, operation, closure, and after-care.
- Financial security mechanisms must be in place to ensure fulfillment of obligations.
7. Exemptions:
Certain types of sites and wastes (e.g., inert waste used in construction, small island or isolated settlements’ landfills) may be exempted from specific provisions under defined conditions.
Affected Products and Actors
- Waste: Includes all types of waste defined under Directive 75/442/EEC, including municipal, hazardous, non-hazardous, inert, and biodegradable waste.
- Landfill Operators: Natural or legal persons responsible for landfill management must comply with operational, technical, and financial requirements.
- Competent Authorities: National bodies designated by Member States to implement and enforce the directive’s rules, issue permits, and conduct inspections.
- Producers and Holders of Waste: Responsible for ensuring proper waste management and disposal in compliance with the directive.
- Member States and the European Commission: Responsible for adapting legislation, reporting on implementation, and reviewing reduction target achievements.
Implementation Timeline
Within 2 years of Directive’s entry into force:
Member States must develop and notify national strategies for reducing biodegradable waste sent to landfills.Within 5 years:
Reduce biodegradable municipal waste to 75% of 1995 levels.Within 8 years:
Reduce biodegradable municipal waste to 50% of 1995 levels.Within 15 years:
Reduce biodegradable municipal waste to 35% of 1995 levels, followed by a Council review based on practical experiences.Other transitional provisions:
Existing landfills must adapt to new technical standards within specified periods, and operators must submit required documentation if not already authorized.
This directive marks a significant step toward sustainable waste management in the EU, emphasizing prevention, control, and reduction of landfill-related environmental impacts.
The Directive applies to the landfill of waste as defined broadly to include any waste disposal site for depositing waste onto or into land, including internal waste disposal sites and permanent sites for temporary storage of waste. It covers hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste, and inert waste, with landfills classified accordingly. The Directive excludes activities such as the spreading of sludges for soil fertilisation or improvement, use of inert waste in redevelopment or construction, deposit of certain dredging sludges in surface waters, and unpolluted soil or non-hazardous inert waste from mining and quarrying operations. Additionally, small-scale landfills on islands or isolated settlements that meet specific criteria may be exempt from certain provisions. Underground storage in deep geological cavities may also be exempt from some requirements. The Directive targets all landfill operations aiming to prevent or reduce negative environmental effects and risks to human health throughout the landfill’s lifecycle.
Die Richtlinie 1999/31/EG regelt die Ablagerung von Abfällen auf Deponien in der Europäischen Union, um Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschäden zu vermeiden. Sie verpflichtet die Mitgliedstaaten, strenge betriebliche und technische Anforderungen für Deponien festzulegen, die Schutzmaßnahmen gegen Umweltverschmutzung von Boden, Wasser und Luft sowie gegen Treibhauseffekte umfassen. Die Richtlinie definiert verschiedene Deponieklassen (für gefährliche, nicht gefährliche und Inertabfälle) und regelt deren Betrieb, Überwachung, Stilllegung und Nachsorge. Zudem wird die Verringerung biologisch abbaubarer Abfälle auf Deponien gefordert und die Förderung der Abfallvermeidung, Wiederverwendung und Verwertung betont. Sie stellt sicher, dass nur zugelassene Abfälle mit definierten Grenzwerten eingelagert werden und führt ein Genehmigungsverfahren ein. Betreiber müssen finanzielle Sicherheiten leisten, um die Umweltverpflichtungen, auch für Stilllegung und Nachsorge, zu erfüllen. Die Richtlinie unterstützt ein nachhaltiges Abfallmanagement und stärkt den Umweltschutz durch harmonisierte Standards in der EU.
Zweck
Die Richtlinie 1999/31/EG über Abfalldeponien hat das Ziel, durch strenge betriebliche und technische Anforderungen an Abfalldeponien negative Auswirkungen der Abfallablagerung auf die Umwelt weitestmöglich zu verhindern oder zu mindern. Im Fokus stehen insbesondere der Schutz von Oberflächenwasser, Grundwasser, Boden und Luft sowie der globale Umweltschutz, insbesondere die Verringerung des Treibhauseffekts. Die Richtlinie konkretisiert zudem die technischen Anforderungen der Richtlinie 96/61/EG (integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung) bei der Errichtung und dem Betrieb von Deponien.
Wesentliche Verpflichtungen
- Betriebskontrolle und Umweltschutz: Deponien müssen sicher betrieben, überwacht und fachgerecht stillgelegt werden, um Umweltgefährdungen, insbesondere durch Sickerwasser und Deponiegase, zu vermeiden.
- Deponieklassen: Differenzierte Anforderungen für Deponien für gefährliche Abfälle, nicht gefährliche Abfälle und Inertabfälle.
- Abfallannahme: Einführung eines einheitlichen Klassifizierungs- und Annahmeverfahrens für Abfälle, das Probenahme, Analyse und Grenzwerte umfasst.
- Reduzierung biologisch abbaubarer Abfälle: Maßnahmen zur Reduktion der Ablagerung biologisch abbaubarer Abfälle auf Deponien, um Methanbildung und Klimawirkungen zu minimieren.
- Genehmigungsverfahren: Einrichtung eines speziellen Genehmigungsverfahrens mit Inspektionen vor Betriebsaufnahme, angepasst an die jeweilige Deponieklasse.
- Nachsorgepflichten: Verpflichtung der Betreiber, Nachsorge und Überwachung nach Stilllegung der Deponie durchzuführen.
- Finanzielle Sicherheitsleistungen: Betreiber müssen Rückstellungen oder Sichereheiten bilden, die die Kosten der Stilllegung und Nachsorge abdecken.
- Vermeidung illegaler Ablagerungen: Geeignete Maßnahmen gegen unkontrollierte Abfallablagerungen sind zu treffen.
- Berichterstattung: Mitgliedstaaten berichten regelmäßig über die Umsetzung der Richtlinie an die EU-Kommission.
Betroffene Produkte und Akteure
- Abfälle: Die Richtlinie erfasst alle von der Richtlinie 75/442/EWG über Abfälle gedeckten Stoffe und Gegenstände, mit Ausnahmen wie Bodenaushub, bestimmte Schlämme und bestimmte Inertabfälle.
- Deponiearten: Abfallbeseitigungsanlagen für Ablagerung ober- oder unterirdisch (einschließlich Deponien betriebsinterner Abfallbeseitigung).
- Betreiber: Natürliche oder juristische Personen, die für den Betrieb und die Nachsorge einer Deponie zuständig sind.
- Zuständige Behörden: Nationale Stellen, die Genehmigungen erteilen und die Einhaltung überwachen.
