SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
(Main)Translation projects -- General guidance
Translation projects -- General guidance
This Technical Specification provides general guidance for all phases of a translation project. Its main purpose is to facilitate communication among the parties involved in a project. It is intended for use by all stakeholders of the translation project, including those who request translation services, those who provide the services and those who make use of the results of the project — in particular, the translation product. It applies to multiple sectors, including the commercial and government sectors, and non-profit organizations. It provides a framework for developing structured specifications for translation projects, but does not cover legally binding contracts between parties involved in a translation project. It addresses quality assurance and provides the basis for qualitative assessment, but does not provide procedures for quantitative measures of the quality of a translation product. It is not applicable to interpreting services.
Projets de traduction -- Lignes directrices générales
La présente Spécification technique fournit des lignes directrices générales pour toutes les phases d'un projet
de traduction. Elle a pour principal objet de faciliter la communication entre les parties impliquées dans un
projet. Elle s'adresse ŕ toutes les parties prenantes d'un projet de traduction, notamment les personnes qui
demandent le service, celles qui l'assurent et celles qui utilisent les résultats du projet, en l'occurrence le
produit de la traduction. Elle est applicable ŕ différents secteurs, y compris le secteur commercial, le secteur
des administrations publiques et les organisations ŕ but non lucratif.
La présente Spécification technique offre un cadre de développement de spécifications structurées des projets
de traduction, sans couvrir les contrats exécutoires conclus entre les parties concernées par le projet de
traduction. Elle aborde l'assurance qualité et fournit la base d'une évaluation qualitative, sans préciser les
procédures de mesure quantitative de la qualité d'un produit de la traduction.
La présente Spécification technique n'est pas applicable aux services d'interprétation.
Prevajalski projekti - Splošna navodila
Ta tehnična specifikacija podaja splošne smernice za vse faze prevajalskega projekta. Njen glavni namen je, da olajša komunikacijo med strankami, ki sodelujejo v projektu. Uporabljajo jo lahko vse zainteresirane strani, ki so vključene v prevajalski projekt, vključno s tistimi, ki potrebujejo ali ponujajo prevajalske storitve in tistimi, ki uporabljajo rezultate projekta (predvsem prevajalski izdelek). Uporablja se za več sektorjev, vključno z gospodarskim in vladnim, in za neprofitne organizacije. Podaja okvir za razvoj strukturiranih specifikacij za prevajalske projekte, vendar ne vključuje pravnozavezujočih pogodb med strankami, ki so vključene v prevajalski projekt. Obravnava zagotavljanje kakovosti in podaja osnovo za oceno kakovosti, vendar ne podaja postopkov za kvantitativna merila kakovosti prevajalskega izdelka. Ne velja za storitve tolmačenja.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
01-julij-2013
Prevajalski projekti - Splošna navodila
Translation projects -- General guidance
Projets de traduction -- Lignes directrices générales
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/TS 11669:2012
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
03.080.99 Druge storitve Other services
SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 11669
First edition
2012-05-15
Translation projects — General guidance
Projets de traduction — Lignes directrices générales
Reference number
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 Translation terms . 1
2.2 Translation project terms . 3
2.3 Linguistic terms . 5
3 Working together — Requesters and translation service providers (TSPs) . 5
3.1 Division of labour . 5
3.2 Selecting TSPs . 6
3.3 Accepting work from requesters . 9
4 Translation project management . 9
4.1 Translation project stakeholders . 9
4.2 Complexity as a result of project specifications .10
5 Phases of a translation project . 11
5.1 Terminology work . 11
5.2 Pre-production . 11
5.3 Production .12
5.4 Post-production .14
6 Developing structured specifications for translation projects .15
6.1 Translation parameters and project specifications .15
6.2 Structured specifications .15
6.3 Translation parameter categories .16
6.4 Translation parameters .16
7 Description of translation parameters .18
7.1 Relevance of translation parameters .18
7.2 Linguistic parameters — 1 to 13 .19
7.3 Production parameters — 14 to 15 .25
7.4 Environment parameters — 16 to 18 .26
7.5 Relationships parameters — 19 to 21 .27
Annex A (informative) Translation project specifications and phases .29
Annex B (informative) Terminology work .31
Annex C (informative) Using machine translation .32
Bibliography .35
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical
committee may decide to publish other types of document:
— an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
— an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee
casting a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further
three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed,
it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an International
Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 11669 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 2, Terminographical and lexicographical working methods.
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Introduction
This Technical Specification reflects the variety of projects that translation service providers (TSPs) carry out.
It provides guidance concerning best practices for all phases of a translation project. It will also be useful to
institutions that train and educate translators. It is not meant to compete with current regional and national
standards, but is intended to improve communication among all relevant stakeholders in a translation project,
including the persons requesting the translation service, those providing the service and those who make use
[7]
of the resulting translation product. It is based in part on translation service standards adopted in Canada ,
[8] [9] [5] [6]
China , Europe and the United States .
An organizing principle of this Technical Specification is the importance of structured specifications in translation
projects (as elaborated in Clauses 6 and 7). A system is described for making decisions about how translation
projects are to be carried out. Those decisions — project specifications — then become a resource for both
the requester (the party that requests a translation product, sometimes called the client or customer) and the
translation service provider throughout all phases of a translation project. Translation project specifications
can be attached to a legally binding contract to define the work to be done. In the absence of a contract, they
can be attached to a purchase order or other document supporting the request. Project specifications can be
developed and used both within and outside commercial customer-vendor relationships.
A basic and implicit translation project specification is that the target content be readable in the target language
and correspond in some way to the source content. However, the nature of the correspondence between
the source and target contents will vary according to the needs of the project, as determined by the project
specifications.
In practice, requesters do not always provide project specifications. However, that is not best practice.
Requesters and TSPs should work together to determine project specifications. Those who do so are more
likely to be satisfied with both the translation project and the final translation product. When both requesters
and TSPs agree on project specifications, the quality of a translation — from a workflow and final delivery
perspective — can be determined by the degree to which the target content adheres to the predetermined
specifications. All parties involved in the production of a translation product should have access to the
necessary project specifications.
After the requester receives the final translation product, the role of the project specifications does not end; they
are the starting point for all assessments, both qualitative and quantitative. Any assessment standards would
therefore benefit from taking into account the system of structured specifications presented in this Technical
Specification. Keeping the translation product and the project specifications together provides a uniform basis
for assessment. The project specifications can be used to guide assessments made by either the TSP or the
end user. The use of the same specifications by all parties avoids assessment based on personal opinions
of how source content should be translated. In some cases, the specifications themselves will be found to
be unclear or ill-advised. In other cases, it will be determined that the specifications were not followed. In all
cases, the use of project specifications can improve communication within the document production chain and
promote ongoing improvement.
In summary, quality translation projects and quality translation products result from developing and following
appropriate project specifications.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Translation projects — General guidance
1 Scope
This Technical Specification provides general guidance for all phases of a translation project. Its main purpose
is to facilitate communication among the parties involved in a project. It is intended for use by all stakeholders
of the translation project, including those who request translation services, those who provide the services and
those who make use of the results of the project — in particular, the translation product. It applies to multiple
sectors, including the commercial and government sectors, and non-profit organizations.
It provides a framework for developing structured specifications for translation projects, but does not cover
legally binding contracts between parties involved in a translation project. It addresses quality assurance and
provides the basis for qualitative assessment, but does not provide procedures for quantitative measures of
the quality of a translation product.
