SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
(Main)Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film (ISO 17636-1:2013)
Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film (ISO 17636-1:2013)
This part of ISO 17636 specifies techniques of radiographic examination of fusion welded joints in metallic materials using industrial radiographic film techniques. This part of ISO 17636 applies to the joints of plates and pipes. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe” as used in this International Standard covers other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums, and pressure vessels. This part of ISO 17636 does not specify acceptance levels for any of the indications found on the radiographs. If contracting parties apply lower test criteria, it is possible that the quality achieved is significantly lower than when this part of ISO 17636 is strictly applied.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen - Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1: Röntgen und Gammastrahlungstechniken unter Anwendung von Filmen (ISO 17636-1:2013)
Diese Norm gilt für die Durchstrahlungsprüfung von Schmelzschweißverbindungen in metallischen
Werkstoffen unter Anwendung von Techniken mit industriellen radiographischen Filmen.
Sie gilt für Schweißverbindungen von Platten oder Rohren. Neben der konventionellen Bedeutung sollten in
dieser Norm unter der Benennung „Rohr“ auch andere zylindrische Körper wie Druckleitungen,
Kesseltrommeln und Druckbehälter verstanden werden. Diese Norm steht im Einklang mit ISO 5579.
Die vorliegende Norm legt keine Zulässigkeitsgrenzen für die Anzeigen fest.
Werden durch die Vertragspartner niedrigere Prüfkriterien angesetzt, kann die erreichte Güte deutlich
niedriger sein als bei strikter Anwendung dieser Norm.
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés - Contrôle par radiographie - Partie 1: Techniques par rayons X ou gamma à l'aide de film (ISO 17636-1:2013)
L'ISO 17636-1:2013 spécifie des techniques de contrôle par radiographie des assemblages soudés par fusion de matériaux métalliques en utilisant des techniques employant un film pour radiographie industrielle.
L'ISO 17636-1:2013 est applicable aux assemblages de plaques et de tubes. Outre sa signification conventionnelle, le terme «tube», tel qu'il est utilisé dans l'ISO 17636-1:2013, couvre d'autres corps cylindriques, tels que tuyaux, conduites forcées, réservoirs de chaudières et appareils à pression.
L'ISO 17636-1:2013 ne spécifie pas les niveaux d'acceptation des indications trouvées sur les radiogrammes.
Si les parties contractantes appliquent des critères d'essai moins rigoureux, il se peut que la qualité obtenue soit nettement inférieure à celle atteinte par l'application stricte de l'ISO 17636-1:2013.
Neporušitveno preskušanje zvarnih spojev - Radiografske preiskave - 1. del : X in gama žarki z uporabo filmov (ISO 17636-1:2013)
Ta del ISO 17636 določa tehnike radiografskih preiskav za talilno varjenje spojev kovinskih materialov s tehnikami industrijskega radiografskega filma. Ta del ISO 17636 velja za spoje plošč in cevi. Poleg svojega klasičnega pomena izraz „cev‟, uporabljen v tem mednarodnem standardu, zajema tudi druga cilindrična telesa, kot so dovodni kanali, bobni kotlov in tlačne posode. Ta del ISO 17636 ne določa ravni sprejemljivosti za indikacije na rentgenskih slikah. Če pogodbene stranke uporabijo nizka preskusna merila, bo morda dosežena kakovost znatno nižja od kakovosti, dosežene s strogim upoštevanjem tega dela ISO 17636.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
01-september-2013
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1435:1998
SIST EN 1435:1998/A1:2003
SIST EN 1435:1998/A2:2004
Neporušitveno preskušanje zvarnih spojev - Radiografske preiskave - 1. del : X in
gama žarki z uporabo filmov (ISO 17636-1:2013)
Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 1: X- and gamma-ray
techniques with film (ISO 17636-1:2013)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen - Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1:
Röntgen und Gammastrahlungstechniken unter Anwendung von Filmen (ISO 17636-
1:2013)
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés - Contrôle par radiographie - Partie 1:
Techniques par rayons X ou gamma à l'aide de film (ISO 17636-1:2013)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ICS:
25.160.40 Varjeni spoji in vari Welded joints
SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 17636-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
January 2013
ICS 25.160.40 Supersedes EN 1435:1997
English Version
Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 1:
X- and gamma-ray techniques with film (ISO 17636-1:2013)
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés - Contrôle Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen -
par radiographie - Partie 1: Techniques par rayons X ou Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1: Röntgen- und
gamma à l'aide de film (ISO 17636-1:2013) Gammastrahlungstechniken mit Filmen (ISO 17636-
1:2013)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 December 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 17636-1:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
EN ISO 17636-1:2013 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
EN ISO 17636-1:2013 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 17636-1:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding”
the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 "Welding and
allied processes".