- Spezielle Ausnahmen: Inseln und isolierte Siedlungen können unter bestimmten Bedingungen von einzelnen Anforderungen befreit werden.
Umsetzungszeitplan
- Die Mitgliedstaaten mussten die Vorgaben der Richtlinie in nationales Recht umsetzen und stellten der Kommission spätestens zwei Jahre nach Inkrafttreten Berichte über ihren Umsetzungsstand vor.
- Die Zahlungspflichtigen Entgelte für die Abfallbeseitigung müssen so kalkuliert werden, dass sämtliche anfallenden Kosten für Errichtung, Betrieb, Stilllegung und Nachsorge der Deponie abgedeckt sind.
- Innerhalb eines vom Text vorgegebenen Zeitraums sind Anpassungsmaßnahmen für bereits bestehende Deponien durch Nachrüstungsprogramme durchzuführen.
- Danach erfolgen regelmäßige Kontrollen und Berichte zur Einhaltung und Wirksamkeit der Richtlinie durch die Mitgliedstaaten.
Diese Richtlinie ist ein wesentlicher Baustein der europäischen Abfallpolitik und trägt durch klare Anforderungen an Deponien entscheidend zum Schutz der Umwelt und Gesundheit in der EU bei.
Die Richtlinie 1999/31/EG gilt für alle Abfalldeponien innerhalb der Europäischen Union, die zur Ablagerung von Abfällen oberhalb oder unterhalb der Erdoberfläche bestimmt sind. Sie umfasst insbesondere Deponien für gefährliche Abfälle, nicht gefährliche Abfälle sowie Inertabfälle. Von ihrem Anwendungsbereich ausgeschlossen sind unter anderem die Aufbringung von Schlämmen auf Böden zur Düngung, die Verwendung von Inertabfällen für landschaftspflegerische Arbeiten und die Ablagerung von nicht verunreinigtem Boden aus dem Bergbau. Zudem können Mitgliedstaaten für bestimmte kleine oder isolierte Deponien Ausnahmen von bestimmten Anforderungen gewähren. Ziel ist es, durch technische und betriebliche Anforderungen die schädlichen Auswirkungen der Deponierung von Abfällen auf Umwelt und Gesundheit zu vermeiden oder zu minimieren. Die Richtlinie umfasst außerdem Anforderungen an Standortwahl, Betrieb, Überwachung, Stilllegung sowie Nachsorge der Deponien.
La directive 1999/31/CE vise à réglementer la mise en décharge des déchets dans l'Union européenne afin de prévenir ou de réduire au maximum leurs effets négatifs sur l'environnement, notamment la pollution des eaux, des sols et de l'air, ainsi que sur la santé humaine. Elle établit des exigences techniques et opérationnelles strictes pour l'emplacement, l'aménagement, la gestion, le contrôle, la fermeture et le suivi des décharges tout au long de leur cycle de vie. Elle introduit une classification des déchets (dangereux, non dangereux, inertes) et prévoit des procédures d'autorisation pour toutes les catégories de décharges. La directive encourage également la réduction des déchets biodégradables mis en décharge afin de limiter la production de méthane et les impacts climatiques. Elle prévoit la surveillance continue des sites, la responsabilité des exploitants, ainsi que l'établissement de garanties financières pour couvrir les coûts de gestion post-fermeture. Enfin, elle promeut des stratégies nationales de prévention, de valorisation et de recyclage pour garantir une gestion durable des déchets conformément au principe du pollueur-payeur.
Objet
La directive 1999/31/CE du Conseil relative à la mise en décharge des déchets vise à prévenir ou réduire autant que possible les effets négatifs de la mise en décharge des déchets sur l'environnement et la santé humaine, durant toute la durée de vie de la décharge. Cela comprend la prévention de la pollution des eaux de surface, des eaux souterraines, du sol, et de l'air, ainsi que la contribution à la lutte contre l'effet de serre. Elle impose des exigences techniques et opérationnelles strictes, tout en encourageant la prévention, le recyclage et la valorisation des déchets pour limiter la quantité et la dangerosité des déchets mis en décharge. La directive complète les exigences plus générales contenues dans la directive 75/442/CEE relative aux déchets.
Obligations clés
Normes techniques et opérationnelles : Les États membres doivent appliquer des normes strictes en matière d'emplacement, d'aménagement, de gestion, de contrôle, de fermeture et de suivi des sites de mise en décharge.
Classification des déchets et admission : Mise en place d’une procédure uniforme d’admission des déchets fondée sur leur classification (déchets inertes, non dangereux, dangereux), avec des valeurs limites normalisées pour éviter les impacts négatifs.
Autorisation préalable : Toute décharge doit faire l’objet d’une autorisation spécifique délivrée par l’autorité compétente, conformément aux directives environnementales en vigueur.
Responsabilité des exploitants : L’exploitant est responsable du respect des obligations liées à la gestion du site, y compris la mise en place de garanties financières ou équivalentes pour couvrir les coûts de mise en place, exploitation, fermeture et surveillance post-fermeture.
Réduction des déchets biodégradables : Mesures visant à réduire la mise en décharge des déchets biodégradables afin de limiter la production de méthane et les effets sur le changement climatique. Cela inclut la promotion du tri, de la collecte séparée et de la valorisation.
Surveillance et rapportages : Surveillance continue de l’impact environnemental des décharges pendant et après leur exploitation. Rapports réguliers des États membres à la Commission européenne sur la mise en œuvre de la directive.
Formation : Les exploitants et le personnel doivent recevoir une formation adéquate pour garantir des compétences appropriées dans la gestion des décharges.
Produits et acteurs concernés
Déchets couverts : Tout type de déchets visé par la directive 75/442/CEE, notamment :
- Déchets municipaux
- Déchets dangereux
- Déchets non dangereux
- Déchets inertes
Sites concernés : Toutes les décharges permanentes ou temporaires destinées à la mise en décharge des déchets, y compris les décharges internes (sites où un producteur traite ses déchets sur son site). Sont toutefois exclus certains sites tels que les épandages agricoles de boues, le stockage souterrain dans cavités géologiques profondes, ou les dépôts temporaires dans certaines conditions.
Exploitants : Personnes physiques ou morales responsables de l'exploitation des sites, tenues à la fois à la conformité réglementaire et à la gestion environnementale rigoureuse.
Autorités compétentes : Organismes désignés par les États membres, en charge de délivrer les autorisations, de contrôler le respect des prescriptions réglementaires, et de surveiller la gestion des décharges.