It is not applicable to interpreting services.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1 Translation terms
2.1.1
translate
render information in the source language (2.1.2) into the target language (2.1.3) in written form
2.1.2
source language
language from which content is translated into the target language (2.1.3)
2.1.3
target language
language into which content is translated from the source language (2.1.2)
2.1.4
source content
text and other content to be translated (2.1.1)
Note to entry: The source content for a translation project can, for example, range in size and complexity from a single
road sign to a one-page document, set of large documents or user interface for a complex software system.
2.1.5
target content
text and other content translated from the source content (2.1.4)
Note to entry: Target content and translation product (2.1.9) are related terms. Translation product generally refers to
content at a late stage or at the end of a translation project, after the content has undergone translation and other translation
services such as revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). Target content generally refers to content as it is undergoing
translation and translation services.
2.1.6
A-language
native language, or language that is equivalent to a native language, into which the translator typically translates
from his or her B-language (2.1.7) and/or C-language (2.1.8)
Note to entry: The A-language is generally the language of education and daily life for a translator.
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2.1.7
B-language
language, other than a translator’s native language, of which the translator has an excellent command and from
which the translator typically translates into his or her A-language (2.1.6)
2.1.8
C-language
language of which a translator has a complete understanding and from which the translator sometimes
translates into his or her A-language (2.1.8)
Note to entry: A translator can have several C-languages.
2.1.9
translation product
content created through the process of translation (2.2.2.1) and other translation services
Note to entry: Translation product and target content (2.1.5) are related terms. Translation product generally refers to
content at a late stage or at the end of a translation project, after the content has undergone translation and other translation
services such as revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). Target content generally refers to content as it is undergoing
translation and translation services.
2.1.10
locale
value that reflects the language, local conventions and culture of a geographic region
Note to entry: Local conventions can include specific formatting rules for dates, times and numbers, as well as other
conventions and preferences.
EXAMPLE French Canada (fr-CA), Chinese Singapore (zh-SG).
2.1.11
overt translation
type of translation (2.2.2.1) in which aspects of the source language (2.1.2) and source culture are
intentionally left visible
2.1.12
covert translation
type of translation (2.2.2.1) intended to make the translation product (2.1.9) appear as though it had been
authored originally in the target language (2.1.3) and target culture
2.1.13
translation memory
electronic collection of source- and target-language segment pairs
Note 1 to entry: A segment is typically a sentence, bullet point, or header.
Note 2 to entry: The purpose of a translation memory is to facilitate the retrieval and use of previously translated content.
2.1.14
bi-text
text segmented and linked to corresponding segments of target text
2.1.15
competence
ability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results
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2.2 Translation project terms
2.2.1 Terms related to stakeholders
2.2.1.1
requester
person or organization requesting a translation service from a TSP (2.2.1.2) or language service provider (2.2.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: The requester is usually the person or organization that asks for, and receives, the translation product
(2.1.9) on behalf of the end users, and that usually directly or indirectly determines the TSP’s compensation for rendering the
translation service. In the case of government or non-profit organizations, pro-bono transactions, or in-house translation
within a company, there is sometimes no monetary compensation for translation services.
Note 2 to entry: In the commercial sector, the requester is sometimes called the client or customer. These terms,
however, are ambiguous and could refer to the end user (2.2.1.6). For this reason, requester is the preferred term.
2.2.1.2
TSP
translation service provider
person or organization supplying a translation service
EXAMPLE Translation companies, translation agencies, freelance translators, in-house translators, revisers,
reviewers, translation organizations (profit, non-profit or governmental).
Note 1 to entry: The concepts of TSP and language service provider (2.2.1.3) are connected by a generic relation, with
language service provider being the generic concept and TSP the specific concept. TSPs generally provide only translation
services, which can include revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). Depending on their qualifications and abilities, TSPs can
provide other services.
Note 2 to entry: Often a larger TSP asks several smaller TSPs to each take care of part of a translation project — for
example, translation into one target language each. There can be even more than two levels of providers. However, in such
cases, each TSP is considered to be a provider, not a requester (2.2.1.1). Only the person or organization making the initial
request to the highest-level TSP is called the requester in this document.
2.2.1.3
language service provider
LSP
person or organization that provides translation, interpreting and/or other language-related services such as
transcription, terminology management or voice-overs
Note 1 to entry: The concepts of language service provider and TSP (2.2.1.2) are connected by a generic relation,
with language service provider being the generic concept and TSP the specific concept. TSPs generally provide only
translation services, which can include revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). In some cases, language service providers
provide mainly translation services but in many languages.
Note 2 to entry: LSP is also an abbreviation for “Language for specific purposes”; in this Technical Specification, however,
LSP refers only to language service provider.
2.2.1.4
translator
person who translates (2.1.1)
2.2.1.5
freelance translator
translator (2.2.1.4) who typically provides outside services for several requesters directly or several TSPs
(2.2.1.2) or a combination of the two, on a per project basis
2.2.1.6
end user
person or group of persons who ultimately make use of the translation product (2.1.9)
Note to entry: The end user is often not the same entity as the requester (2.2.1.1).
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2.2.1.7
reviser
person who performs revision (2.2.2.2)
2.2.1.8
reviewer
person who performs review (2.2.2.3)
2.2.2 Terms related to translation project tasks
2.2.2.1
translation
process of translating (2.1.1)
2.2.2.2
revision
bilingual editing of target content (2.1.5) based on a comparison between the source content (2.15) and the
target content
2.2.2.3
review
monolingual editing of target content (2.1.5) with respect to the conventions of the subject field(s) (2.3.2) to
which the target content belongs
2.2.2.4
localization
process of adapting products and services for distinct locales (2.1.10)
Note to entry: Localization consists of 1) the translation of textual materials according to the target locale, and 2)
adaptation of non-textual materials to the same locale. It includes input, output and delivery mechanisms.
2.2.2.5
back translation
translation (2.2.2.1) of the target content (2.1.5) back into the source language (2.1.2)
Note to entry: Back translation can be misunderstood or misused. See discussion of back translation in 7.3.2 for details.
2.2.2.6
machine translation
process in which source content (2.1.4) is given to a computer system and target content (2.1.5) is produced
without human intervention
2.2.2.7
raw machine translation
output of machine translation (2.2.2.6) prior to post-editing (2.2.2.8)
2.2.2.8
post-editing
revising raw machine translation (2.2.2.7)
2.2.3 Terms related to project specification framework
2.2.3.1
project specification
value for a translation parameter (2.2.3.2) relative to a particular translation project
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2.2.3.2
translation parameter
one of a set of key factors, activities, elements and attributes of a given project used for creating project
specifications (2.2.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: The set of translation parameters as enumerated in 7.2 is applicable to all translation projects and the
translation parameters’ values (project specifications) are to be determined for each project to fully define the conditions
and output of translation (2.2.2.1).
Note 2 to entry: There are multiple categories of translation parameters, including linguistic parameters, production
parameters and environment parameters.
Note 3 to entry: In the context of translation projects, the term translation parameter is often referred to simply as
“parameter” for practicality.
2.2.3.3
translation sub-parameter
subdivision of a translation parameter (2.2.3.2)
EXAMPLE Sub-parameter 19a: Copyright.
2.3 Linguistic terms
2.3.1
text type
class to which content is assigned based on its function, format or the intention of the author with respect to
the target audience
2.3.2
subject field
domain
field of activity characterized by a specific body of knowledge, terminology and phraseology
2.3.3
register
usage register
set of properties that is characteristic of a particular type of content, and which takes into account the nature of
the relationship between the creator and audience, the subject treated and the degree of formality or familiarity
of the content
2.3.4
interpreting
rendering of the spoken or signed information in a source language (2.1.2) into a target language (2.1.3) in oral
or signed form
3 Working together — Requesters and translation service providers (TSPs)
3.1 Division of labour
This clause provides requesters with suggestions on how to identify an appropriate TSP for translation projects.