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by July 2013.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 1435:1997.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17636-1
First edition
2013-01-15
Non-destructive testing of welds —
Radiographic testing —
Part 1:
X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés — Contrôle par
radiographie —
Partie 1: Techniques par rayons X ou gamma à l'aide de film
Reference number
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 3
5 Classification of radiographic techniques . 3
6 General preparations and requirements . 4
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation . 4
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture . 4
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph . 4
6.4 Identification of radiographs . 4
6.5 Marking . 4
6.6 Overlap of films . 4
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators . 4
6.8 Evaluation of image quality . 5
6.9 Minimum image quality values . 5
6.10 Personnel qualification . 6
7 Recommended techniques for making radiographs . 6
7.1 Test arrangements . 6
7.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source . 12
7.3 Film systems and metal screens . 13
7.4 Alignment of beam . 15
7.5 Reduction of scattered radiation . 15
7.6 Source-to-object distance . 15
7.7 Maximum area for a single exposure . 18
7.8 Density of radiograph . 18
7.9 Processing . 18
7.10 Film viewing conditions . 19
8 Test report . 19
Annex A (normative) Recommended number of exposures which give an acceptable examination
of a circumferential butt weld . 21
Annex B (normative) Minimum image quality values . 26
Bibliography . 30
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 17636-1 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) in collaboration with ISO
Technical Committee TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee SC 5, Testing and inspection of
welds in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This first edition, together with ISO 17636-2, cancels and replaces ISO 17636:2003, of which it constitutes a
technical revision.
ISO 17636 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of welds —
Radiographic testing:
Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors
The main changes are that:
the normative references have been updated;
the document has been divided into two parts — this part of ISO 17636 applies to radiographic testing
with films;
X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV have been included;
the text has been editorially revised.
Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this part of ISO 17636 should be directed to the
Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be
found at www.iso.org.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
Introduction
This International Standard specifies fundamental techniques of radiography with the object of enabling
satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally
recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject, inspection of fusion welded joints with industrial
radiographic films.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing —
Part 1:
X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
1 Scope
This part of ISO 17636 specifies techniques of radiographic examination of fusion welded joints in metallic
materials using industrial radiographic film techniques.
This part of ISO 17636 applies to the joints of plates and pipes. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe” as
used in this International Standard covers other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums, and
pressure vessels.
[1]
NOTE This part of ISO 17636 complies with ISO 5579.
This part of ISO 17636 does not specify acceptance levels for any of the indications found on the radiographs.
If contracting parties apply lower test criteria, it is possible that the quality achieved is significantly lower than
when this part of ISO 17636 is strictly applied.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5576, Non-destructive testing — Industrial X-ray and gamma-ray radiology — Vocabulary
ISO 5580, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic illuminators — Minimum requirements
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic film — Part 1: Classification of film systems for
industrial radiography
ISO 11699-2, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic films — Part 2: Control of film processing by
means of reference values
ISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Image quality indicators (wire
type) — Determination of image quality value
ISO 19232-2, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 2: Image quality indicators
(step/hole type) — Determination of image quality value
ISO 19232-4, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 4: Experimental evaluation of
image quality values and image quality tables
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
EN 12543 (all parts), Non-destructive testing — Characteristics of focal spots in industrial X-ray systems for
use in non-destructive testing
EN 12679, Non-destructive testing — Determination of the size of industrial radiographic sources —
Radiographic method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5576 and the following apply.