Calendrier de mise en œuvre
Les États membres devaient transposer les dispositions de la directive dans leur législation nationale en respectant un calendrier fixé par la directive (normalement dans les 3 ans suivant son adoption en 1999).
Les exploitants de décharges existantes avaient des délais pour adapter leurs installations aux exigences de la directive, sur la base d'un plan d'aménagement.
Les sites fermés avant l'entrée en vigueur de la directive ne sont pas soumis aux procédures de désaffectation imposées.
La Commission devait élaborer des procédures harmonisées d’admission des déchets, et veiller à l’adaptation des annexes techniques au progrès scientifique et technologique par le biais de comités spécialisés.
La directive 1999/31/CE constitue un cadre juridique essentiel pour la gestion durable des déchets au sein de l’Union européenne, en garantissant un équilibre entre la protection de l’environnement, la santé publique et l’économie circulaire.
La directive 1999/31/CE s'applique à toute décharge telle que définie par l'article 2, point g), c’est-à-dire les sites d’élimination des déchets par dépôt sur ou dans la terre, y compris les décharges internes et les sites permanents utilisés pour stocker temporairement les déchets sur une durée supérieure à un an. Elle vise la gestion de déchets municipaux, dangereux, non dangereux et inertes. Sont exclus du champ d'application les épandages sur le sol de boues à des fins de fertilisation ou d’amendement, l'utilisation de déchets inertes pour travaux d’aménagement ou de remblai, le dépôt de boues non dangereuses dans les petites voies d’eau, ainsi que les terres non polluées et déchets inertes issus de l’exploitation minière ou de carrières sous certaines conditions. La directive encadre strictement la mise en décharge pour prévenir la pollution des sols, des eaux et de l’air, protéger la santé humaine et préserver l’environnement, tout en assurant une gestion contrôlée et conforme aux normes techniques communautaires.
Direktiva Sveta 1999/31/ES ureja odlaganje odpadkov na odlagališčih z namenom preprečevanja ali zmanjšanja škodljivih vplivov na okolje in zdravje ljudi. Direktiva določa stroge tehnične in operativne standarde za različne vrste odlagališč (za nevarne, nenevarne in inertne odpadke), zahteve za lokacijo, upravljanje, nadzor, zapiranje in spremljanje odlagališč. Spodbuja preprečevanje nastajanja odpadkov, recikliranje, regeneracijo in zmanjšanje odlaganja biorazgradljivih odpadkov zaradi zmanjšanja emisij metana in zaščite podtalnice ter površinskih voda. Države članice morajo vzpostaviti nacionalne strategije za zmanjšanje količine biorazgradljivih komunalnih odpadkov in sprejeti ukrepe, ki vključujejo ločeno zbiranje, sortiranje in obdelavo odpadkov. Direktiva uvaja obvezne postopke za izdajo dovoljenj in zahteva finančno zavarovanje upravljavcev za zagotovitev pokritja stroškov obratovanja in zapiranja odlagališč. Namen je zagotoviti varno, nadzorovano odlaganje odpadkov in razvoj visoke ravni varstva okolja v celotni Evropski uniji.
Namen
Direktiva Sveta 1999/31/ES o odlaganju odpadkov na odlagališčih je usmerjena v vzpostavitev strogih tehničnih in obratovalnih zahtev za odlagališča odpadkov. Glavni cilj je preprečiti ali zmanjšati možne škodljive vplive odlaganja odpadkov na okolje - zlasti onesnaževanje površinskih voda, podtalnice, tal in zraka - ter zmanjšati tveganje za zdravje ljudi med celotno dobo obratovanja odlagališča. Direktiva spodbuja preprečevanje nastajanja odpadkov, recikliranje, regeneracijo in varno odlaganje predvsem z vidika varovanja naravnih virov in preprečevanja nepotrebne potratne rabe zemljišč. Prav tako je usmerjena v zmanjšanje količine biorazgradljivih odpadkov, ki se odlagajo, kot tudi spremljanje in urejanje odlagališč za zagotovitev njihove varnosti.
Ključne obveznosti
Razvrstitev odlagališč v tri razrede: za nevarne odpadke, nenevarne odpadke in inertne odpadke.
Nacionalna strategija za zmanjševanje biorazgradljivih odpadkov, ki se odlagajo, s cilji:
- 75 % zmanjšanje do 5 let,
- 50 % do 8 let,
- 35 % do 15 let od začetka izvajanja direktive.
Prepoved prevzema določenih vrst odpadkov na odlagališča, med drugim:
- tekoči odpadki,
- eksplozivni, jedki, vnetljivi ipd. odpadki,
- infektivne bolnišnične odpadke in določene kategorije nevarnih odpadkov,
- cele rabljene gume po določenih rokih.
Omejitev redčenja ali mešanja odpadkov z namenom izpolnjevanja meril za prevzem.
Vzpostavitev tehničnih standardov za lokacijo, upravljanje, nadzorovanje, zapiranje in dolgoročno varovanje odlagališč.
Obveznosti upravljavcev, ki vključujejo pridobitev dovoljenj, izvajanje monitoring nad odlagališči, finančno zavarovanje za kritje stroškov obratovanja in zapiranja ter upravljanje po zaprtju.
Vzpostavitev enotnega postopka za prevzem odpadkov na podlagi razvrstitve in mejnih vrednosti ter standardizacijo analiziranja odpadkov.
Spodbujanje uporabe obrnjene hierarhije ravnanja z odpadki, kot so recikliranje, kompostiranje in pridobivanje energije, zaradi zmanjšanja odlaganja.
Vplivani proizvodi in akterji
Odlagališča odpadkov vseh vrst: nevarna, nenevarna in inertna.
Upravljavci odlagališč, ki morajo zagotoviti skladnost z dovoljenji in okoljevarstvenimi zahtevami skozi celotno življenjsko dobo odlagališča (vključno z zaprtjem).
Proizvajalci in imetniki odpadkov, ki so dolžni zagotoviti pravilno klasifikacijo in obdelavo odpadkov pred odlaganjem.
Državni organi, pristojni za izdajo dovoljenj, nadzor izvajanja in poročanje Komisiji.
Transportni in predelovalni sektor odpadkov, ker direktiva spodbuja recikliranje, obdelavo in preprečevanje nenadzorovanega odlaganja.
Poseben vpliv imajo komunalni odpadki, zlasti biorazgradljivi, ki so predmet specifičnih ciljnih zmanjšanj.
Časovni okvir izvajanja
Nacionalne strategije za zmanjšanje biorazgradljivih odpadkov na odlagališčih morajo biti pripravljene v roku dveh let od začetka veljavnosti direktive.
