SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52945:2024
(Main)Additive manufacturing for automotive - Qualification principles - Generic machine evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Additive manufacturing for automotive - Qualification principles - Generic machine evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
This document specifies the methodology for generic AM-machine evaluation in automotive environment using objective test criteria and provides the framework for an objective AM-machine evaluation and comparison. This document finds application in benchmarks, in the preparation of purchase decisions, but also in AM-machine evaluation within the machine procurement, acceptance, and qualification processes. This document is specific to automotive, as it is related to existing series part requirements of various original equipment manufacturers, but the content can be transferred to other industries if necessary.
Furthermore, this document specifies machine KPIs in the context of machine procurement, production planning and production of PBF-LB/M components. It aims to reach a detailed understanding between machine supplier and machine user with respect to the acceptance criteria during the procurement process and evaluation of machine performance during running production. For using this document, all process parameters, such as scanning speed, laser power, etc., are fixed, since changing these parameters can affect the entire process performance and its stability. Therefore, variables are not changed any more during or after qualification. This document and the determination of the KPIs help in the evaluation of machine properties, but do not replace an application-specific approval process.
This document is applicable to the additive manufacturing technology PBF-LB/M.
Additive Fertigung für die Automobilindustrie - Grundsätze der Qualifizierung - Generische Maschinenbewertung und Spezifikation von Leistungskennzahlen für PBF-LB/M-Prozesse (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Dieses Dokument legt die Methodik für die generische AM-Maschinenbewertung im Automobilbereich anhand objektiver Prüfkriterien fest und stellt das Rahmenwerk für eine objektive AM-Maschinenbewertung und -vergleichbarkeit bereit. Dieses Dokument findet Anwendung bei Leistungsvergleichen, bei der Vorbereitung von Kaufentscheidungen, aber auch bei der AM-Maschinenbewertung während Maschinenbeschaffungs-, Abnahme- und Qualifizierungsprozessen. Dieses Dokument befasst sich spezifisch mit dem Automobilbereich, da es sich auf bestehende Serienteilanforderungen verschiedener Originalgerätehersteller bezieht, jedoch kann der Inhalt bei Bedarf auf andere Branchen übertragen werden.
Darüber hinaus legt dieses Dokument Maschinenleistungskennzahlen im Kontext von Maschinenbeschaffung, Produktionsplanung und Produktion von PBF-LB/M-Komponenten fest. Es zielt darauf ab, detailliertes Verständnis zwischen Maschinenlieferant und Maschinenanwender in Bezug auf die Abnahmekriterien während des Beschaffungsprozesses und der Bewertung der Maschinenleistung während der laufenden Produktion zu erreichen. Für die Anwendung dieses Dokuments sind sämtliche Prozessparameter wie Scangeschwindigkeit, Laserkraft usw. festgelegt, da eine Änderung dieser Parameter die Prozessleistung insgesamt und deren Stabilität beeinflussen kann. Deshalb werden die Variablen während oder nach der Qualifizierung nicht mehr geändert. Dieses Dokument und die Bestimmung der KPIs helfen bei der Bewertung der Maschineneigenschaften, sind jedoch kein Ersatz für einen anwendungsspezifischen Zulassungsprozess.
Dieses Dokument ist anwendbar auf die additive Fertigungstechnologie PBF-LB/M.
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile - Principes de qualification - Évaluation générique de la machine et spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés PBF-LB/M (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Le présent document spécifie la méthodologie pour l’évaluation générique de la machine de FA dans le secteur automobile en utilisant des critères d’essai objectifs et fournit le cadre pour une évaluation et une comparaison objectives de la machine de FA. Le présent document trouve son application dans les benchmarks, dans la préparation des décisions d’achat, mais aussi dans l’évaluation de la machine de FA dans le cadre des procédés d’acquisition, de réception et de qualification de la machine. Ce document est spécifique à l'automobile, car il est lié aux exigences existantes en matière de pièces de série de divers fabricants d'équipements d'origine, mais le contenu peut être transféré à d'autres industries si nécessaire.