3.1
nominal thickness
t
nominal thickness of the parent material only where manufacturing tolerances do not have to be taken into
account
3.2
penetration thickness change
t
change of penetrated thickness relative to the nominal thickness due to beam angle
3.3
penetrated thickness
w
thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on the basis of the nominal thicknesses
of all penetrated walls
3.4
object-to-film distance
b
distance between the radiation side of the radiographed part of the test object and the film surface measured
along the central axis of the radiation beam
3.5
source size
d
size of the radiation source or focal spot size
NOTE See EN 12679 or EN 12543.
3.6
source-to-film distance
SFD
SDD
distance between the source of radiation and the film measured in the direction of the beam
NOTE SFD = f + b
where
f source-to-object distance
b object-to-film distance
3.7
source-to-object distance
f
distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object measured along the central
axis of the radiation beam
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
3.8
external diameter
D
e
nominal external diameter of the pipe
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and terms
Symbol Term
object-to-film distance
b
b object-to-film distance perpendicular to test object
D
e external diameter
d source size
source-to-object distance
f
f ′ source-to-object distance perpendicular to test object
f minimum source-to-object distance
min
t
nominal thickness
t penetration thickness change
w
penetrated thickness
F film
IQI image quality indicator
S radiation source
SFD
source-to-film distance
SDD
5 Classification of radiographic techniques
The radiographic techniques are divided into two classes:
Class A: basic techniques;
Class B: improved techniques.
Class B techniques are used when class A might be insufficiently sensitive.
Better techniques compared to class B are possible and may be agreed between the contracting parties by
specification of all appropriate test parameters.
The choice of radiographic technique shall be agreed between the contracting parties.
If, for technical or industrial reasons, it is not possible to meet one of the conditions specified for class B, such
as the type of radiation source or the source-to-object distance, f, it may be agreed by contracting parties that
the condition selected may be that specified for class A. The loss of sensitivity shall be compensated by an
increase of minimum density to 3,0 or by selection of a better film system class with a minimum density of 2,6.
The other conditions for class B remain unchanged, especially the image quality achieved (see Tables B.1 to
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
B.12). Because of the better sensitivity compared to class A, the test specimen may be regarded as being
examined to class B. This does not apply if the special SFD reductions as described in 7.6 for test
arrangements 7.1.4 and 7.1.5 are used.
6 General preparations and requirements
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation
WARNING — Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly
injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are in use, appropriate legal
requirements shall be applied.
Local or national or international safety precautions when using ionizing radiation shall be strictly applied.
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
In general, surface preparation is not necessary, but where surface imperfections or coatings can cause
difficulty in detecting defects, the surface shall be ground smooth or the coatings shall be removed.
Unless otherwise specified, radiography shall be carried out after the final stage of manufacture, e.g. after
grinding or heat treatment.
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph
Where the radiograph does not show the weld, high density markers shall be placed on either side of the weld.
6.4 Identification of radiographs
Symbols shall be affixed to each section of the object being radiographed. The images of these symbols shall
appear in the radiograph outside the region of interest where possible and shall ensure unambiguous
identification of the section.
6.5 Marking
Permanent markings on the object to be examined shall be made in order to accurately locate the position of
each radiograph (e.g. zero point, direction, identification, measure).
Where the nature of the material and/or its service conditions do not permit permanent marking, the location
may be recorded by means of accurate sketches or photographs.
6.6 Overlap of films
When radiographing an area with two or more separate films, the films shall overlap sufficiently to ensure that
the complete region of interest is radiographed. This shall be verified by a high density marker on the surface
of the object which is to appear on each film.
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators
The quality of image shall be verified by use of image quality indicators (IQIs) in accordance with ISO 19232-1
or ISO 19232-2.
The IQI used shall be placed preferably on the source side of the test object at the centre of the area of
interest on the parent metal beside the weld. The identification numbers and, when used, the lead letter F,
shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical. The IQI shall be
in close contact with the surface of the object.
4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
Its location shall be made in a section of uniform thickness characterized by a uniform optical density on the
film.
According to the IQI type used, cases a) and b) shall be considered.
a) When using a wire IQI, the wires shall be directed perpendicular to the weld and its location shall ensure
that at least 10 mm of the wire length shows in a section of uniform optical density, which is normally in
the parent metal adjacent to the weld. For exposures in accordance with 7.1.6 and 7.1.7, the IQI can be
placed with the wires across the pipe axis and they should not be projected into the image of the weld.
b) When using a step hole IQI, it shall be placed in such way that the hole number required is placed close
to the weld.