Cilji zmanjšanja biorazgradljivih odpadkov na odlagališčih:
- na 75 % prvotne količine v 5 letih,
- na 50 % prvotne količine v 8 letih,
- na 35 % prvotne količine v 15 letih od začetka veljavnosti direktive.
Države članice lahko zahtevajo podaljšanje roka za dosego ciljev za največ 4 leta, če je leta 1995 (ali najbližji razpoložljivi podatek) več kot 80 % komunalnih odpadkov že odloženo na odlagališča.
Dovoljenja za obratovanje odlagališč morajo biti v skladu z Direktivo že pred začetkom obratovanja, spremljanje in poročanje pa morajo potekati vzporedno z obratovanjem in tudi po zaprtju odlagališča.
Komisija mora vsaj dvakrat poročati o izvajanju direktive in prilagajanju ciljev na osnovi praktičnih izkušenj držav članic.
Direktiva 1999/31/EC predstavlja temeljni pravni okvir za kakovostno, varno in okolju prijazno ravnanje z odpadki na odlagališčih z jasno določenimi obveznostmi za vse udeležence v procesu ravnanja z odpadki. Pri tem je ključnega pomena harmonizacija standardov, spremljanje vplivov ter spodbujanje trajnostnih praks zmanjševanja in obdelave odpadkov znotraj Evropske unije.
Direktiva 99/31/ES se uporablja za vsa odlagališča odpadkov, kot so opredeljena v direktivi, vključno z internimi in stalnimi odlagališči, namenjenimi za odlaganje odpadkov na ali v tla. Izjeme so določene za blato, inertne odpadke uporabljene pri prenavljanju ali gradnji odlagališč, nenevarno blato iz rečnih strug, ter neonesnaženo zemljo ali inertne odpadke izkopane med rudarjenjem in kamnolomništvom. Direktiva izključuje časovno skladiščenje odpadkov pred obdelavo ali regeneracijo ter določa posebne izjemne pogoje za otoška in redko poseljena območja. Namenjena je predvsem odlaganju nevarnih, nenevarnih in inertnih odpadkov, z natančnimi tehničnimi zahtevami in upravljanjem, da bi se zmanjšali škodljivi okoljski vplivi, zaščitilo zdravje ljudi in omogočila učinkovita obdelava odpadkov v različnih sektorjih in aktivnostih, povezanih z ravnanjem, obdelavo in odstranjevanjem odpadkov na odlagališčih v državah članicah EU.
General Information
This document specifies an empirical method for the simultaneous direct determination of the fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and sulfur content in environmental solid matrices by oxidative pyrohydrolytic combustion at (1 050 ± 50) °C, followed by ion chromatography. The method is applicable for the determination of concentrations ≥ 10 mg/kg of each element based on dry matter. The upper limit and exact concentration range covered depends on the blank levels of the instrumentation and the capacity of the chromatographic separation column used for determination.
NOTE 1 Simultaneous determination of iodine content is possible but currently not validated.
NOTE 2 Other detection methods can be applied if validated.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an empirical method for the simultaneous direct determination of the fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and sulfur content in environmental solid matrices by oxidative pyrohydrolytic combustion at (1 050 ± 50) °C, followed by ion chromatography. The method is applicable for the determination of concentrations ≥ 10 mg/kg of each element based on dry matter. The upper limit and exact concentration range covered depends on the blank levels of the instrumentation and the capacity of the chromatographic separation column used for determination.
NOTE 1 Simultaneous determination of iodine content is possible but currently not validated.
NOTE 2 Other detection methods can be applied if validated.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies three methods for the digestion of soil, treated biowaste, sludge and waste by the use of an acid mixture composed of hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and tetrafluoroboric (HBF4) or hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and hydrofluoric (HF) acid as the digestion solution.
Digestion with these acids is effectively considered as a total decomposition of the sample. For a broad range of samples the extracted analyte concentrations will reflect the total content in the sample.
This document is applicable for the following elements:
Aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), sulfur (S), tellurium (Te), thallium (Tl), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn).
This document can also be applied for the digestion of other elements, provided the user has verified the applicability.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies three methods for the digestion of soil, treated biowaste, sludge and waste by the use of an acid mixture composed of hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and tetrafluoroboric (HBF4) or hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and hydrofluoric (HF) acid as the digestion solution.
Digestion with these acids is effectively considered as a total decomposition of the sample. For a broad range of samples the extracted analyte concentrations will reflect the total content in the sample.
This document is applicable for the following elements:
Aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), sulfur (S), tellurium (Te), thallium (Tl), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn).
This document can also be applied for the digestion of other elements, provided the user has verified the applicability.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
In the framework of EU Directive 99/31/EC [1] and EU Directive 2000/76/EC [2] halogens and sulfur need to be determined on waste samples. The implementation of the combustion-IC technique would allow in one single run the combustion of the sample followed by the determination of the halogens and sulfur with ion chromatography. Moreover, this instrument may be provided with a sample carrousel for both solids and liquids, allowing an automation of these type of analyses.
Recent developments of the C-IC technology have made this technique interesting for the determination of halogens and sulfur in waste samples. Therefore, a document on the current progress of the C-IC technology was prepared, including the evaluation of the performance of different commercially available systems and the presentation of analytical results obtained on certified reference materials and waste samples.
- Technical report25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
In the framework of EU Directive 99/31/EC [1] and EU Directive 2000/76/EC [2] halogens and sulfur need to be determined on waste samples. The implementation of the combustion-IC technique would allow in one single run the combustion of the sample followed by the determination of the halogens and sulfur with ion chromatography. Moreover, this instrument may be provided with a sample carrousel for both solids and liquids, allowing an automation of these type of analyses.
Recent developments of the C-IC technology have made this technique interesting for the determination of halogens and sulfur in waste samples. Therefore, a document on the current progress of the C-IC technology was prepared, including the evaluation of the performance of different commercially available systems and the presentation of analytical results obtained on certified reference materials and waste samples.
- Technical report25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Specification provides methods, which can be used to assess the monolithic character of a stabilised/solidified waste, with respect to landfilling. Information on the monolithic character is required to enable the choice of appropriate leaching tests for determination of the release of different substances from stabilised/solidified waste under specified (landfilling) conditions.
This document includes several physical and/or chemical test methods each addressing different aspects of monolithic character. The selection of methods required for an assessment of the monolithic character of a stabilised/solidified waste may vary, depending on the scenario to be addressed or it can be specified in regulation.
Rather than describing the procedures and methods in detail this document refers to existing standards and provides some guidance on their use on stabilised/solidified waste materials.
