SIST EN 12681:2003
(Main)Founding - Radiographic examination
Founding - Radiographic examination
This European Standard gives specific procedures for industrial X-radiation and gamma radiography for flaw detection purposes, using film techniques, applicable to castings, especially of steel and iron, magnesium and zinc, of copper and nickel based alloys, and aluminium and titanium alloys. Acceptance criteria are not part of this standard. This standard does not apply to radioscopical applications (real time inspection.
Gießereiwesen - Durchstrahlungsprüfung
In dieser Europäischen Norm werden die besonderen Vorgehensweisen für die industrielle Röntgen- und Gammastrahlendurchstrahlungsprüfung zur Fehlererkennung unter Benutzung von Filmtechniken angegeben, die für Gußstücke insbesondere aus Stahl und Eisen, Magnesium und Zink, aus Kupfer- und Nickelbasislegierungen und aus Aluminium- und Titanlegierungen anwendbar sind. Diese Norm gilt nicht für die Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen. Zulässigkeitskriterien sind nicht Gegenstand dieser Norm. Diese norm gilt nicht für Durchleuchtungsprüfungen (Echtzeitprüfung).
Fonderie - Contrôle par radiographie
La présente norme européenne donne les procédures spécifiques pour la radiographie industrielle aux rayons X et gamma relatives a la détection de défauts, en utilisant des techniques de films applicables aux pieces moulées, constituées particulierement d'acier et de fonte de magnésium et de zinc, d'alliages de cuivre et de nickel, ainsi que d'alliages d'aluminium et de titane. La présente norme ne s'applique pas a l'essai des joints soudés. Les criteres d'acceptation ne font partie de la norme. Elle ne s'applique pas aux applications radioscopiques (contrôle en temps réel).
Livarstvo – Radiografska preiskava
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Livarstvo – Radiografska preiskavaGießereiwesen - DurchstrahlungsprüfungFonderie - Contrôle par radiographieFounding - Radiographic examination77.040.20Neporušitveno preskušanje kovinNon-destructive testing of metalsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 12681:2003SIST EN 12681:2003en01-november-2003SIST EN 12681:2003SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 12681:2003
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 12681January 2003ICS 77.040.20English versionFounding - Radiographic examinationFonderie - Contrôle par radiographieGießereiwesen - DurchstrahlungsprüfungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 November 2002.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UnitedKingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2003 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 12681:2003 ESIST EN 12681:2003
EN 12681:2003 (E)2ContentspageForeword.3Introduction.41Scope.52Normative references.53Terms and definitions.64General.64.1Protection against ionizing radiations.64.2General requirements.64.3Agreements.64.4Personnel qualification.75Examination arrangements.75.1General.75.2Single wall radiography of plane areas.75.3Single wall radiography of curved areas.75.4Double wall radiography of plane and curved areas.75.5Choice of examination arrangements for complex geometries.85.6Acceptable examination area dimensions.85.7Explanation of symbols used in the figures.86Choice of radiation source.137Specific film system classes.148Techniques for increasing the covered thickness range.148.1General.148.2Multiple film technique.158.3Contrast decreasing by higher radiation energy.158.4Beam hardening.168.5Thickness equalization.169Radiographs.169.1Identification of radiograph, examined area, film position plan.169.2Marking of the test areas.169.3Overlap of films.1610Verification of image quality.1611Radiograph density requirements.1712Influence of crystalline structure.17Annex A (informative)
Possible discontinuities in castings — Reference radiographs and designation.18Bibliography.22SIST EN 12681:2003
EN 12681:2003 (E)3ForewordThis document (EN 12681:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 "Foundry Technology",the secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text orby endorsement, at the latest by July 2003, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest byJuly 2003.Within its programme of work, Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 requested CEN/TC 190/WG 4.10 "Inner defects"to prepare the following standard:EN 12681,
Founding — Radiographic examination.Annex A is informative.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.SIST EN 12681:2003
EN 12681:2003 (E)4IntroductionRadiography can be used to detect internal discontinuities in a casting. The discontinuities can be gas cavities,non-metallic inclusions, shrinkage, cracks, chaplets or chills or inclusions that have lower or higher densities thanthe parent metal.SIST EN 12681:2003
EN 12681:2003 (E)51 ScopeThis European Standard gives specific procedures for industrial X-radiation and gamma radiography fordiscontinuity detection purposes, using film techniques. These procedures are applicable to castings produced byany casting process, especially for steel, cast iron, magnesium, zinc, copper, nickel, aluminium, titanium and anyalloys of them.This European Standard does not apply to:¾ the testing of welded joints;¾ acceptance criteria;¾ radioscopy (real time inspection).2 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. Thesenormative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. Fordated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this EuropeanStandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of thepublication referred to applies (including amendments).EN 444:1994, Non-destructive testing — General principles for radiographic examination of metallic materials by X-and gamma-rays.EN 462-1, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Image quality indicators (wire type) —Determination of image quality value.EN 462-2, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 2: Image quality indicators (step/holetype) — Determination of image quality value.EN 462-3, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 3: Image quality classes for ferrousmetals.EN 462-4, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 4: Experimental evaluation of imagequality values and image quality tables.EN 25580, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic illuminators — Minimum requirements (ISO 5580 :1985).NOTEInformative references to documents used in the preparation of this standard, and cited at the appropriate places inthe text, are listed in the bibliography.SIST EN 12681:2003
EN 12681:2003 (E)63 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this European Standard the terms and definitions given in EN 444:1994 apply.4 General4.1 Protection against ionizing radiationsLocal, national or international safety precautions shall be strictly applied, when using ionizing radiation.WARNING: Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly injurious tohealth.4.2 General requirementsThis European Standard shall be used in combination with EN 444.Examination reports shall be made according to EN 444.4.3 AgreementsCastings with a complex geometry can include areas which cannot be radiographically inspected or can only bepartly inspected. Such areas shall be identified before starting the radiographic examination. Areas which cannotbe radiographicly inspected shall be noted by all contracting parties and be marked on the film position plan.The following items shall be agreed:a) manufacturing stage;b) extent of examination;c) examination areas;d) surface condition;e) test class according to EN 4441);f) information about the film position plan;g) marking of examination areas on the casting;h) image quality value according to EN 462-3 and EN 462-4;i) marking of the films;j) acceptance criteria.Any additional items shall be agreed between the contracting parties.Radiographs shall be evaluated by comparison to reference radiographs.