Par ailleurs, le présent document spécifie les KPIs de la machine dans le contexte de l’acquisition de la machine, de la planification de la production et de la production des composants de PBF-LB/M. Il a pour objectif d’atteindre une compréhension détaillée entre le fournisseur de la machine et l'utilisateur de la machine en ce qui concerne les critères de réception pendant le procédé d'acquisition et l'évaluation des performances de la machine pendant la production. Pour l'utilisation du présent document, tous les paramètres du processus, tels que la vitesse de balayage, la puissance du laser, etc., sont fixes, car la modification de ces paramètres peut affecter l'ensemble des performances du processus et sa stabilité. Par conséquent, les variables ne sont plus modifiées pendant ou après la qualification. Le présent document et la détermination des KPIs aident à évaluer les propriétés de la machine, mais ne remplacent pas un processus d'approbation spécifique à l'application.
Le présent document est applicable à la technologie de fabrication additive PBF-LB/M.
Dodajalna izdelava v avtomobilski industriji - Kvalifikacija - Splošno vrednotenje in popis ključnih pokazateljev zmogljivosti strojev za spajanje kovinskega prahu na podlagi z laserskim žarkom (PBF-LB/M) (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Ta dokument določa metodologijo za vrednotenje strojev za aditivno proizvodnjo v avtomobilski industriji, ki uporablja objektivna preskusna merila in zagotavlja okvir za objektivno vrednotenje in primerjavo strojev za aditivno proizvodnjo. Ta dokument se uporablja v referenčnih vrednostih, pri pripravi odločitev za nakup, in tudi za vrednotenje strojev za aditivno proizvodnjo pri nabavi, sprejemu in postopkih kvalifikacije strojev.
Ta dokument se uporablja v avtomobilski industriji, saj je povezan z obstoječo skupino zahtev za dele različnih
proizvajalcev originalne opreme, vseeno pa je vsebino mogoče po potrebi prenesti na druge industrije.
Ta dokument tudi določa ključne pokazatelje lastnosti strojev v smislu nabave strojev, načrtovanja
proizvodnje in proizvodnje komponent za spajanje kovinskega prahu v postelji z laserskim žarkom (PBF-LB/M). Želi doseči natančno razumevanja med
dobaviteljem in uporabnikom stroja v smislu kriterijev sprejemljivosti v postopku nabave in vrednotenje učinkovitosti stroja med proizvodnjo. Za uporabo tega dokumenta so vsi parametri procesa, kot je hitrost skeniranja, moč laserja itd., nespremenljivi, saj lahko sprememba teh parametrov negativno vpliva na celotno učinkovitosti in stabilnost procesa. Zato se med kvalifikacijo in po njej spremenljivke ne spreminjajo več. Ta dokument in določitev ključnih pokazateljev lastnosti pomagata pri vrednotenju lastnosti strojev, vendar ne nadomeščata procesa potrditve za določeno uporabo.
Ta dokument se uporablja za tehnologijo aditivne proizvodnje za spajanje kovinskega prahu v postelji z laserskim žarkom.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2024
Dodajalna izdelava v avtomobilski industriji - Kvalifikacija - Splošno vrednotenje in
popis ključnih pokazateljev zmogljivosti strojev za spajanje kovinskega prahu na
podlagi z laserskim žarkom (PBF-LB/M) (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Additive manufacturing for automotive - Qualification principles - Generic machine
evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
(ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Additive Fertigung für die Automobilindustrie - Grundsätze der Qualifizierung -
Generische Maschinenbewertung und Spezifikation von Leistungskennzahlen für PBF-
LB/M-Prozesse (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile - Principes de qualification - Évaluation générique
de la machine et spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés
PBF-LB/M (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO/ASTM 52945:2024
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO/ASTM 52945
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
January 2024
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing for automotive - Qualification
principles - Generic machine evaluation and specification
of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
(ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile - Principes de Additive Fertigung für die Automobilindustrie -
qualification - Évaluation générique de la machine et Grundsätze der Qualifizierung - Generische
spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance Maschinenbewertung und Spezifikation von
pour les procédés PBF-LB/M (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023) Leistungskennzahlen für PBF-LB/M-Prozesse
(ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 December 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
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Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO/ASTM 52945:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO/ASTM 52945:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261
"Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2024, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by July 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM 52945:2023 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO/ASTM 52945:2024 without
any modification.