This Technical Specification does not address issues related to health and safety.
The following procedures and methods are included in this document:
- test to determine unconfined compressive strength;
- test to determine permeability;
- test to determine the loss of mass by dissolution;
- test to determine expansion;
- test to determine the content of organic matter;
- test to determine freeze/thaw effects.
- Technical specification12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Specification provides methods, which can be used to assess the monolithic character of a stabilised/solidified waste, with respect to landfilling. Information on the monolithic character is required to enable the choice of appropriate leaching tests for determination of the release of different substances from stabilised/solidified waste under specified (landfilling) conditions.
This document includes several physical and/or chemical test methods each addressing different aspects of monolithic character. The selection of methods required for an assessment of the monolithic character of a stabilised/solidified waste may vary, depending on the scenario to be addressed or it can be specified in regulation.
Rather than describing the procedures and methods in detail this document refers to existing standards and provides some guidance on their use on stabilised/solidified waste materials.
This Technical Specification does not address issues related to health and safety.
The following procedures and methods are included in this document:
- test to determine unconfined compressive strength;
- test to determine permeability;
- test to determine the loss of mass by dissolution;
- test to determine expansion;
- test to determine the content of organic matter;
- test to determine freeze/thaw effects.
- Technical specification12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Standard is applicable to determine the leaching behaviour of inorganic constituents from granular waste (without or with size reduction. The waste body is subjected to percolation with water as a function of liquid to solid ratio under specified percolation conditions. The waste is leached under hydraulically dynamic conditions. The method is a once-through column leaching test and the test results establish the distinction between different release patterns, for instance wash-out and release under the influence of interaction with the matrix, when approaching local equilibrium between waste and leachant.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Standard is applicable to determine the leaching behaviour of inorganic constituents from granular waste (without or with size reduction. The waste body is subjected to percolation with water as a function of liquid to solid ratio under specified percolation conditions. The waste is leached under hydraulically dynamic conditions. The method is a once-through column leaching test and the test results establish the distinction between different release patterns, for instance wash-out and release under the influence of interaction with the matrix, when approaching local equilibrium between waste and leachant.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard is applicable for the preparation of representative test portions from the laboratory sample that has been taken according to the sampling plan (EN 14899), prior to physical and/or chemical analysis (e.g. preparation of eluates, extractions, digestion and/or analytical determinations) of solid (including monolithic material) and liquid samples and sludge. It is also applicable for the preparation of test portions from digests and eluates for the subsequent analyses.
This European Standard is intended to find the correct sequence of operations and treatments to be applied to the laboratory sample in order to obtain suitable test portions in compliance with the specific requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures.
- Standard52 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from a waste material. The equilibrium condition as defined in the standard is established by addition of pre-determined amounts of acid or base to reach desired end pH values. This test method produces eluates, which are subsequently characterized physically and chemically.
This European Standard is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a waste under specified conditions.
- Standard52 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard is applicable for determining the leaching behaviour of monolithic wastes under dynamic conditions. The test is performed under fixed experimental conditions in this document. This test is aimed at determining the release as a function of time of inorganic constituents from a monolithic waste, when it is put into contact with an aqueous solution (leachant).
This dynamic monolithic leaching test (DMLT) is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920 and is therefore not aimed at simulating real situations. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a monolithic waste under specified conditions.
In the framework of EN 12920 and in combination with additional chemical information, the test results are used to identify the leaching mechanisms and their relative importance. The intrinsic properties can be used to predict the release of constituents at a given time frame, in order to assess the leaching behaviour of monolithic waste materials, placed in different situations or scenarios (including disposal and recycling scenarios).
The test method applies to regularly shaped test portions of monolithic wastes with minimum dimensions of 40 mm in all directions that are assumed to maintain their integrity over a time frame relevant for the considered scenario. The test method applies to test portions for which the geometric surface area can be determined with the help of simple geometric equations. The test method applies to low permeable monolithic materials.
Within the reproducibility ranges, the leaching results obtained with EN 15863 are expected to be equivalent to those obtained with CEN/TS 16637-2 (DMLT for construction products), because the main testing conditions are equalized in both standards. As shown in the results obtained with EN 15863 (see Annex E), they are also demonstrated to be comparable with EPA method 1315 (SW846). These observations imply that a monolithic waste tested with this European Standard, does not need to be tested a second time, when the material proves suitable for beneficial use in construction and provided it has not undergone a treatment or other changes modifying its leaching behaviour.
NOTE 1 If, in order to comply with the requirements of regular shape, the test portion is prepared by cutting or coring, then new surfaces are exposed which can lead to change(s) in leaching properties. On the other hand if the test portion is prepared by moulding, the surface will be dependent to the type of mould and the conditions of storage. If the intention is to evaluate the behaviour of the material core, the specimen needs to be stored without any contact with air to avoid carbonation.
NOTE 2 For monolithic waste materials with a saturated hydraulic conductivity higher than 10−8 m/s water is likely to percolate through the monolith rather than flow around. In such cases relating the release to the geometric surface can lead to misinterpretation. A percolation test is more appropriate then (e.g. CEN/TS 14405).
This procedure may not be applicable to materials reacting with the leachant, leading for example to excessive gas emission or an excessive heat release.
This document has been developed to determine the release of mainly inorganic constituents from wastes. It does not take into account the particular characteristics of organic constituents, nor the consequences of microbiological processes in organic degradable wastes.
- Standard62 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from a waste material. Approaching equilibrium as defined in this European Standard is established by continuous adjustment of the pH by addition of acid or base to reach desired pH values. This test method produces eluates, which are subsequently characterized physically and chemically.
This European Standard is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a waste under specified conditions.
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard is applicable for the preparation of representative test portions from the laboratory sample that has been taken according to the sampling plan (EN 14899), prior to physical and/or chemical analysis (e.g. preparation of eluates, extractions, digestion and/or analytical determinations) of solid (including monolithic material) and liquid samples and sludge. It is also applicable for the preparation of test portions from digests and eluates for the subsequent analyses.
This European Standard is intended to find the correct sequence of operations and treatments to be applied to the laboratory sample in order to obtain suitable test portions in compliance with the specific requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures.
- Standard52 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard is applicable for determining the leaching behaviour of monolithic wastes under dynamic conditions. The test is performed under fixed experimental conditions in this document. This test is aimed at determining the release as a function of time of inorganic constituents from a monolithic waste, when it is put into contact with an aqueous solution (leachant).
This dynamic monolithic leaching test (DMLT) is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920 and is therefore not aimed at simulating real situations. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a monolithic waste under specified conditions.