Additionally, TSPs can review it to determine the conditions under which they should or should not accept work
that is offered by requesters.
The division of labour between the requester and the TSP can vary widely; many tasks can be performed by
either the requester or the TSP. For this reason, the division of labour should be determined and formalized in
the project specifications (see Clause 6).
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3.2 Selecting TSPs
3.2.1 Different types of TSPs
3.2.1.1 In-house TSPs
When applicable, requesters can select TSPs from within their own organizations. Otherwise, requesters can
choose to outsource their content to TSPs.
When applicable, TSPs can choose in-house staff to translate the requester’s content. The TSP also has the
option to outsource the content to other TSPs.
3.2.1.2 Multi-person TSPs
Multi-person TSPs are often translation companies. They often have a larger translation capacity than
freelance translators.
Multi-person TSPs can employ other TSPs, including freelance translators. Often a larger TSP, sometimes
called a language service provider, asks several smaller TSPs to each take care of part of a translation
project — for example, translation into one target language each. There can be even more than two levels of
providers. However, in such cases, each TSP is considered to be a provider, not a requester.
3.2.1.3 Freelance translators
A freelance translator is a TSP acting as an individual.
When requesters work directly with freelance translators, a project manager should be designated who will
assume responsibility for developing the project specifications based on the initial requirements of the requester
(see 5.2). The project manager should also ensure that the specifications are adhered to throughout the project,
particularly in the production and post-production phases (details given in 5.3 and 5.4, respectively).
When the agreed-upon project specifications call for a translation to be revised, the revision should be performed
by someone other than the translator. The exception to this practice is when there is no one available who
is more qualified than the translator to revise the translation product; in that case, the translator should do a
thorough revision of his or her own work. However, requesters and TSPs should be aware that some regional
and national translation standards require, with limited exceptions, that someone other than the translator
revise every translation. Freelance translators can fulfil this requirement by making arrangements with other
TSPs to revise their work.
3.2.2 Selecting an appropriate TSP
Before selecting a TSP, requesters should first define the preliminary project specifications (see 5.2.3), which
will aid them in determining the best types of TSPs for a project (i.e. whether to outsource the translation project
and to whom, or to keep the project in-house).
It is the responsibility of the requester to choose an appropriate TSP that meets the needs of the project. The
requester should search for and select a TSP that applies a structured specification approach to translation
projects (see Clauses 6 and 7). Requesters should also select TSPs that have the necessary competences as
described in 3.2.3 to 3.2.4.
Providing specific measures of competence (i.e. scores and numbers) for individuals is beyond the scope of
this document because of its international reach and because each translation project has unique needs and
specifications.
Upon request, TSPs should provide any desired information to the requester for evaluation.
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3.2.3 Competences of translators and revisers
3.2.3.1 Source- and target-language competence
For a translator, the ability to read the source language and the ability to write in the target language are both
critical, but those qualifications alone are not sufficient for either translators or revisers. Indications of true
source and target language competence include
— length of experience providing professional translation services in the relevant l
...
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ISO/TS
УСЛОВИЯ 11669
Первое издание
2012-05-15
Переводческие проекты. Общие
рекомендации
Translation projects — General guidance
Ответственность за подготовку русской версии несёт GOST R
(Российская Федерация) в соответствии со статьёй 18.1 Устава ISO
Ссылочный номер
ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
©
ISO 2012
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
ДОКУМЕНТ ЗАЩИЩЕН АВТОРСКИМ ПРАВОМ
© ISO 2012
Все права сохраняются. Если не указано иное, никакую часть настоящей публикации нельзя копировать или использовать в
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предварительного письменного согласия ISO, которое должно быть получено после запроса о разрешении, направленного по
адресу, приведенному ниже, или в комитет-член ISO в стране запрашивающей стороны.
ISO copyright office
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
Содержание Страница
Предисловие .iv
Введение .v
1 Область применения .1
2 Термины и определения .1
2.1 Термины перевода.1
2.2 Термины переводческого проекта.3
2.3 Лингвистические термины .6
3 Сотрудничество запрашивающих сторон и поставщиков переводческих услуг .6
3.1 Разделение труда .6
3.2 Выбор поставщиков переводческих услуг .7
3.3 Прием заказов от запрашивающей стороны .11
4 Управление переводческим проектом.11
4.1 Участники переводческого проекта.11
4.2 Сложность как результат спецификаций проекта .11
5 Этапы переводческого проекта.13
5.1 Работа с терминологией .13
5.2 Подготовка к переводу.13
5.3 Создание перевода .15
5.4 Постпереводческий этап.16
6 Разработка структурированных спецификаций для переводческих проектов.18
6.1 Параметры перевода и спецификации проекта.18
6.2 Структурированные спецификации .19
6.3 Категории параметров перевода.19
6.4 Параметры перевода.20
7 Описание параметров перевода .22
7.1 Применимость параметров перевода.22
7.2 Лингвистические параметры — от 1 до 13 .22
7.3 Параметры создания перевода — 14-15 .30
7.4 Параметры окружающей среды — от 16 до 18 .32
7.5 Параметры взаимодействия — от 19 до 21.33
Приложение А (информативное) Спецификации и этапы переводческого проекта .35
Приложение В (информативное) Работа с терминологией.37
Приложение C (информативное) Использование машинного перевода .38
Библиография.41
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
Предисловие
Международная организация по стандартизации (ISO) является всемирной федерацией национальных
организаций по стандартизации (комитетов-членов ISO). Разработка международных стандартов
обычно осуществляется техническими комитетами ISO. Каждый комитет-член, заинтересованный в
деятельности, для которой был создан технический комитет, имеет право быть представленным в этом
комитете. Международные правительственные и неправительственные организации, имеющие связь с
ISO, также принимают участие в работе. ISO работает в тесном сотрудничестве с Международной
электротехнической комиссией (IEC) по всем вопросам стандартизации в области электротехники.
Проекты международных стандартов разрабатываются согласно правилам, приведённым в Директивах
ISO/IEC, Часть 2.
Разработка международных стандартов является основной задачей технических комитетов. Проекты
международных стандартов, принятые техническими комитетами, рассылаются комитетам-членам на
голосование. Для публикации в качестве международного стандарта требуется одобрение не менее
75 % комитетов-членов, принявших участие в голосовании.
Принимается во внимание тот факт, что некоторые из элементов настоящего документа могут быть
объектом патентных прав. ISO не принимает на себя обязательств по определению отдельных или
всех таких патентных прав.
В других обстоятельствах, особенно когда рынок срочно нуждается в подобных документах,
технический комитет может принять решение опубликовать другие типы документов:
— ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) [Общедоступные технические условия ISO]
представляет собой соглашение между техническими экспертами рабочей группы ISO и
принимается к публикации, если документ одобрен более чем 50 % членов комитета,
участвовавших в голосовании;
— ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) [Технические условия ISO] представляют собой соглашение
между членами технического комитета или экспертами рабочей группы ISO и принимается к
публикации, если оно одобрено 2/3 членов комитета, принявших участие в голосовании.
ISO/PAS и ISO/TS пересматриваются спустя три года, чтобы определить, целесообразность их
утверждения на последующие три года, переработки в Международный стандарт или изъятия из
обращения. В случае утверждения ISO/PAS или ISO/TS они снова пересматриваются спустя
следующие три года и должны либо быть преобразованы в международный стандарт, либо сняты с
рассмотрения.
Следует обратить внимание на то, что некоторые части документа могут быть объектом патентных
прав. ISO не будет отвечать за выявление какого-либо или всех подобных патентных прав.