For exposures in accordance with 7.1.6 and 7.1.7, the IQI type used can be placed either on the source or on
the film side. If the IQIs cannot be placed in accordance with the above conditions, the IQIs are placed on the
film side and the image quality shall be determined at least once from comparison exposure with one IQI
placed at the source side and one at the film side under the same conditions.
For double wall exposures, when the IQI is placed on the film side, the above test is not necessary. In this
case, refer to the correspondence tables (Tables B.3 to B.12).
Where the IQIs are placed on the film side, the letter F shall be placed near the IQI and it shall be stated in the
test report.
If steps have been taken to guarantee that radiographs of similar test objects and regions are produced with
identical exposure and processing techniques, and no differences in the image quality value are likely, the
image quality need not be verified for every radiograph. The extent of image quality verification should be
subject to agreement between the contracting parties.
For exposures of pipes with diameter 200 mm and above with the source centrally located at least three IQIs
should be placed equally spaced at the circumference. The film(s) showing IQI images are then considered
representative for the whole circumference.
6.8 Evaluation of image quality
The films shall be viewed in accordance with ISO 5580.
From the examination of the image of the IQI on the radiograph, the number of the smallest wire or hole which
can be discerned is determined. The image of a wire is accepted if a continuous length of at least 10 mm is
clearly visible in a section of uniform optical density. In the case of the step hole type IQI, if there are two
holes of the same diameter, both shall be discernible, in order that the step be considered as visible.
The IQI value obtained shall be indicated on the test report of the radiographic examination. In each case the
type of indicator used shall be clearly stated, as shown on the IQI.
6.9 Minimum image quality values
Tables B.1 to B.12 show the minimum quality values for metallic materials. For other materials these
requirements or corresponding requirements may be agreed upon by contracting parties. The requirements
shall be determined in accordance with ISO 19232-4.
In the case where Ir 192 or Se 75 sources are used, IQI values worse than the ones listed in Tables B.1 to
B.12 may be accepted by agreement of contracting parties as follows:
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 5
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
Double wall, double image techniques, both class A and B (w 2t):
10 mm < w 25 mm: 1 wire or step hole value less for Ir 192;
5 mm < w 12 mm: 1 wire or step hole value less for Se 75.
Single wall single image and double wall single image techniques, class A:
10 mm < w 24 mm: 2 wire or step hole values less for Ir 192;
24 mm < w 30 mm: 1 wire or step hole value less for Ir 192;
5 mm < w 24 mm: 1 wire or step hole value less for Se 75.
Single wall single image and double wall single image techniques, class B:
10 mm < w 40 mm: 1 wire or step hole value less for Ir 192;
5 mm < w 20 mm: 1 wire or step hole value less for Se 75.
6.10 Personnel qualification
Personnel performing non-destructive examination in accordance with this part of ISO 17636 shall be qualified
in accordance with ISO 9712 or equivalent to an appropriate level in the relevant industrial sector.
7 Recommended techniques for making radiographs
NOTE Unless otherwise explained, definitions of the symbols used in Figures 1 to 21 can be found in Clause 4.
7.1 Test arrangements
7.1.1 General
Normally radiographic techniques in accordance with 7.1.2 to 7.1.9 shall be used.
X-ray film shall be placed as close to the object as possible.
The elliptical technique (double wall and double image) in accordance with Figure 11 should not be used for
external diameter D > 100 mm or wall thickness t > 8 mm or weld width >D /4. Two 90 ° displaced images
e e
are sufficient if t/D < 0,12; otherwise three images are needed. The distance between the two projected weld
e
images shall be about one weld width.
When it is difficult to carry out an elliptical examination at D 100 mm, the perpendicular technique in
e
accordance with 7.1.7 may be used (see Figure 12). In this case, three exposures 120° or 60° apart are
required.
For test arrangements in accordance with Figures 11, 13, and 14, the inclination of the beam shall be kept as
small as possible and be such as to prevent superimposition of the two images. The source-to-object distance,
f, shall be kept as small as possible for the technique shown in Figure 13, in accordance with 7.6. The IQI
shall be placed close to the film with a lead letter F.