International
Standard
ISO/ASTM 52945
First edition
Additive manufacturing for
2023-12
automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine
evaluation and specification of key
performance indicators for PBF-
LB/M processes
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de
qualification — Évaluation générique de la machine et
spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les
procédés PBF-LB/M
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en) © ISO/ASTM International 2023
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation . 2
4.1 Specification of use-cases .2
4.1.1 General .2
4.1.2 Use-case 1 – Benchmarking of machines .2
4.1.3 Use-case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test .3
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design .3
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards .3
4.2.2 Build job design .5
4.3 Machine performance characteristics .8
4.3.1 Input data and framework .8
4.3.2 Definition of the machine performance characteristics .9
5 Definition of overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) for AM-machines .11
5.1 General .11
5.2 Overview .11
5.3 Considered plant operating time for OEE monitoring . 13
5.4 Availability rate . 13
5.5 Performance rate . 13
5.6 Quality rate . 13
5.7 OEE calculation .14
Annex A (informative) Examples for Clauses 4 and 5 .15
Bibliography .23
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
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related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing technologies, on
the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common
set of ISO/ASTM standards on additive manufacturing, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in accordance with the
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Introduction
This document provides a methodology to evaluate PBF-LB/M AM-machines in the context of automotive on
an objective basis. The need to provide a document standardizing this topic exists because in high-volume
industrial production, the reproducibility of the produced component is crucial to meet production goals.
Therefore, reproducibility and capability of the machines used for manufacturing need to be evaluated
upfront. A methodology and performance characteristics are introduced to enable the evaluation on an
objective and quantitative basis. The documentation resulting from the AM-machine evaluation is used to
obtain a reliable orientation selection and evaluation of PBF-LB/M AM-machines.
Moreover, the document provides guidelines for machine production key performance indicators (KPIs)
which can be used in procurement, production planning and production to improve the understanding
between the machine manufacturer and user. The KPIs to be determined within the scope of this document
help to systematically evaluate the performance of PBF-LB/M machines. However, this does not necessarily
guarantee that the KPIs can always be used to select the most suitable machine for a specific application
scenario. Since a large number of very specific influencing factors affect the selection of an optimal machine,
situational, individual parameters must be included in the decision. However, the KPIs can form the basis for
this decision.
The requirements regarding quality and planning of build jobs are specific for the automotive industry. The
introduced generic approach can be expanded to other industries.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
v
International Standard ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification of
key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
1 Scope
This document specifies the methodology for generic AM-machine evaluation in automotive environment
using objective test criteria and provides the framework for an objective AM-machine evaluation and
comparison. This document finds application in benchmarks, in the preparation of purchase decisions, but
also in AM-machine evaluation within the machine procurement, acceptance, and qualification processes.
This document is specific to automotive, as it is related to existing series part requirements of various
original equipment manufacturers, but the content can be transferred to other industries if necessary.
Furthermore, this document specifies machine KPIs in the context of machine procurement, production
planning and production of PBF-LB/M components. It aims to reach a detailed understanding between
machine supplier and machine user with respect to the acceptance criteria during the procurement process
and evaluation of machine performance during running production. For using this document, all process
parameters, such as scanning speed, laser power, etc., are fixed, since changing these parameters can affect
the entire process performance and its stability. Therefore, variables are not changed any more during
or after qualification. This document and the determination of the KPIs help in the evaluation of machine
properties, but do not replace an application-specific approval process.