In the framework of EN 12920 and in combination with additional chemical information, the test results are used to identify the leaching mechanisms and their relative importance. The intrinsic properties can be used to predict the release of constituents at a given time frame, in order to assess the leaching behaviour of monolithic waste materials, placed in different situations or scenarios (including disposal and recycling scenarios).
The test method applies to regularly shaped test portions of monolithic wastes with minimum dimensions of 40 mm in all directions that are assumed to maintain their integrity over a time frame relevant for the considered scenario. The test method applies to test portions for which the geometric surface area can be determined with the help of simple geometric equations. The test method applies to low permeable monolithic materials.
Within the reproducibility ranges, the leaching results obtained with EN 15863 are expected to be equivalent to those obtained with CEN/TS 16637-2 (DMLT for construction products), because the main testing conditions are equalized in both standards. As shown in the results obtained with EN 15863 (see Annex E), they are also demonstrated to be comparable with EPA method 1315 (SW846). These observations imply that a monolithic waste tested with this European Standard, does not need to be tested a second time, when the material proves suitable for beneficial use in construction and provided it has not undergone a treatment or other changes modifying its leaching behaviour.
NOTE 1 If, in order to comply with the requirements of regular shape, the test portion is prepared by cutting or coring, then new surfaces are exposed which can lead to change(s) in leaching properties. On the other hand if the test portion is prepared by moulding, the surface will be dependent to the type of mould and the conditions of storage. If the intention is to evaluate the behaviour of the material core, the specimen needs to be stored without any contact with air to avoid carbonation.
NOTE 2 For monolithic waste materials with a saturated hydraulic conductivity higher than 10−8 m/s water is likely to percolate through the monolith rather than flow around. In such cases relating the release to the geometric surface can lead to misinterpretation. A percolation test is more appropriate then (e.g. CEN/TS 14405).
This procedure may not be applicable to materials reacting with the leachant, leading for example to excessive gas emission or an excessive heat release.
This document has been developed to determine the release of mainly inorganic constituents from wastes. It does not take into account the particular characteristics of organic constituents, nor the consequences of microbiological processes in organic degradable wastes.
- Standard62 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from a waste material. Approaching equilibrium as defined in this European Standard is established by continuous adjustment of the pH by addition of acid or base to reach desired pH values. This test method produces eluates, which are subsequently characterized physically and chemically.
This European Standard is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a waste under specified conditions.
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from a waste material. The equilibrium condition as defined in the standard is established by addition of pre-determined amounts of acid or base to reach desired end pH values. This test method produces eluates, which are subsequently characterized physically and chemically.
This European Standard is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a waste under specified conditions.
- Standard52 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
In the framework of the EU Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste and the EU Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste there is a growing need for fast, easy-to-handle screening tools. In this respect, low costs, fast analyses, control of truck loads and yes/no-acceptance decisions are relevant criteria. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique meets these requirements as a screening tool for on-site verification on the landfill and for entrance control on the incineration plants.
Recent developments of the XRF technology have made this technique a method of choice for on-site analysis, namely miniaturisation of the XRF system (X-ray tube), the optimisation of the calibration programmes and the improvement of the detectors. Therefore, a state-of-the-art document on the current progress of the XRF technology and instruments available for on-site analysis shall support the key arguments, dealing with the pro’s and contra’s, and the performance of these systems to be expected.
The XRF standard EN 15309, is validated for Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U, and describes in the informative annex the procedures for hand-held XRF systems together with the portable/transportable systems (placed in mobile labs). Although XRF can analyse a broad range of elements, the main focus of this document is on the series of elements that is also being covered by EN 15309. Of that series the following elements are related to the landfill directive: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn.
The information in this document will be useful in all cases in which on-site determination of the elemental compositions of waste is needed and hand-held instrumentation is therefore used. These cases may include, beside landfills and incineration plant, also waste treatment plants, contaminations soil sites and controls of transports of waste.
- Technical report42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
In the framework of the EU Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste and the EU Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste there is a growing need for fast, easy-to-handle screening tools. In this respect, low costs, fast analyses, control of truck loads and yes/no-acceptance decisions are relevant criteria. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique meets these requirements as a screening tool for on-site verification on the landfill and for entrance control on the incineration plants.
Recent developments of the XRF technology have made this technique a method of choice for on-site analysis, namely miniaturisation of the XRF system (X-ray tube), the optimisation of the calibration programmes and the improvement of the detectors. Therefore, a state-of-the-art document on the current progress of the XRF technology and instruments available for on-site analysis shall support the key arguments, dealing with the pro’s and contra’s, and the performance of these systems to be expected.
The XRF standard EN 15309, is validated for Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U, and describes in the informative annex the procedures for hand-held XRF systems together with the portable/transportable systems (placed in mobile labs). Although XRF can analyse a broad range of elements, the main focus of this document is on the series of elements that is also being covered by EN 15309. Of that series the following elements are related to the landfill directive: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn.
The information in this document will be useful in all cases in which on-site determination of the elemental compositions of waste is needed and hand-held instrumentation is therefore used. These cases may include, beside landfills and incineration plant, also waste treatment plants, contaminations soil sites and controls of transports of waste.
- Technical report42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report describes techniques for sampling liquid and granular waste material, including paste-like materials and sludges, found in a variety of locations. The Technical Report provides information to allow the selection and preparation of equipment and apparatus to be used in the sampling activity.
NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be selected to meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented procedures may be appropriate.
NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant.
- Technical report64 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report describes procedures for the packaging, preservation, short-term storage and transport of both solid and liquid waste samples, including paste-like substances and sludges. Where available and appropriate for field application, requirements for specific storage conditions and/or preservation methods should be selected from the chosen analytical standard and collaboration with the testing laboratory.
NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be selected to meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented procedures may be appropriate.
NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant.
- Technical report20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report provides guidance on process of defining of a Sampling Plan based on the objective of the testing programme. It specifically deals with the strategic decisions that are needed, based on the sampling objective.
NOTE 1 Given the great variety of waste types, sampling situations and objectives, this Technical Report cannot provide definitive instructions that cover all scenarios. Instead, it discusses the basic statistical approach to be followed, and provides statistical tools that can be applied to determine the amount and type of sampling (e.g. number of samples and sample size) in any given situation to achieve results of adequate reliability (i.e. precision and confidence).
NOTE 2 The document provides considerable detail on current best practice, but is not exhaustive.
NOTE 3 To clarify the text, the document provides a number of worked examples.