Other radiographic techniques may be agreed by the contracting parties when it is useful, e.g. for reasons
such as the geometry of the piece or differences in material thickness. In 7.1.9 an example of such a case is
presented. Multi-film techniques shall not be used to reduce exposure times on uniform sections. Additionally,
thickness compensation with the same material may be applied.
6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
ISO 17636-1:2013(E)
NOTE In Annex A, the minimum number of radiographs necessary is given in order to obtain an acceptable
radiographic coverage of the total circumference of a butt weld in pipe.
7.1.2 Radiation source located in front of the object and with the film at the opposite side (see
Figure 1)
Figure 1 — Test arrangement for plane welds and single wall penetration
7.1.3 Radiation source located outside the object and film inside (see Figures 2 to 4)
Figure 2 — Test arrangement for single wall penetration of curved objec
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
01-april-2011
Neporušitveno preskušanje zvarnih spojev - Radiografske preiskave - 1. del : X in
gama žarki z uporabo filmov (ISO/DIS 17636-1:2010)
Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 1: X- and gamma-ray
techniques with film (ISO/DIS 17636-1:2010)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen - Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1:
Röntgen und Gammastrahlungstechniken unter Anwendung von Filmen (ISO/DIS 17636-
1:2010)
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés - Contrôle par radiographie - Partie 1:
Techniques par rayons X ou gamma à l'aide de film (ISO/DIS 17636-1:2010)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 17636-1
ICS:
25.160.40 Varjeni spoji in vari Welded joints
oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
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oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN ISO 17636-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2010
ICS 25.160.40 Will supersede EN 1435:1997
English Version
Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 1:
X- and gamma-ray techniques with film (ISO/DIS 17636-1:2010)
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés - Contrôle Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen -
par radiographie - Partie 1: Techniques par rayons X ou Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1: Röntgen- und
gamma à l'aide de film (ISO/DIS 17636-1:2010) Gammastrahlungstechniken unter Anwendung von Filmen
(ISO/DIS 17636-1:2010)
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for parallel enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 121.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN ISO 17636-1:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
prEN ISO 17636-1:2010 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
prEN ISO 17636-1:2010 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN ISO 17636-1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding”
the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 "Welding and
allied processes".
This document is currently submitted to the parallel Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 1435:1997.
3
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oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
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oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 17636-1
ISO/TC 44/SC 5 Secretariat: ANSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2010-11-04 2011-04-04
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing —
Part 1:
X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés — Contrôle par radiographie —
Partie 1: Techniques par rayons X ou gamma à l'aide de film
(Revision of ISO 17636:2003)
ICS 25.160.40
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), and processed
under the CEN-lead mode of collaboration as defined in the Vienna Agreement.
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member bodies for a parallel
five-month enquiry.
Should this draft be accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments received, will be
submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at publication
stage.
Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
©
International Organization for Standardization, 2010
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oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
ISO/DIS 17636-1
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©
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oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
prEN ISO 17636-1:2010 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Symbols and terms .3
5 Classification of radiographic techniques.3
6 General.4
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation .4
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture .4
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph .4
6.4 Identification of radiographs.4
6.5 Marking.4
6.6 Overlap of films .4
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI).4
6.8 Evaluation of image quality.5
6.9 Minimum image quality values .5
6.10 Personnel qualification.5
7 Recommended techniques for making radiographs .5
7.1 Test arrangements .5
7.1.1 General .5
7.1.2 Radiation source located in front of the object and with the film at the opposite side (see
Figure 1) .6
7.1.3 Radiation source located outside the object and film inside (see Figures 2 to 4) .6
7.1.4 Radiation source centrally located inside the object and with the film outside (see
Figures 5 to 7) .7
7.1.5 Radiation source located off-centre inside the object and film outside (see Figures 8
to 10) .8
7.1.6 Elliptic technique (see Figure 11) .9
7.1.7 Perpendicular technique (see Figure 12).9
7.1.8 Radiation source located outside the object and film on the other side (see
Figures 13 to 18).10
7.1.9 Technique for different material thicknesses (see Figure 19) .12
7.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source .12
7.2.1 X-ray devices up to 1000 kV .12
7.2.2 Other radiation sources.13
7.3 Film systems and screens.14
7.4 Alignment of beam .16
7.5 Reduction of scattered radiation .16
7.5.1 Filters and collimators .16
7.5.2 Interception of backscattered radiation.17
7.6 Source-to-object distance .17
7.7 Maximum area for a single exposure .19
7.8 Density of radiograph .19
7.9 Processing .19
7.10 Film viewing conditions.20
8 Examination report.20
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Annex A (normative) Recommended number of exposures which give an acceptable examination
of a circumferential butt weld. 21
Annex B (normative) Minimum image quality values. 26
Bibliography. 32
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 17636-1 was prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121, Welding and by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee SC 5 in collaboration.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition ISO 17636:2003 which has been technically revised.