This document is applicable to the additive manufacturing technology PBF-LB/M.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3369, Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals — Determination of density
ISO 4499-4, Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 4: Characterisation of
porosity, carbon defects and eta-phase content
ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO 25178 (all parts), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Areal
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO/ASTM 52902, Additive manufacturing — Test artifacts — Geometric capability assessment of additive
manufacturing systems
ISO/ASTM 52928, Additive manufacturing — Feedstock materials — Powder life cycle management
ASTM E8M, Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of ISO/ASTM 52900 and the following apply.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
performance characteristics
defined characteristics which are measured in a defined framework (in this document based on generic
build jobs and produced specimens) and can be used to evaluate machines on an objective basis
3.2
machine KPIs
machine key performance indicators (KPIs) measure the relevant output of a production machine in a
defined framework, e.g. timeframe, defined production lots
Note 1 to entry: Throughout this document, various such KPIs are introduced and their meaning, as well as how to
measure them, is explained in detail.
EXAMPLE Overall equipment effectiveness.
3.3
quality level
defined ranges of values for a specified set of quality parameters such as relative density, surface roughness,
mechanical properties, etc.
3.4
specimen package
set of different specimens
Note 1 to entry: Examples of different specimens are shown in Table 1.
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation
4.1 Specification of use-cases
4.1.1 General
This clause introduces the methodology of generic machine evaluation. The generic machine evaluation
shall be used to carry out an assessment to evaluate the performance of a PBF-LB/M machine on a defined
objective basis.
The methodology of generic machine evaluation introduced here is not intended to define and verify
compliance of target metrics but should instead be used to generate information and efficiency metrics to
enable machine assessment and comparison. Further details of the machine acceptance process are shown in
ISO/ASTM TS 52930. For this document it is mandatory that consistent handling sequences can be achieved
through a good operator’s expertise, since it is important on AM systems for a stable component quality (see
ISO/ASTM 52926 series).
The generic machine evaluation shall be used to generate a sufficient, neutral, and documented evaluation
basis for two different use-cases, which are described in 4.1.2 and 4.1.3.
4.1.2 Use-case 1 – Benchmarking of machines
The framework and methodology introduced in 4.3.1 shall be used in the context of benchmarking of
machines. Therefore, a minimum of 1 run of the described build jobs according to 4.2.2 shall be produced
and tested in the described way. To strengthen the statistical significance of the benchmark, production
and evaluation of additional build jobs shall be necessary. This is an option at the discretion of the machine
manufacturer or the user.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
4.1.3 Use-case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test
The framework and methodology introduced in 4.3.1 shall furthermore be used in the machinery
procurement process, more specific in the factory and site acceptance test. Before using the methodology,
the specific target values for the performance indicators shall be agreed on between user and machine
manufacturer. During factory and site acceptance test, at least one build job run is mandatory.
This methodology can also be used to evaluate build job-to-build job performance. For a better evaluation
of the machine, further evaluations of build jobs with specific relevant part designs can be taken into
consideration. The frame conditions for such specific build jobs can be derived from the framework of the
expected (future) build jobs or be pre-arranged by agreement between machine manufacturer and user.
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards
In the following, the test specimens used in the generic construction jobs and for the evaluation of these
construction jobs as well as the associated tests are defined. This clause gives an overview of the relevant use
cases for the generic machine evaluation and introduces the framework for the data generation (specimens
used, test methods, build job design and quality requirements).
Specimen geometries to be used throughout the generic build job are described in Table 1.
Part, as well as build job powder removal methods cannot be changed, in order to maintain consistent
mechanical and surface quality of the specimen. The surface measurement shall be performed prior to the
porosity measurement.