ISO/TS 11669 был подготовлен Техническим комитетом ISO/TC 37, Терминология и прочие языковые
ресурсы и контент, Подкомитетом SC 2, Рабочие методы в области терминологии и
лексикографии.
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
Введение
Настоящая техническая спецификация отражает различные проекты, которые могут выполнять
поставщики услуг перевода. Она содержит рекомендации, касающиеся наилучших достижений
сложившейся практики применительно к выполнению различных этапов переводческого проекта.
Спецификация также будет полезна организациям, занимающимся обучением переводчиков. Она
предназначена не для того, чтобы конкурировать с существующими региональными и национальными
стандартами, а для того, чтобы улучшить общение всех соответствующих участников переводческого
проекта, включая заказчиков переводческих услуг, поставщиков этих услуг и тех, кто будет
использовать перевод. Спецификация частично основана на стандартах переводческих услуг,
[7] [8] [9] [5] [6]
принятых в Канаде , Китае , Европе и Соединенных Штатах .
Организационным принципом настоящей технической спецификации является подчёркивание
важности структурированных спецификаций в переводческих проектах (эти аспекты более подробно
рассмотрены в разделах 6 и 7). Описывается также система принятия решений о том, как должны
выполняться переводческие проекты. Затем эти решения — спецификации проекта — становятся
ресурсом на всех этапах переводческого проекта как для стороны, запрашивающей перевод (иногда
называемой клиентом или заказчиком), так и для поставщика переводческих услуг. Технические
спецификации проекта могут быть приложены к заказу или другому документу, сопровождающему
запрос. Спецификации проекта могут разрабатываться как в рамках коммерческих взаимоотношений
заказчика и поставщика, так и вне их.
Основным явно выраженным требованием к технической спецификации проекта является её
предельная понятность на языке перевода и определённое соответствие содержанию оригинала.
Степень такого соответствия может меняться в зависимости от конкретных нужд переводческого
проекта, которые определяются в технических требованиях к нему.
В действительности заказчики не всегда предоставляют такие технические требования, что нельзя
считать нормой, поскольку заказчики переводов и поставщики переводческих услуг должны
вырабатывать технические требования совместно; те, кто следует этому правилу, наверняка будут
удовлетворены как организацией переводческого проекта, так и переводом. Если заказчики и
поставщики переводческих услуг соглашаются с техническими требованиями к проекту, качество
перевода — с точки зрения процедуры и поставки — может быть определено по степени соответствия
перевода заданным техническим характеристикам. Все стороны, участвующие в создании
переводческого продукта, должны иметь доступ к необходимым для них техническим требованиям.
После того как заказчик получит окончательный перевод, технические требования не теряют своей
важной роли. Они служат отправной точкой для всех оценок, как количественных, так и качественных.
Поэтому все оценочные стандарты, безусловно, выиграют от учета системы структурированных
требований, представленных в настоящей Технической спецификации. Поддержание связи между
переводом и требованиями к проекту создает единую базу рекомендаций как поставщику
переводческих услуг, так и пользователю конечного продукта. Использование одних и тех же
спецификаций всеми сторонами позволяет избежать оценок, основанных на личных мнениях о том, как
следует переводить оригинал. В некоторых случаях сами спецификации могут быть нечёткими или
содержать неверные рекомендации; в других случаях благодаря им обнаруживается, что
установленные требования не выполняются. Поэтому всегда использование технических требований к
проекту может улучшить обмен информацией в цепочке создания этого документа и способствовать
его непрерывному улучшению.
Таким образом, качество переводческих проектов и качество переводов зависит от разработки и
выполнения соответствующих условий проекта.
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ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
Переводческие проекты. Общие рекомендации
1 Область применения
Настоящие Технические условия содержат общие рекомендации по всем этапам переводческого
проекта. Их главной целью является улучшение взаимодействия участников переводческого проекта.
Они предназначены для использования всеми участниками переводческого проекта, включая
заказчиков переводческих услуг, поставщиков этих услуг и тех, кто будет использовать результаты
проекта, в частности перевод. Они касаются нескольких секторов, включая коммерческий и
государственный секторы, а также некоммерческие организации.
Технические условия создают основу для разработки структурированных требований к переводческим
проектам, но не охватывают юридические контракты между сторонами, участвующими в
переводческом проекте. Они способствуют обеспечению надлежащего уровня качества, создают
основу для качественной оценки, но не касаются процедур количественной оценки качества
переводческого продукта.
Настоящие Технические условия неприменимы к услугам устного перевода.
2 Термины и определения
В рамках настоящего документа используются термины и определения, приведённые ниже.
2.1 Термины перевода
2.1.1
переводить
translate
преобразовывать информацию на языке оригинала (2.1.2) в информацию на языке перевода (2.1.3),
представленную в письменном виде
2.1.2
язык оригинала
source language
язык, с которого содержание переводится на язык перевода (2.1.3)
2.1.3
язык перевода
target language
язык, на который переводится содержание, представленное на языке оригинала (2.1.2)
2.1.4
содержание оригинала
source content
текстовое и другое содержание, которое необходимо перевести (2.1.1)
Примечание к статье: Содержание оригинала для переводческого проекта может, например, отличаться по
объему и сложности: это может быть один дорожный знак или одностраничный документ; комплект обширной
документации или пользовательский интерфейс для сложной системы программного обеспечения.
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
2.1.5
содержание перевода
target content
текстовое и другое содержание, переведенное с языка оригинала (2.1.4)
Примечание к статье: Содержание перевода и перевод (2.1.9) являются связанными терминами. Термин
“перевод” обычно относится к содержанию на позднем этапе или по окончании переводческого проекта, когда
содержание уже переведено и применительно к нему выполнены другие рабочие операции, такие как двуязычное
редактирование (2.2.2.2) или одноязычное редактирование (2.2.2.3). Термин “содержание перевода” обычно
относится к содержанию, получаемому в процессе перевода и выполнения других рабочих операций с переводом.
2.1.6
A-язык
A-language
родной язык или язык, эквивалентный родному, на который переводчик обычно переводит со своего B-
языка (2.1.7), C-языка (2.1.8) или с обоих языков вместе.
Примечание к статье: A-языком обычно является язык, который переводчик узнал в процессе обучения или
повседневной жизни.
2.1.7
B-язык
B-language
язык, отличный родного языка переводчика, который переводчик знает отлично и с которого он обычно
переводит на свой A-язык (2.1.6)
2.1.8
C-язык
C-language
язык, который переводчик полностью понимает и с которого иногда переводит на свой A-язык (2.1.8)
Примечание к статье: Переводчик может владеть несколькими C-языками.
2.1.9
переводческий продукт
translation product
содержание, полученное в результате процесса перевода (2.2.2.1) и выполнения других рабочих
операций
Примечание к статье: Содержание перевода и переводческий продукт (2.1.5) являются
связанными терминами. Термин “переводческий продукт” обычно относится к содержанию на позднем
этапе или по окончании переводческого проекта, когда содержание уже переведено и применительно к
нему выполнены другие рабочие операции, такие как двуязычное редактирование (2.2.2.2) или
одноязычное редактирование (2.2.2.3). Термин “содержание перевода” обычно относится к
содержанию, получаемому в процессе перевода и выполнения других рабочих операций с переводом.
2.1.10
локаль
locale
параметр, который отражает язык, местные соглашения и культуру географического региона
Примечание к статье: Местные соглашения могут касаться особых правил форматирования дат, времени и
чисел, а также других соглашений и предпочтений.
ПРИМЕР Французский язык в Канаде (fr-CA), китайский язык в Сингапуре (zh-SG).