The main changes are :
⎯ normative references were updated;
⎯ document was divided into two parts where the present part is applicable for radiographic testing with
film;
⎯ X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV were included;
⎯ document was editorially revised.
ISO 17636 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of welds —
Radiographic testing:
⎯ Part 1: X- and gamma ray techniques with film
⎯ Part 2: X- and gamma ray techniques with digital detectors
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved v
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Introduction
This standard specifies fundamental techniques of radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and
repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice
and fundamental theory of the subject, inspection of fusion welded joints with industrial radiographic films.
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oSIST prEN ISO 17636-1:2011
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 17636-1
Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing —
Part 1:
X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
1 Scope
This standard applies to the radiographic examination of fusion welded joints in metallic materials using
industrial radiographic film techniques.
It applies to the joints of plates or pipes. Besides its conventional meaning, "pipe" as used in this standard
should be understood to cover other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure
vessels. This standard complies with ISO 5579.
This standard does not specify acceptance levels of the indications.
If contracting parties apply lower test criteria, the quality achieved may be significantly lower than when this
standard is strictly applied.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 473, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel — General principles
EN 12543 (all parts), Non-destructive testing — Characteristics of focal spots in industrial X-ray systems for
use in non-destructive testing
EN 12679, Non-destructive testing — Determination of the size of industrial radiographic sources — Radio-
graphic method
ISO 5579, Non-destructive testing — Radiographic examination of metallic materials by X- and gamma-
rays — Basic rules
ISO 5580, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic illuminators — Minimum requirements
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Image quality indicators (wire
type) — Determination of image quality value
ISO 19232-2, Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 2 : image quality indicators
(step/hole type) - Determination of image quality value
ISO 19232-4, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 4: Experimental evaluation of
image quality values and image quality tables
ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic films — Part 1: Classification of film systems
for industrial radiography
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ISO 11699-2, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic films — Part 2: Control of film processing by
means of reference values
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
nominal thickness
t
nominal thickness of the parent material only where manufacturing tolerances do not have to be taken into
account
3.2
penetration thickness change
∆t
change of penetrated wall thickness relative to the nominal thickness due to beam angle
3.3
penetrated thickness
w
thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on basis of the nominal thicknesses of
all penetrated walls
3.4
object-to-film distance
b
distance between the radiation side of the test object and the film surface measured along the central axis of
the radiation beam
3.5
source size
d
size of the radiation source
[EN 12679:1999, definition 2.1]
3.6
source-to-film distance
SFD
distance between the source of radiation and the film measured in the direction of the beam
NOTE SFD = f + b
where
f source-to-object distance
b object-to-film distance
3.7
source-to-object distance
f
distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object measured along the central
axis of the radiation beam
3.8
External diameter
D
e
nominal external diameter of the pipe
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4 Symbols and terms
For the purposes of this standard, the symbols given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and terms
Symbol Term
t
nominal thickness
penetration thickness
∆t
change
w penetrated thickness
object-to-film distance
b
b’
object-to-film distance
perpendicular to test
object
d source size
D External diameter
e
f source-to-object distance
minimum source-to-object
f
min
distance
f’
source-to-object
distance perpendicular
to test object
SFD source-to-film distance
IQI image quality indicators
S Radiation source
F Film
5 Classification of radiographic techniques
The radiographic techniques are divided into two classes:
⎯ Class A : basic techniques ;
⎯ Class B : improved techniques.
Class B techniques will be used when class A might be insufficiently sensitive.
Better techniques compared to class B are possible and may be agreed between the contracting parties by
specification of all appropriate test parameters.