- Technical report42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report discusses the statistical principles of sampling, and provides a number of statistical tools to assist in the design of testing programmes for application to sampling under various conditions.
NOTE 1 Given the great variety of waste types, sampling situations and objectives, this Technical Report cannot provide definitive instructions that cover all scenarios. Instead, it discusses the basic statistical approach to be followed, and provides statistical tools that can be applied to determine the amount and type of sampling (e.g. number of samples and sample size) in any given situation to achieve results of adequate reliability (i.e. precision and confidence).
NOTE 2 The document provides considerable detail on current best practice, but is not exhaustive.
NOTE 3 To clarify the text, the document provides a number of worked examples.
- Technical report76 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report describes procedures for reducing the overall size of the waste materials in the field to aid practical transportation of a sample to the laboratory.
NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be selected to meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented procedures may be appropriate.
NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant.
- Technical report22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report discusses the statistical principles of sampling, and provides a number of statistical tools to assist in the design of testing programmes for application to sampling under various conditions.
NOTE 1 Given the great variety of waste types, sampling situations and objectives, this Technical Report cannot provide definitive instructions that cover all scenarios. Instead, it discusses the basic statistical approach to be followed, and provides statistical tools that can be applied to determine the amount and type of sampling (e.g. number of samples and sample size) in any given situation to achieve results of adequate reliability (i.e. precision and confidence).
NOTE 2 The document provides considerable detail on current best practice, but is not exhaustive.
NOTE 3 To clarify the text, the document provides a number of worked examples.
- Technical report76 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report describes procedures for the packaging, preservation, short-term storage and transport of both solid and liquid waste samples, including paste-like substances and sludges. Where available and appropriate for field application, requirements for specific storage conditions and/or preservation methods should be selected from the chosen analytical standard and collaboration with the testing laboratory.
NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be selected to meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented procedures may be appropriate.
NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant.
- Technical report20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report provides guidance on process of defining of a Sampling Plan based on the objective of the testing programme. It specifically deals with the strategic decisions that are needed, based on the sampling objective.
NOTE 1 Given the great variety of waste types, sampling situations and objectives, this Technical Report cannot provide definitive instructions that cover all scenarios. Instead, it discusses the basic statistical approach to be followed, and provides statistical tools that can be applied to determine the amount and type of sampling (e.g. number of samples and sample size) in any given situation to achieve results of adequate reliability (i.e. precision and confidence).
NOTE 2 The document provides considerable detail on current best practice, but is not exhaustive.
NOTE 3 To clarify the text, the document provides a number of worked examples.
- Technical report42 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report describes techniques for sampling liquid and granular waste material, including paste-like materials and sludges, found in a variety of locations. The Technical Report provides information to allow the selection and preparation of equipment and apparatus to be used in the sampling activity.
NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be selected to meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented procedures may be appropriate.
NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant.
- Technical report64 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Report describes procedures for reducing the overall size of the waste materials in the field to aid practical transportation of a sample to the laboratory.
NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be selected to meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented procedures may be appropriate.
NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant.
- Technical report22 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the procedural steps to be taken in the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan. The Sampling Plan describes the method of collection of the laboratory sample necessary for meeting the objective of the testing programme. The principles or basic rules outlined in this European Standard, provide a framework that can be used by the project manager to:
produce standardised Sampling Plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (elaboration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios);
incorporate the specific sampling requirements of European and national legislation;
design and develop a Sampling Plan for use on a case by case basis.
This European Standard has been developed for the characterization of waste.
There may be a need for more than one Sampling Plan to meet all the requirements of the testing programme. Ultimately the Sampling Plan provides the sampler with detailed instructions on how sampling should be carried out.
NOTE Although this European Standard in most cases refers to the taking of one sample or increment or the preparation of one laboratory sample, it should be noted that often this should be more than one. For simplicity reasons this European Standard uses singular terms, while plural terms are also possible or even likely.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the procedural steps to be taken in the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan. The Sampling Plan describes the method of collection of the laboratory sample necessary for meeting the objective of the testing programme. The principles or basic rules outlined in this European Standard, provide a framework that can be used by the project manager to:
produce standardised Sampling Plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (elaboration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios);
incorporate the specific sampling requirements of European and national legislation;
design and develop a Sampling Plan for use on a case by case basis.
This European Standard has been developed for the characterization of waste.
There may be a need for more than one Sampling Plan to meet all the requirements of the testing programme. Ultimately the Sampling Plan provides the sampler with detailed instructions on how sampling should be carried out.
NOTE Although this European Standard in most cases refers to the taking of one sample or increment or the preparation of one laboratory sample, it should be noted that often this should be more than one. For simplicity reasons this European Standard uses singular terms, while plural terms are also possible or even likely.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the European Standard specifies a compliance test providing information on leaching of granular wastes and sludges under the experimental conditions specified hereafter, and particularly a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg dry matter. It applies to waste which has a particle size below 10 mm without or with limited size reduction. Note: In some cases, it could be useful to test the material with coarser particles up to 40 mm in diameter: This requires a larger amount for material and liquid.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of European Standard specifies a compliance test providing information on leaching of granular wastes and sludges under the experimental conditions specified hereafter, and particularly a liquid to solid ratio of 2 l/kg dry matter. It applies to waste which has a particle size below 4 mm without or with size reduction. The test procedure specified in this Standard produces an eluate which shall subsequently be characterized physically and chemically according to appropriate standard methods.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the European Standard specifies a compliance test providing information on leaching of granular wastes and sludges under the experimental conditions specified hereafter, and particularly a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg dry matter. It applies to waste which has a particle size below 4 mm without or with size reduction. The test procedure specified in this Standard produces an eluate which shall subsequently be characterised physically and chemically according to appropriate standard methods.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the European Standard specifies a compliance test providing information on leaching of granular wastes and sludges under the experimental conditions specified hereafter, and particularly a liquid to solid ratio of 2 l/kg dry matter and subsequently of 8 l/kg dry matter. It applies to waste which has a particle size below 4 mm without or with size reduction. The test procedure specified in this Standard produces an eluate which shall subsequently be characterised physically and chemically according to appropriate standard methods.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the European Standard specifies a compliance test providing information on leaching of granular wastes and sludges under the experimental conditions specified hereafter, and particularly a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg dry matter. It applies to waste which has a particle size below 10 mm without or with limited size reduction. Note: In some cases, it could be useful to test the material with coarser particles up to 40 mm in diameter: This requires a larger amount for material and liquid.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the European Standard specifies a compliance test providing information on leaching of granular wastes and sludges under the experimental conditions specified hereafter, and particularly a liquid to solid ratio of 2 l/kg dry matter and subsequently of 8 l/kg dry matter. It applies to waste which has a particle size below 4 mm without or with size reduction. The test procedure specified in this Standard produces an eluate which shall subsequently be characterised physically and chemically according to appropriate standard methods.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of European Standard specifies a compliance test providing information on leaching of granular wastes and sludges under the experimental conditions specified hereafter, and particularly a liquid to solid ratio of 2 l/kg dry matter. It applies to waste which has a particle size below 4 mm without or with size reduction. The test procedure specified in this Standard produces an eluate which shall subsequently be characterized physically and chemically according to appropriate standard methods.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of the European Standard specifies a compliance test providing information on leaching of granular wastes and sludges under the experimental conditions specified hereafter, and particularly a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg dry matter. It applies to waste which has a particle size below 4 mm without or with size reduction. The test procedure specified in this Standard produces an eluate which shall subsequently be characterised physically and chemically according to appropriate standard methods.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the procedure for a quantitative determination of major and trace element concentrations in homogeneous solid waste, soil and soil-like material by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry or wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry using a calibration with matrix-matched standards.