2.1.11
открытый перевод
overt translation
тип перевода (2.2.2.1), в котором особенности языка оригинала (2.1.2) и исходной культуры намеренно
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
обозначены явным образом
2.1.12
скрытый перевод
covert translation
тип перевода (2.2.2.1), нацеленный на представление переводческого продукта (2.1.9) так, как если
бы он изначально был написан на языке перевода (2.1.3) с соблюдением условий его культурной
среды
2.1.13
память переводов
translation memory
электронная коллекция пар сегментов на языке оригинала и языке перевода
Примечание 1: Сегментом обычно является предложение, пункт маркированного списка или заголовок.
Примечание 2: Целью создания памяти переводов является облегчение поиска и использования ранее
переведённого содержания.
2.1.14
двуязычный текст
bi-text
сегментированный текст, привязанный к соответствующим сегментам перевода
2.1.15
компетенция
competence
способность применять знания и навыки для достижения нужных результатов
2.2 Термины переводческого проекта
2.2.1 Термины, связанные с участниками проекта
2.2.1.1
запрашивающая сторона, заказчик
requester
лицо или организация, направляющие заказ на перевод поставщику переводческих услуг (2.2.1.2) или
поставщику языковых услуг (2.2.1.3)
Примечание 1 к статье: Запрашивающей стороной обычно бывает лицо или организация, которые запрашивают
и получают перевод (2.1.9) от имени конечных пользователей, а также обычно прямо или косвенно определяют
вознаграждение поставщику переводческих услуг за предоставление услуги перевода. В случае государственных
или некоммерческих организаций, безвозмездных сделок или перевода штатными сотрудниками компании иногда
денежное вознаграждение за услуги перевода отсутствует.
Примечание 2 к статье: В коммерческом секторе запрашивающую сторону иногда называют клиентом или
заказчиком. Однако эти термины неоднозначны и могут относиться к конечным пользователям (2.2.1.6). По этой
причине предпочтительным является термин запрашивающая сторона.
2.2.1.2
поставщик переводческих услуг
TSP, translation service provider
лицо или организация, предоставляющие услуги перевода
ПРИМЕР Переводческие компании, переводческие агентства, переводчики-фрилансеры, штатные переводчики,
двуязычные редакторы, одноязычные редакторы, переводческие организации (коммерческие, некоммерческие
или государственные).
Примечание 1 к статье: Понятия поставщик переводческих услуг и поставщик языковых услуг (2.2.1.3) связаны;
термин “поставщик языковых услуг” является общим понятием, а “поставщик переводческих услуг” – частным;
поставщики переводческих услуг обычно оказывают только услуги по переводу, что может включать двуязычное
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
редактирование (2.2.2.2) или одноязычное редактирование (2.2.2.3). В зависимости от их квалификации и
возможностей поставщики переводческих услуг могут оказывать и другие услуги.
Примечание 2: Нередко более крупный поставщик переводческих услуг просит менее крупных поставщиков
переводческих услуг взять на себя часть переводческого проекта — например, перевод на один из языков. Число
уровней поставщиков может быть даже более двух. Однако в подобных случаях каждый поставщик
переводческих услуг считается поставщиком, а не запрашивающей стороной (2.2.1.1). В настоящем
документе запрашивающей стороной называются только лицо или организация, которые обращаются
с первоначальным запросом к поставщику переводческих услуг, находящемуся на верхнем уровне
иерархической структуры.
2.2.1.3
поставщик языковых услуг
LSP, language service provider
лицо или организация, которые выполняют письменный и устный перевод и (или) предоставляют
другие лингвистические услуги, такие как транскрибирование, управление терминологией или
озвучивание
Примечание 1 к статье: Термины поставщик переводческих услуг и поставщик языковых услуг (2.2.1.2) связаны
друг с другом; термин “поставщик языковых услуг” – это общее понятие, а “поставщик переводческих услуг” –
частное; поставщики переводческих услуг обычно оказывают только услуги по переводу, что может включать в
себя двуязычное редактирование (2.2.2.2) или одноязычное редактирование (2.2.2.3). В некоторых случаях
поставщики языковых услуг выполняют в основном перевод, но на множество языков.
Примечание 2 к статье: Аббревиатура LSP означает также “Language for specific purposes” (языковые услуги для
особых целей); однако в рамках настоящих Технических условий термин LSP обозначает только поставщика
языковых услуг.
2.2.1.4
переводчик
translator
лицо, которое переводит (2.1.1)
2.2.1.5
переводчик-фрилансер
freelance translator
переводчик (2.2.1.4), который обычно предоставляет услуги внештатного переводчика
непосредственно нескольким запрашивающим сторонам или нескольким поставщикам переводческих
услуг (2.2.1.2) или и тем и другим в рамках отдельных проектов
2.2.1.6
конечный пользователь
end user
лицо или группа лиц, которые используют выполненный перевод (2.1.9)
Примечание к статье: Конечный пользователь часто не является запрашивающей стороной (2.2.1.1).
2.2.1.7
двуязычный редактор
reviser
лицо, которое осуществляет двуязычное редактирование (2.2.2.2)
2.2.1.8
одноязычный редактор
reviewer
лицо, которое осуществляет одноязычное редактирование (2.2.2.3)
2.2.2 Термины, связанные с задачами переводческого проекта
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
2.2.2.1
перевод
translation
процесс перевода (2.1.1)
2.2.2.2
двуязычное редактирование
revision
двуязычное редактирование содержания перевода (2.1.5), основанное на сравнении содержания
оригинала (2.15) и содержания перевода
2.2.2.3
одноязычное редактирование
review
одноязычное редактирование содержания перевода (2.1.5) с учетом соглашений относительно
предметной области (одной или нескольких) (2.3.2) содержания перевода
2.2.2.4
локализация
localization
процесс адаптации переводческих продуктов и услуг к определённым локалям (2.1.10)
Примечание: Локализация заключается в выполнении следующих операций: 1) перевод текстовых материалов в
соответствии с локалью перевода и 2) адаптация нетекстовых материалов к той же локали. Она включает в себя
механизмы ввода, вывода и представления информации.
2.2.2.5
обратный перевод
back translation
перевод (2.2.2.1) содержания перевода (2.1.5) обратно на язык оригинала (2.1.2)
Примечание к статье: Обратный перевод может быть неверно понят или неправильно использован. См.
подробное обсуждение обратного перевода в 7.3.2.
2.2.2.6
машинный перевод
machine translation
процесс, при котором содержание оригинала (2.1.4) вводится в компьютерную систему, и содержание
перевода (2.1.5) формируется без вмешательства человека
2.2.2.7
черновой машинный перевод
raw machine translation
результат машинного перевода (2.2.2.6) перед постредактированием (2.2.2.8)
2.2.2.8
постредактирование
post-editing
редактирование чернового машинного перевода (2.2.2.7)
2.2.3 Термины, связанные со спецификацией проекта
2.2.3.1
спецификация проекта
project specification
значение параметра перевода (2.2.3.2) в рамках конкретного переводческого проекта
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
2.2.3.2
параметр перевода
translation parameter
один из наборов ключевых факторов, действий, элементов и атрибутов конкретного проекта, которые
используются для создания технических условий проекта (2.2.3.1)
Примечание 1 к статье: Набор параметров перевода, перечисленных в 7.2, применим ко всем переводческим
проектам, а значения параметров перевода (требований к проекту) должны быть заданы для каждого проекта,
чтобы полностью определить условия и результат перевода (2.2.2.1).
Примечание 2 к статье: Существует несколько категорий параметров перевода, включая лингвистические
параметры, параметры процесса перевода и параметры рабочей среды.