The choice of radiographic technique shall be agreed between the contracting parties.
If, for technical reasons, it is not possible to meet one of the conditions specified for class B, such as type of
radiation source or the source-to-object distance f it may be agreed between the contracting parties that the
condition selected may be that specified for class A. The loss of sensitivity shall be compensated by an
increase of minimum density to 3,0 or by choice of a higher contrast film system. Because of the better
sensitivity compared to class A, the test specimen may be regarded as examined within class B. This does not
apply if the special SFD reductions as described in 7.6 for test arrangements 7.1.4 and 7.1.5 are used.
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6 General
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation
WARNING — Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly
injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are in use, appropriate legal
requirements must be applied.
Local or national or international safety precautions when using ionizing radiation shall be strictly applied.
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
In general, surface preparation is not necessary, but where surface imperfections or coatings can cause
difficulty in detecting defects, the surface shall be ground smooth or the coatings shall be removed.
Unless otherwise specified radiography shall be carried out after the final stage of manufacture, e.g. after
grinding or heat treatment.
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph
Where the radiograph does not show the weld, high density markers shall be placed on either side of the
weld.
6.4 Identification of radiographs
Symbols shall be affixed to each section of the object being radiographed. The images of these symbols shall
appear in the radiograph outside the region of interest where possible and shall ensure unambiguous
identification of the section.
6.5 Marking
Permanent markings on the object to be examined shall be made in order to accurately locate the position of
each radiograph.
Where the nature of the material and/or its service conditions do not permit permanent marking, the location
may be recorded by means of accurate sketches.
6.6 Overlap of films
When radiographing an area with two or more separate films, the films shall overlap sufficiently to ensure that
the complete region of interest is radiographed. This shall be verified by a high density marker on the surface
of the object which will appear on each film.
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI)
The quality of image shall be verified by use of IQI in accordance with ISO 19232-1 or ISO 19232-2.
The IQI used shall be placed preferably on the source side of the test object at the centre of the area of
interest on the parent metal beside the weld. The IQI shall be in close contact with the surface of the object.
Its location shall be made in a section of uniform thickness characterized by a uniform optical density on the
film.
According to the IQI type used, two cases shall be considered:
a) when using a wire IQI the wires shall be directed perpendicular to the weld and its location shall ensure
that at least 10 mm of the wire length will show in a section of uniform optical density, which is normally in
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the parent metal adjacent to the weld. At exposures in accordance with 7.1.6 and 7.1.7 the IQI can be
placed with the wires across to the pipe axis and they should not be projected into the image of the weld.
b) when using a step/hole IQI it shall be placed in such way that the hole number required is placed close to
the weld.
At exposures in accordance with 7.1.6 and 7.1.7 the IQI type used can be placed either on the source or on
the film side. If the IQIs cannot be placed in accordance with the above conditions, the IQIs will be placed on
the film side and the image quality shall be determined at least once from comparison exposure with one IQI
placed at the source side and one at the film side under the same conditions.
For double-wall exposures, when the IQI is placed on the film side, the above test is not necessary and in this
case, it should be referred to tables of correspondence given in Annex B.
Where the IQI's are placed at the film side, the letter "F" shall be placed near the IQI and it shall be remarked
in the test report.
If steps have been taken to guarantee that radiographs or similar test objects and regions are produced with
identical exposure and processing techniques and no differences in the image quality value are likely, the
image quality need not be verified for every radiograph, the extent of image quality verification being subject to
agreement between the contracting parties.
For exposures of pipes with diameter 200 mm and above with the source centrally located at least three IQIs
should be placed equally spaced at the circumference. The film(s) showing IQI images are then considered
representative for the whole circumference.
6.8 Evaluation of image quality
The films shall be viewed in accordance with ISO 5580.
From the examination of the image of the IQI on the radiograph, the number of the smallest wire or hole which
can be discerned is determined. The image of a wire is accepted if a continuous length of at least 10 mm is
clearly visible in a section of uniform optical density. In the case of the step and hole type IQI, if there are two
holes of the same diameter, both shall be discernible, in order that the step be considered as visible.
The image quality obtained shall be indicated on the examination report of the radiographic examination. In
each case the type of indicator used shall be clearly stated, as shown on the
...
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