This European Standard is applicable for the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U. Concentration levels between approximately 0,000 1 % and 100 % can be determined depending on the element and the instrument used.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies methods of digestion with aqua regia. Solutions produced by the methods are suitable for analysis e.g. by atomic absorption spectrometry (FLAAS, HGAAS, CVAAS, GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method is applicable to the digestion of waste for example for the following elements: Al, Sb, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, P, K, Se, Ag, S, Na, Sr, Sn, Te, Ti, Tl, V, Zn.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the procedure for a quantitative determination of major and trace element concentrations in homogeneous solid waste, soil and soil-like material by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry or wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry using a calibration with matrix-matched standards.
This European Standard is applicable for the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U. Concentration levels between approximately 0,000 1 % and 100 % can be determined depending on the element and the instrument used.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies methods for the calculation of the dry matter of samples for which the results of performed analysis are to be calculated to the dry matter basis. Depending on the nature of the sample, the calculation is based on a determination of the dry residue (Method A) or a determination of the water content (Method B). It applies to samples containing more than 1 % (m/m) of dry residue or more than 1 % (m/m) of water.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for the determination of the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from a waste material. Equilibrium condition as defined in the document is established by continuous adjustment of the pH by addition of acid or base to reach desired pH values. This test method produces eluates, which are subsequently characterized physically and chemically.
This document is a parameter specific test as specified in EN 12920. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a waste under specified conditions.
NOTE This generally requires the application of several test methods, behavioural modelling and model validation as specified in EN 12920.
- Technical specification29 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard is applicable for the preparation of representative test portions from the laboratory sample that has been taken according to the sampling plan (EN 14899), prior to physical and/or chemical analysis (e.g. preparation of eluates, extractions, digestion and/or analytical determinations) of solid and liquid samples and sludge. It is also applicable for the preparation of test portions from digests and eluates for the subsequent analyses.
This European Standard is intended to find the correct sequence of operations and treatments to be applied to the laboratory sample in order to obtain suitable test portions in compliance with the specific requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures.
- Standard52 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Specification is applicable to determine the influence of pH on the leachability of inorganic constituents from a waste material. Equilibrium condition as defined in the standard is established by addition of pre-determined amounts of acid or base to reach desired end pH values. This test method produces eluates, which are subsequently characterized physically and chemically.
This Technical Specification is a parameter specific test as specified in ENV 12920. The application of this test method alone is not sufficient for the determination of the detailed leaching behaviour of a waste under specified conditions.
NOTE This generally requires the application of several test methods, behavioural modelling and model validation as specified in ENV 12920.
- Technical specification26 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This Technical Specification is applicable to determine the leaching behaviour of inorganic constituents from
granular waste (without or with size reduction (see 6.2)). The waste body is subjected to percolation with water
as a function of liquid to solid ratio under specified percolation conditions. The waste is leached under
hydraulically dynamic conditions. The method is a once-through column leaching test and the test results
establish the distinction between different release patterns, for instance wash-out and release under the
influence of interaction with the matrix, when approaching local equilibrium between waste and leachant.
NOTE 1 The mentioned specified percolation conditions are arbitrary and are not simulating a specific scenario.
NOTE 2 Waste materials that show a saturated hydraulic conductivity between 10-7 m/s and 10-8 m/s can be subjected to this test, but it can be difficult to maintain the imposed flow rate. If a waste shows a saturated hydraulic conductivity below 10 -8
m/s, the test should not be carried out. (See C.5 for a definition of �hydraulic conductivity�.)
NOTE 3 This procedure is generally not applicable to biologically degrading materials and materials reacting with the leachant, leading, for example, to excessive gas emission or excessive heat release.
NOTE 4 This procedure is applicable to materials showing solidification in the column, if the final hydraulic conductivity is within the specified range (see NOTE 1).
- Technical specification25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies methods of digestion with aqua regia. Solutions produced by the methods are suitable for analysis e.g. by atomic absorption spectrometry (FLAAS, HGAAS, CVAAS, GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method is applicable to the digestion of waste for example for the following elements: Al, Sb, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, P, K, Se, Ag, S, Na, Sr, Sn, Te, Ti, Tl, V, Zn.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies methods of microwave assisted digestion with hydrofluoric (HF), nitric (HNO3)and hydrochloric (HCL) acid mixture. Solutions produced by the methods are suitable for analysis e.g.by atomic absorption spectometry (FLAAS,HGAAS,CVAAS,GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma emission spectometry(ICP-OES) and inductive coupled plasma mass spectometry(ICP-MS). The method is applicable to the microwave assisted acid digestion of waste for example for the following elements:Al,Sb,As,B,Ba,Be,Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Pb,Mg,Mn,Hg,Mo, Ni,P,K,Se,Ag,S,Na,Sr,Te,Ti,Tl,V,Zn.
- Standard25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
Frequently Asked Questions
An EU Directive is a legislative act of the European Union that sets out goals that all EU member states must achieve. However, it is up to each member state to devise their own laws on how to reach these goals through national transposition. Directives are used to harmonize laws across the EU, particularly for the functioning of the single market.
Directive 99/31/EC covers "Landfill of waste". There are 56 standards associated with this directive.
Harmonized standards under 99/31/EC are European standards (ENs) developed by CEN, CENELEC, or ETSI in response to a mandate from the European Commission. When these standards are cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with them benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of 99/31/EC, facilitating CE marking and free movement within the European Economic Area.