Примечание 3 к статье: В контексте переводческих проектов термин параметр перевода нередко называется
просто “параметром”.
2.2.3.3
подпараметр перевода
translation sub-parameter
параметра перевода (2.2.3.2), относящийся к более мелкому уровню разбиения характеристик
ПРИМЕР подпараметр 19a: Авторские права.
2.3 Лингвистические термины
2.3.1
тип текста
text type
категория, которая присваивается содержанию на основе его функции, формата или цели автора в
отношении целевой аудитории
2.3.2
предметная область
subject field
сфера знаний
domain
область деятельности, характеризуемая конкретным комплексом знаний, терминологией и
фразеологией
2.3.3
стиль
register
уровень использования
usage register
набор свойств, который характеризует определённый тип содержания и учитывает характер взаимоотношений
между автором и аудиторией, рассматриваемую тему и степень знакомства с содержанием
2.3.4
устный перевод
interpreting
перевод устной или знаковой информации языка оригинала (2.1.2) на язык перевода (2.1.3) в устной
или знаковой форме
3 Сотрудничество запрашивающих сторон и поставщиков переводческих услуг
3.1 Разделение труда
В настоящей статье запрашивающим сторонам предлагается способ выбора соответствующего
поставщика переводческих услуг для переводческих проектов. Кроме того, поставщики переводческих
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(R)
услуг могут рассмотреть предложение, чтобы определить условия, при которых им следует или не
следует принять работу, предлагаемую запрашивающими сторонами.
Разделение труда между запрашивающей стороной и поставщиком переводческих услуг может иметь
разнообразные формы; многие задачи могут выполняться как запрашивающей стороной, так и
поставщиком переводческих услуг. По этой причине разделение труда должно быть определено и
формализовано в спецификациях проекта (см. Раздел 6).
3.2 Выбор поставщиков переводческих услуг
3.2.1 Различные типы поставщиков переводческих услуг
3.2.1.1 Штатные поставщики переводческих услуг
В применимых случаях запрашивающие стороны могут выбрать поставщиков переводческих услуг в
своих собственных организациях либо заказать выполнение перевода интересующего их содержания
сторонним поставщикам переводческих услуг (т.е. прибегнуть к аутсорсингу).
Поставщики переводческих услуг могут, в свою очередь, выбрать для выполнения заказного перевода
свой штатный персонал или также осуществить аутсорсинг, поручив перевод интересующего
содержания другим поставщикам переводческих услуг.
3.2.1.2 Поставщики переводческих услуг с многочисленным персоналом
Поставщики переводческих услуг с многочисленным персоналом нередко являются переводческими
компаниями. Они часто имеют более высокую производительность, чем переводчики-фрилансеры.
Поставщики переводческих услуг с многочисленным персоналом могут нанимать других поставщиков
переводческих услуг, включая переводчиков-фрилансеров. Нередко более крупный поставщик
переводческих услуг, иногда называемый поставщиком языковых услуг, просит каждого из нескольких
менее крупных поставщиков переводческих услуг взять на себя часть переводческого проекта —
например, перевод на один из языков. При этом может существовать и больше двух уровней
поставщиков, однако в подобных случаях каждый поставщик переводческих услуг считается именно
поставщиком, а не запрашивающей стороной.
3.2.1.3 Переводчики-фрилансеры
Переводчик-фрилансер является поставщиком переводческих услуг, который действует как
самостоятельное лицо.
Когда запрашивающие стороны работают напрямую с переводчиками-фрилансерами, должен быть
назначен руководитель проекта, который будет отвечать за разработку спецификаций на основе
исходных требований запрашивающей стороны (см. 5.2). Руководитель проекта должен также
обеспечить соблюдение спецификаций на протяжении выполнения всего проекта ─ в частности, в ходе
этапов выполнения переводческого проекта и после создания переводческого продукта (подробные
сведения по этим вопросам приведены в 5.3 и 5.4, соответственно).
Когда в соответствии с согласованными спецификациями проекта требуется редактирование перевода,
оно должно выполняться не самим переводчиком, а другим лицом. Исключением из этого правила
является случай, когда для редактирования перевода нет никакого более квалифицированного
специалиста, чем автор перевода. В этом случае переводчик должен выполнить полное
редактирование собственной работы. Однако запрашивающие стороны и поставщики переводческих
услуг должны иметь в виду, что некоторые
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 11669
First edition
2012-05-15
Translation projects — General guidance
Projets de traduction — Lignes directrices générales
Reference number
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 Translation terms . 1
2.2 Translation project terms . 3
2.3 Linguistic terms . 5
3 Working together — Requesters and translation service providers (TSPs) . 5
3.1 Division of labour . 5
3.2 Selecting TSPs . 6
3.3 Accepting work from requesters . 9
4 Translation project management . 9
4.1 Translation project stakeholders . 9
4.2 Complexity as a result of project specifications .10
5 Phases of a translation project . 11
5.1 Terminology work . 11
5.2 Pre-production . 11
5.3 Production .12
5.4 Post-production .14
6 Developing structured specifications for translation projects .15
6.1 Translation parameters and project specifications .15
6.2 Structured specifications .15
6.3 Translation parameter categories .16
6.4 Translation parameters .16
7 Description of translation parameters .18
7.1 Relevance of translation parameters .18
7.2 Linguistic parameters — 1 to 13 .19
7.3 Production parameters — 14 to 15 .25
7.4 Environment parameters — 16 to 18 .26
7.5 Relationships parameters — 19 to 21 .27
Annex A (informative) Translation project specifications and phases .29
Annex B (informative) Terminology work .31
Annex C (informative) Using machine translation .32
Bibliography .35
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical
committee may decide to publish other types of document:
— an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
— an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee
casting a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further
three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed,
it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an International
Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 11669 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 2, Terminographical and lexicographical working methods.
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Introduction
This Technical Specification reflects the variety of projects that translation service providers (TSPs) carry out.
It provides guidance concerning best practices for all phases of a translation project. It will also be useful to
institutions that train and educate translators. It is not meant to compete with current regional and national
standards, but is intended to improve communication among all relevant stakeholders in a translation project,
including the persons requesting the translation service, those providing the service and those who make use
[7]
of the resulting translation product. It is based in part on translation service standards adopted in Canada ,
[8] [9] [5] [6]
China , Europe and the United States .
An organizing principle of this Technical Specification is the importance of structured specifications in translation
projects (as elaborated in Clauses 6 and 7). A system is described for making decisions about how translation
projects are to be carried out. Those decisions — project specifications — then become a resource for both
the requester (the party that requests a translation product, sometimes called the client or customer) and the
translation service provider throughout all phases of a translation project. Translation project specifications
can be attached to a legally binding contract to define the work to be done. In the absence of a contract, they
can be attached to a purchase order or other document supporting the request. Project specifications can be
developed and used both within and outside commercial customer-vendor relationships.
A basic and implicit translation project specification is that the target content be readable in the target language
and correspond in some way to the source content. However, the nature of the correspondence between
the source and target contents will vary according to the needs of the project, as determined by the project
specifications.
In practice, requesters do not always provide project specifications. However, that is not best practice.
Requesters and TSPs should work together to determine project specifications. Those who do so are more
likely to be satisfied with both the translation project and the final translation product. When both requesters
and TSPs agree on project specifications, the quality of a translation — from a workflow and final delivery
perspective — can be determined by the degree to which the target content adheres to the predetermined
specifications. All parties involved in the production of a translation product should have access to the
necessary project specifications.