The introduced methodology is applied to quasi-static mechanical properties, relative density, and surface
characteristics. Further properties (e.g. dynamic, and cyclic properties) are excluded on purpose and can be
included in individually designed build jobs following this methodology or individual agreements between
user and machine manufacturer.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Table 1 — Specification of specimen for measurement of surface roughness, relative density, and
tensile strength
Test specimen Test standard, purpose and description Test procedure and criteria
Surface measurement: — Measurement (in
accordance with
— Test standard: ISO 25178 (all parts)
ISO/ASTM 52902) of S ,
z
S , S and S , on each of
— Test specimen:10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm a sk ku
the 4 surfaces for 45°, 90°,
diamond surface/density specimen
135° angle against the
— Test purpose: build plate
Measurement of surface roughness on:
— Determination of mean
— 45° value and quantiles for
each cube
— 90° and
— Area of measurement
— 135° surfaces
shall be the complete area
that is available in each
— Test specimen surface:
direction
powder removed with pressured gas (no
surface modification)
— Typically used
measurement filters
in accordance with
ISO/ASTM 52902
Porosity measurement:
— Test standard:
— Cross section cut through
— Preparation: ISO 4499-4
the diamond specimen
— Porosity measurement: ISO 4499-4
— Preparation of the cross
section cut according to
— Test specimen:
the test standard
10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm diamond sur-
face/density specimen
— Measurement of the
relative density according
— Test purpose:
to the test standard in
measurement relative density in cross
25 x magnification
section
— A testing with the Archimedes method in
accordance with ISO 3369 can be added
Tensile test (as-built surface): — Testing according
to test standard and
— Test standard: ISO 6892-1
measurement of R , R
m p0,2
and A
— Test specimen:
Near net shape tensile specimen (in ac-
cordance with ASTM E8M, the require-
ment regarding surface roughness may
be waived)
— Tensile testing near net shape with as-
built surface (no post processing)
— Enabling tensile strength trend analysis
over height
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
TTabablele 1 1 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Test specimen Test standard, purpose and description Test procedure and criteria
Tensile test (machined surface): — Machining of the cylinder
in accordance with
— Test standard: ISO 6892-1
ASTM E8M
— Test specimen:
— Testing according
Machined tensile/packing density spec-
to test standard and
imen (in accordance with ASTM E8M)
measurement of R , R
m p0,2
(optional)
and A
— Enabling density & surface trend analysis
over height in multiple layers
— Creation of packing density
Specimen package: — Test procedure according
to the description for the
— Test specimen:
individual components
combined diamond surface/density, near
of the specimen package
net shape tensile and machined tensile/
(see above)
packing density specimen
— This combination of specimen is named
specimen package and should be used
in the following for build job design
considerations
— The specimen package has a height of
112 mm
4.2.2 Build job design
In Figure 1, the representation of the generic build job for two different kinds of machines (in this example
400 mm cubic/cylindrical build envelope) is shown.
a) Isometric view: cubic build envelope b) Isometric view: cylindrical build envelope
c) Top view cubic build envelope d) Top view cylindrical build envelope
Figure 1 — Examples of build job design
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
The requirements for the generic build job are:
— The specimen packages shall be stacked in Z for the maximum Z-height possible within the present
machine design (e.g. for a 400 mm Z-height shall be 3 layers of specimen packages, 112 mm each);
— The specimen packages shall be distributed homogeneously and with equal distances;
— The build job shall contain a packing density of approximately 30 % containing specimen packages and
measured from the volume in the bounding box of the full build envelope in X-Y and the height of the
buil
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2024
Aditivna proizvodnja v avtomobilski industriji - Kvalifikacija - Splošno vrednotenje
strojev in popis ključnih pokazateljev lastnosti za spajanje kovinskega prahu v
postelji z laserskim žarkom (PBF-LB/M) (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Additive manufacturing for automotive - Qualification principles - Generic machine
evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
(ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Additive Fertigung für die Automobilindustrie - Grundsätze der Qualifizierung -
Generische Maschinenbewertung und Spezifikation von Leistungskennzahlen für PBF-
LB/M-Prozesse (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile - Principes de qualification - Évaluation générique
de la machine et spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés
PBF-LB/M (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO/ASTM 52945:2024
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO/ASTM 52945
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
January 2024
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing for automotive - Qualification
principles - Generic machine evaluation and specification
of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
(ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile - Principes de Additive Fertigung für die Automobilindustrie -
qualification - Évaluation générique de la machine et Grundsätze der Qualifizierung - Generische
spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance Maschinenbewertung und Spezifikation von
pour les procédés PBF-LB/M (ISO/ASTM 52945:2023) Leistungskennzahlen für PBF-LB/M-Prozesse
(ISO/ASTM 52945:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 December 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO/ASTM 52945:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO/ASTM 52945:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261
"Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2024, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by July 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM 52945:2023 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO/ASTM 52945:2024 without
any modification.