1)It is recommended to perform the examination according to EN 444 test class A, if not otherwise specified.For alloys having a density of less than 5 kg/dm3, test class B is recommended.SIST EN 12681:2003
EN 12681:2003 (E)7NOTEA selection of corresponding reference radiographs for materials and thickness ranges is given in annex A.4.4 Personnel qualificationIt is assumed that radiographic examination is performed by qualified and capable personnel. In order to prove thisqualification, it is recommended to certify personnel in accordance with EN 473.5 Examination arrangements5.1 GeneralThe examination arrangements to be used shall be in accordance with:¾ Figures 1 to 6 for test areas of simple section;¾ Figure 7 for double wall radiography;¾ Figures 8 to 12 for test areas of complex section.If these arrangements are not applicable, other arrangements may be used.5.2 Single wall radiography of plane areasThe examination arrangement for single wall radiography of plane areas shall be in accordance with Figure 1.5.3 Single wall radiography of curved areasThe test arrangement for single wall radiography of curved areas shall be in accordance with either Figures 2, 3or 4.NOTEIf possible, the source of radiation should be placed in accordance with the arrangements shown in Figures 3 and 4to achieve a more suitable direction of examination. The reduction in minimum source-to-object distance should not be greaterthan 40 % provided that the image quality requirements are met. EN 444:1994, 6.6 should be taken into account.When the source is located centrally inside the object and the film outside (technique shown in Figure 4) and provided that theIQI requirements are met, this percentage can be increased. However, it is recommended that the reduction in minimum source-to-object distance is not greater than 50 %. Rigid cassettes can be used if the corresponding increase of b is considered for thecalculation of the distance f between the source and source side of the test object.5.4 Double wall radiography of plane and curved areasThe examination arrangement for double wall radiography of plane and curved areas shall be in accordance witheither Figure 5, 6 or 7.Double wall radiography shall be used, as an overview technique according to Figure 7, if the geometricalconditions make other examination arrangements difficult to apply or if there is a better sensitivity for detectingdiscontinuities by using this technique. It shall be assured that unacceptable discontinuities are detected withsufficient certainty. The required image quality shall be met.In the case of examination arrangements according to Figures 6 and 7, the discontinuities shall be classified withreference to the single wall thickness. In the case of different wall thicknesses the reference shall be the smallerone.In the case of examination arrangements according to Figure 5, the distance of the source from the surface of thearea under examination shall be minimized provided that the requirements of IQI are met.SIST EN 12681:2003
EN 12681:2003 (E)85.5 Choice of examination arrangements for complex geometriesUnless otherwise agreed, the examination arrangements for complex geometry areas shall be in accordance withFigures 8 to 12 (as appropriate).5.6 Acceptable examination area dimensionsIn addition to the requirements given in EN 444, the angle of incident radiation shall not exceed 30°.NOTEThis value can be larger, if special orientations of discontinuities can be detected in this way or if it is the only way totest areas otherwise impossible to test.5.7 Explanation of symbols used in the figuresIn Figure 1, the following symbols apply:Qis the source of radiation;tis the nominal thickness of the material in the region under examination;bis the distance between the radiation side of the test object side and the film surface measured along thecentral axis of the radiation beam;Bis the radiographic film;fis the distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object measured along thecentral axis of the radiation beam;wis the thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on the basis of the nominalthickness (see clause 6). If the actual thickness of the material deviates from the nominal one by more than10 %, the actual wall thickness shall be used (see t and W).In Figures 2 to 12, the symbols given in Figure 1 apply accordingly.Figure 1 — Examination arrangement for single wall radiography of plane areasSIST EN 12681:2003
EN 12681:2003 (E)9Figure 2 — Examination arrangement for single wall radiography of curved areas with the sourceon the convex side and the film on the concave side of the area under examinationFigu
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.