After the requester receives the final translation product, the role of the project specifications does not end; they
are the starting point for all assessments, both qualitative and quantitative. Any assessment standards would
therefore benefit from taking into account the system of structured specifications presented in this Technical
Specification. Keeping the translation product and the project specifications together provides a uniform basis
for assessment. The project specifications can be used to guide assessments made by either the TSP or the
end user. The use of the same specifications by all parties avoids assessment based on personal opinions
of how source content should be translated. In some cases, the specifications themselves will be found to
be unclear or ill-advised. In other cases, it will be determined that the specifications were not followed. In all
cases, the use of project specifications can improve communication within the document production chain and
promote ongoing improvement.
In summary, quality translation projects and quality translation products result from developing and following
appropriate project specifications.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Translation projects — General guidance
1 Scope
This Technical Specification provides general guidance for all phases of a translation project. Its main purpose
is to facilitate communication among the parties involved in a project. It is intended for use by all stakeholders
of the translation project, including those who request translation services, those who provide the services and
those who make use of the results of the project — in particular, the translation product. It applies to multiple
sectors, including the commercial and government sectors, and non-profit organizations.
It provides a framework for developing structured specifications for translation projects, but does not cover
legally binding contracts between parties involved in a translation project. It addresses quality assurance and
provides the basis for qualitative assessment, but does not provide procedures for quantitative measures of
the quality of a translation product.
It is not applicable to interpreting services.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1 Translation terms
2.1.1
translate
render information in the source language (2.1.2) into the target language (2.1.3) in written form
2.1.2
source language
language from which content is translated into the target language (2.1.3)
2.1.3
target language
language into which content is translated from the source language (2.1.2)
2.1.4
source content
text and other content to be translated (2.1.1)
Note to entry: The source content for a translation project can, for example, range in size and complexity from a single
road sign to a one-page document, set of large documents or user interface for a complex software system.
2.1.5
target content
text and other content translated from the source content (2.1.4)
Note to entry: Target content and translation product (2.1.9) are related terms. Translation product generally refers to
content at a late stage or at the end of a translation project, after the content has undergone translation and other translation
services such as revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). Target content generally refers to content as it is undergoing
translation and translation services.
2.1.6
A-language
native language, or language that is equivalent to a native language, into which the translator typically translates
from his or her B-language (2.1.7) and/or C-language (2.1.8)
Note to entry: The A-language is generally the language of education and daily life for a translator.
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
2.1.7
B-language
language, other than a translator’s native language, of which the translator has an excellent command and from
which the translator typically translates into his or her A-language (2.1.6)
2.1.8
C-language
language of which a translator has a complete understanding and from which the translator sometimes
translates into his or her A-language (2.1.8)
Note to entry: A translator can have several C-languages.
2.1.9
translation product
content created through the process of translation (2.2.2.1) and other translation services
Note to entry: Translation product and target content (2.1.5) are related terms. Translation product generally refers to
content at a late stage or at the end of a translation project, after the content has undergone translation and other translation
services such as revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). Target content generally refers to content as it is undergoing
translation and translation services.
2.1.10
locale
value that reflects the language, local conventions and culture of a geographic region
Note to entry: Local conventions can include specific formatting rules for dates, times and numbers, as well as other
conventions and preferences.
EXAMPLE French Canada (fr-CA), Chinese Singapore (zh-SG).
2.1.11
overt translation
type of translation (2.2.2.1) in which aspects of the source language (2.1.2) and source culture are
intentionally left visible
2.1.12
covert translation
type of translation (2.2.2.1) intended to make the translation product (2.1.9) appear as though it had been
authored originally in the target language (2.1.3) and target culture
2.1.13
translation memory
electronic collection of source- and target-language segment pairs
Note 1 to entry: A segment is typically a sentence, bullet point, or header.
Note 2 to entry: The purpose of a translation memory is to facilitate the retrieval and use of previously translated content.
2.1.14
bi-text
text segmented and linked to corresponding segments of target text
2.1.15
competence
ability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
2.2 Translation project terms
2.2.1 Terms related to stakeholders
2.2.1.1
requester
person or organization requesting a translation service from a TSP (2.2.1.2) or language service provider (2.2.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: The requester is usually the person or organization that asks for, and receives, the translation product
(2.1.9) on behalf of the end users, and that usually directly or indirectly determines the TSP’s compensation for rendering the
translation service. In the case of government or non-profit organizations, pro-bono transactions, or in-house translation
within a company, there is sometimes no monetary compensation for translation services.
Note 2 to entry: In the commercial sector, the requester is sometimes called the client or customer. These terms,
however, are ambiguous and could refer to the end user (2.2.1.6). For this reason, requester is the preferred term.
2.2.1.2
TSP
translation service provider
person or organization supplying a translation service
EXAMPLE Translation companies, translation agencies, freelance translators, in-house translators, revisers,
reviewers, translation organizations (profit, non-profit or governmental).
Note 1 to entry: The concepts of TSP and language service provider (2.2.1.3) are connected by a generic relation, with
language service provider being the generic concept and TSP the specific concept. TSPs generally provide only translation
services, which can include revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). Depending on their qualifications and abilities, TSPs can
provide other services.
Note 2 to entry: Often a larger TSP asks several smaller TSPs to each take care of part of a translation project — for
example, translation into one target language each. There can be even more than two levels of providers. However, in such
cases, each TSP is considered to be a provider, not a requester (2.2.1.1). Only the person or organization making the initial
request to the highest-level TSP is called the requester in this document.
2.2.1.3
language service provider
LSP
person or organization that provides translation, interpreting and/or other language-related services such as
transcription, terminology management or voice-overs
Note 1 to entry: The concepts of language service provider and TSP (2.2.1.2) are connected by a generic relation,
with language service provider being the generic concept and TSP the specific concept. TSPs generally provide only
translation services, which can include revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). In some cases, language service providers
provide mainly translation services but in many languages.
Note 2 to entry: LSP is also an abbreviation for “Language for specific purposes”; in this Technical Specification, however,
LSP refers only to language service provider.
2.2.1.4
translator
person who translates (2.1.1)
2.2.1.5
freelance translator
translator (2.2.1.4) who typically provides outside services for several requesters directly or several TSPs
(2.2.1.2) or a combination of the two, on a per project basis
2.2.1.6
end user
person or group of persons who ultimately make use of the translation product (2.1.9)
Note to entry: The end user is often not the same entity as the requester (2.2.1.1).
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
2.2.1.7
reviser
person who performs revision (2.2.2.2)
2.2.1.8
reviewer
person who performs review (2.2.2.3)
2.2.2 Terms related to translation project tasks
2.2.2.1
translation
process of translating (2.1.1)
2.2.2.2
revision
bilingual editing of target content (2.1.5) based on a comparison between the source content (2.15) and the
target content
2.2.2.3
review
monolingual editing of target content (2.1.5) with respect to the conventions of the subject field(s) (2.3.2) to
which the target content belongs
2.2.2.4
localization
process of adapting products and services for distinct locales (2.1.10)
Note to entry: Localization consists of 1) the translation of textual materials according to the target locale, and 2)
adaptation of non-textual materials to the same locale. It includes input, output and delivery mechanisms.
2.2.2.5
back translation
translation (2.2.2.1) of the target content (2.1.5) back into the source language (2.1.2)
Note to entry: Back translation can be misunderstood or misused. See discussion of back translation in 7.3.2 for details.