International
Standard
ISO/ASTM 52945
First edition
Additive manufacturing for
2023-12
automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine
evaluation and specification of key
performance indicators for PBF-
LB/M processes
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de
qualification — Évaluation générique de la machine et
spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les
procédés PBF-LB/M
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en) © ISO/ASTM International 2023
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
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Email: copyright@iso.org Email: khooper@astm.org
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation . 2
4.1 Specification of use-cases .2
4.1.1 General .2
4.1.2 Use-case 1 – Benchmarking of machines .2
4.1.3 Use-case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test .3
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design .3
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards .3
4.2.2 Build job design .5
4.3 Machine performance characteristics .8
4.3.1 Input data and framework .8
4.3.2 Definition of the machine performance characteristics .9
5 Definition of overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) for AM-machines .11
5.1 General .11
5.2 Overview .11
5.3 Considered plant operating time for OEE monitoring . 13
5.4 Availability rate . 13
5.5 Performance rate . 13
5.6 Quality rate . 13
5.7 OEE calculation .14
Annex A (informative) Examples for Clauses 4 and 5 .15
Bibliography .23
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing technologies, on
the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common
set of ISO/ASTM standards on additive manufacturing, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in accordance with the
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Introduction
This document provides a methodology to evaluate PBF-LB/M AM-machines in the context of automotive on
an objective basis. The need to provide a document standardizing this topic exists because in high-volume
industrial production, the reproducibility of the produced component is crucial to meet production goals.
Therefore, reproducibility and capability of the machines used for manufacturing need to be evaluated
upfront. A methodology and performance characteristics are introduced to enable the evaluation on an
objective and quantitative basis. The documentation resulting from the AM-machine evaluation is used to
obtain a reliable orientation selection and evaluation of PBF-LB/M AM-machines.
Moreover, the document provides guidelines for machine production key performance indicators (KPIs)
which can be used in procurement, production planning and production to improve the understanding
between the machine manufacturer and user. The KPIs to be determined within the scope of this document
help to systematically evaluate the performance of PBF-LB/M machines. However, this does not necessarily
guarantee that the KPIs can always be used to select the most suitable machine for a specific application
scenario. Since a large number of very specific influencing factors affect the selection of an optimal machine,
situational, individual parameters must be included in the decision. However, the KPIs can form the basis for
this decision.
The requirements regarding quality and planning of build jobs are specific for the automotive industry. The
introduced generic approach can be expanded to other industries.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
v
International Standard ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification of
key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
1 Scope
This document specifies the methodology for generic AM-machine evaluation in automotive environment
using objective test criteria and provides the framework for an objective AM-machine evaluation and
comparison. This document finds application in benchmarks, in the preparation of purchase decisions, but
also in AM-machine evaluation within the machine procurement, acceptance, and qualification processes.
This document is specific to automotive, as it is related to existing series part requirements of various
original equipment manufacturers, but the content can be transferred to other industries if necessary.
Furthermore, this document specifies machine KPIs in the context of machine procurement, production
planning and production of PBF-LB/M components. It aims to reach a detailed understanding between
machine supplier and machine user with respect to the acceptance criteria during the procurement process
and evaluation of machine performance during running production. For using this document, all process
parameters, such as scanning speed, laser power, etc., are fixed, since changing these parameters can affect
the entire process performance and its stability. Therefore, variables are not changed any more during
or after qualification. This document and the determination of the KPIs help in the evaluation of machine
properties, but do not replace an application-specific approval process.
This document is applicable to the additive manufacturing technology PBF-LB/M.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3369, Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals — Determination of density
ISO 4499-4, Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 4: Characterisation of
porosity, carbon defects and eta-phase content
ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO 25178 (all parts), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Areal
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO/ASTM 52902, Additive manufacturing — Test artifacts — Geometric capability assessment of additive
manufacturing systems
ISO/ASTM 52928, Additive manufacturing — Feedstock materials — Powder life cycle management
ASTM E8M, Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of ISO/ASTM 52900 and the following apply.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
performance characteristics
defined characteristics which are measured in a defined framework (in this document based on generic
build jobs and produced specimens) and can be used to evaluate machines on an objective basis
3.2
machine KPIs
machine key performance indicators (KPIs) measure the relevant output of a production machine in a
defined framework, e.g. timeframe, defined production lots
Note 1 to entry: Throughout this document, various such KPIs are introduced and their meaning, as well as how to
measure them, is explained in detail.
EXAMPLE Overall equipment effectiveness.
3.3
quality level
defined ranges of values for a specified set of quality parameters such as relative density, surface roughness,
mechanical properties, etc.
3.4
specimen package
set of different specimens
Note 1 to entry: Examples of different specimens are shown in Table 1.
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation
4.1 Specification of use-cases
4.1.1 General
This clause introduces the methodology of generic machine evaluation. The generic machine evaluation
shall be used to carry out an assessment to evaluate the performance of a PBF-LB/M machine on a defined
objective basis.
The methodology of generic machine evaluation introduced here is not intended to define and verify
compliance of target metrics but should instead be used to generate information and efficiency metrics to
enable machine assessment and comparison. Further details of the machine acceptance process are shown in
ISO/ASTM TS 52930. For this document it is mandatory that consistent handling sequences can be achieved
through a good operator’s expertise, since it is important on AM systems for a stable component quality (see
ISO/ASTM 52926 series).
The generic machine evaluation shall be used to generate a sufficient, neutral, and documented evaluation
basis for two different use-cases, which are described in 4.1.2 and 4.1.3.
4.1.2 Use-case 1 – Benchmarking of machines
The framework and methodology introduced in 4.3.1 shall be used in the context of benchmarking of
machines. Therefore, a minimum of 1 run of the described build jobs according to 4.2.2 shall be produced
and tested in the described way. To strengthen the statistical significance of the benchmark, production
and evaluation of additional build jobs shall be necessary. This is an option at the discretion of the machine
manufacturer or the user.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
4.1.3 Use-case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test
The framework and methodology introduced in 4.3.1 shall furthermore be used in the machinery
procurement process, more specific in the factory and site acceptance test. Before using the methodology,
the specific target values for the performance indicators shall be agreed on between user and machine
manufacturer. During factory and site acceptance test, at least one build job run is mandatory.
This methodology can also be used to evaluate build job-to-build job performance. For a better evaluation
of the machine, further evaluations of build jobs with specific relevant part designs can be taken into
consideration. The frame conditions for such specific build jobs can be derived from the framework of the
expected (future) build jobs or be pre-arranged by agreement between machine manufacturer and user.
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards
In the following, the test specimens used in the generic construction jobs and for the evaluation of these
construction jobs as well as the associated tests are defined. This clause gives an overview of the relevant use
cases for the generic machine evaluation and introduces the framework for the data generation (specimens
used, test methods, build job design and quality requirements).
Specimen geometries to be used throughout the generic build job are described in Table 1.
Part, as well as build job powder removal methods cannot be changed, in order to maintain consistent
mechanical and surface quality of the specimen. The surface measurement shall be performed prior to the
porosity measurement.
The introduced methodology is applied to quasi-static mechanical properties, relative density, and surface
characteristics. Further properties (e.g. dynamic, and cyclic properties) are excluded on purpose and can be
included in individually designed build jobs following this methodology or individual agreements between
user and machine manufacturer.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Table 1 — Specification of specimen for measurement of surface roughness, relative density, and
tensile strength
Test specimen Test standard, purpose and description Test procedure and criteria
Surface measurement: — Measurement (in
accordance with
— Test standard: ISO 25178 (all parts)
ISO/ASTM 52902) of S ,
z
S , S and S , on each of
— Test specimen:10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm a sk ku
the 4 surfaces for 45°, 90°,
diamond surface/density specimen
135° angle against the
— Test purpose: build plate
Measurement of surface roughness on:
— Determination of mean
— 45° value and quantiles for
each cube
— 90° and
— Area of measurement
— 135° surfaces
shall be the complete area
that is available in each
— Test specimen surface:
direction
powder removed with pressured gas (no
surface modification)
— Typically used
measurement filters
in accordance with
ISO/ASTM 52902
Porosity measurement:
— Test standard:
— Cross section cut through
— Preparation: ISO 4499-4
the diamond specimen
— Porosity measurement: ISO 4499-4
— Preparation of the cross
section cut according to
— Test specimen:
the test standard
10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm diamond sur-
face/density specimen
— Measurement of the
relative density according
— Test purpose:
to the test standard in
measurement relative density in cross
25 x magnification
section
— A testing with the Archimedes method in
accordance with ISO 3369 can be added
Tensile test (as-built surface): — Testing according
to test standard and
— Test standard: ISO 6892-1
measurement of R , R
m p0,2
and A
— Test specimen:
Near net shape tensile specimen (in ac-
cordance with ASTM E8M, the require-
ment regarding surface roughness may
be waived)
— Tensile testing near net shape with as-
built surface (no post processing)
— Enabling tensile strength trend analysis
over height
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
TTabablele 1 1 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Test specimen Test standard, purpose and description Test procedure and criteria
Tensile test (machined surface): — Machining of the cylinder
in accordance with
— Test standard: ISO 6892-1
ASTM E8M
— Test specimen:
— Testing according
Machined tensile/packing density spec-
to test standard and
imen (in accordance with ASTM E8M)
measurement of R , R
m p0,2
(optional)
and A
— Enabling density & surface trend analysis
over height in multiple layers
— Creation of packing density
Specimen package: — Test procedure according
to the description for the
— Test specimen:
individual components
combined diamond surface/density, near
of the specimen package
net shape tensile and machined tensile/
(see above)
packing density specimen
— This combination of specimen is named
specimen package and should be used
in the following for build job design
considerations
— The specimen package has a height of
112 mm
4.2.2 Build job design
In Figure 1, the representation of the generic build job for two different kinds of machines (in this example
400 mm cubic/cylindrical build envelope) is shown.
a) Isometric view: cubic build envelope b) Isometric view: cylindrical build envelope
c) Top view cubic build envelope d) Top view cylindrical build envelope
Figure 1 — Examples of build job design
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
The requirements for the generic build job are:
— The specimen packages shall be stacked in Z for the maximum Z-height possible within the present
machine design (e.g. for a 400 mm Z-height shall be 3 layers of specimen packages, 112 mm each);
— The specimen packages shall be distributed homogeneously and with equal distances;
— The build job shall contain a packing density of approximately 30 % containing specimen packages and
measured from the volume in the bounding box of the full build envelope in X-Y and the height of the
buil
...
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