2.2.2.6
machine translation
process in which source content (2.1.4) is given to a computer system and target content (2.1.5) is produced
without human intervention
2.2.2.7
raw machine translation
output of machine translation (2.2.2.6) prior to post-editing (2.2.2.8)
2.2.2.8
post-editing
revising raw machine translation (2.2.2.7)
2.2.3 Terms related to project specification framework
2.2.3.1
project specification
value for a translation parameter (2.2.3.2) relative to a particular translation project
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
2.2.3.2
translation parameter
one of a set of key factors, activities, elements and attributes of a given project used for creating project
specifications (2.2.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: The set of translation parameters as enumerated in 7.2 is applicable to all translation projects and the
translation parameters’ values (project specifications) are to be determined for each project to fully define the conditions
and output of translation (2.2.2.1).
Note 2 to entry: There are multiple categories of translation parameters, including linguistic parameters, production
parameters and environment parameters.
Note 3 to entry: In the context of translation projects, the term translation parameter is often referred to simply as
“parameter” for practicality.
2.2.3.3
translation sub-parameter
subdivision of a translation parameter (2.2.3.2)
EXAMPLE Sub-parameter 19a: Copyright.
2.3 Linguistic terms
2.3.1
text type
class to which content is assigned based on its function, format or the intention of the author with respect to
the target audience
2.3.2
subject field
domain
field of activity characterized by a specific body of knowledge, terminology and phraseology
2.3.3
register
usage register
set of properties that is characteristic of a particular type of content, and which takes into account the nature of
the relationship between the creator and audience, the subject treated and the degree of formality or familiarity
of the content
2.3.4
interpreting
rendering of the spoken or signed information in a source language (2.1.2) into a target language (2.1.3) in oral
or signed form
3 Working together — Requesters and translation service providers (TSPs)
3.1 Division of labour
This clause provides requesters with suggestions on how to identify an appropriate TSP for translation projects.
Additionally, TSPs can review it to determine the conditions under which they should or should not accept work
that is offered by requesters.
The division of labour between the requester and the TSP can vary widely; many tasks can be performed by
either the requester or the TSP. For this reason, the division of labour should be determined and formalized in
the project specifications (see Clause 6).
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
3.2 Selecting TSPs
3.2.1 Different types of TSPs
3.2.1.1 In-house TSPs
When applicable, requesters can select TSPs from within their own organizations. Otherwise, requesters can
choose to outsource their content to TSPs.
When applicable, TSPs can choose in-house staff to translate the requester’s content. The TSP also has the
option to outsource the content to other TSPs.
3.2.1.2 Multi-person TSPs
Multi-person TSPs are often translation companies. They often have a larger translation capacity than
freelance translators.
Multi-person TSPs can employ other TSPs, including freelance translators. Often a larger TSP, sometimes
called a language service provider, asks several smaller TSPs to each take care of part of a translation
project — for example, translation into one target language each. There can be even more than two levels of
providers. However, in such cases, each TSP is considered to be a provider, not a requester.
3.2.1.3 Freelance translators
A freelance translator is a TSP acting as an individual.
When requesters work directly with freelance translators, a project manager should be designated who will
assume responsibility for developing the project specifications based on the initial requirements of the requester
(see 5.2). The project manager should also ensure that the specifications are adhered to throughout the project,
particularly in the production and post-production phases (details given in 5.3 and 5.4, respectively).
When the agreed-upon project specifications call for a translation to be revised, the revision should be performed
by someone other than the translator. The exception to this practice is when there is no one available who
is more qualified than the translator to revise the translation product; in that case, the translator should do a
thorough revision of his or her own work. However, requesters and TSPs should be aware that some regional
and national translation standards require, with limited exceptions, that someone other than the translator
revise every translation. Freelance translators can fulfil this requirement by making arrangements with other
TSPs to revise their work.
3.2.2 Selecting an appropriate TSP
Before selecting a TSP, requesters should first define the preliminary project specifications (see 5.2.3), which
will aid them in determining the best types of TSPs for a project (i.e. whether to outsource the translation project
and to whom, or to keep the project in-house).
It is the responsibility of the requester to choose an appropriate TSP that meets the needs of the project. The
requester should search for and select a TSP that applies a structured specification approach to translation
projects (see Clauses 6 and 7). Requesters should also select TSPs that have the necessary competences as
described in 3.2.3 to 3.2.4.
Providing specific measures of competence (i.e. scores and numbers) for individuals is beyond the scope of
this document because of its international reach and because each translation project has unique needs and
specifications.
Upon request, TSPs should provide any desired information to the requester for evaluation.
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
3.2.3 Competences of translators and revisers
3.2.3.1 Source- and target-language competence
For a translator, the ability to read the source language and the ability to write in the target language are both
critical, but those qualifications alone are not sufficient for either translators or revisers. Indications of true
source and target language competence include
— length of experience providing professional translation services in the relevant language combination and
subject field,
— amount of university-level study in source language or target language,
— amount of university-level specialization in relevant subject fields,
— scores on standardized language proficiency tests, and
— period of language immersion or residence in a country or region where either language is the
dominant language.
When relevant, a translator should demonstrate competence in the necessary language variants (i.e. Arabic
Egypt), especially in the target language.
3.2.3.2 Translation competence
In addition to demonstrating language competence, translators and revisers should demonstrate translation
competence in the given language pair and direction. For example, French-to-English and English-to-French
are the two directions of the language pair French and English. Considerations for determining whether a
translator or reviser is competent in translation include, among others,
— a degree in translation from a university or college,
— length of experience providing professional translation services in the releva
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
01-julij-2013
Prevajalski projekti - Splošna navodila
Translation projects -- General guidance
Projets de traduction -- Lignes directrices générales
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/TS 11669:2012
ICS:
01.020 7HUPLQRORJLMD QDþHODLQ Terminology (principles and
NRRUGLQDFLMD coordination)
SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 11669
First edition
2012-05-15
Translation projects — General guidance
Projets de traduction — Lignes directrices générales
Reference number
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 Translation terms . 1
2.2 Translation project terms . 3
2.3 Linguistic terms . 5
3 Working together — Requesters and translation service providers (TSPs) . 5
3.1 Division of labour . 5
3.2 Selecting TSPs . 6
3.3 Accepting work from requesters . 9
4 Translation project management . 9
4.1 Translation project stakeholders . 9
4.2 Complexity as a result of project specifications .10
5 Phases of a translation project . 11
5.1 Terminology work . 11
5.2 Pre-production . 11
5.3 Production .12
5.4 Post-production .14
6 Developing structured specifications for translation projects .15
6.1 Translation parameters and project specifications .15
6.2 Structured specifications .15
6.3 Translation parameter categories .16
6.4 Translation parameters .16
7 Description of translation parameters .18
7.1 Relevance of translation parameters .18
7.2 Linguistic parameters — 1 to 13 .19
7.3 Production parameters — 14 to 15 .25
7.4 Environment parameters — 16 to 18 .26
7.5 Relationships parameters — 19 to 21 .27
Annex A (informative) Translation project specifications and phases .29
Annex B (informative) Terminology work .31
Annex C (informative) Using machine translation .32
Bibliography .35
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical
committee may decide to publish other types of document:
— an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
— an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee
casting a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further
three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed,
it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an International
Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 11669 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 2, Terminographical and lexicographical working methods.
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Introduction
This Technical Specification reflects the variety of projects that translation service providers (TSPs) carry out.
It provides guidance concerning best practices for all phases of a translation project. It will also be useful to
institutions that train and educate translators. It is not meant to compete with current regional and national
standards, but is intended to improve communication among all relevant stakeholders in a translation project,
including the persons requesting the translation service, those providing the service and those who make use
[7]
of the resulting translation product. It is based in part on translation service standards adopted in Canada ,
[8] [9] [5] [6]
China , Europe and the United States .
An organizing principle of this Technical Specification is the importance of structured specifications in translation
projects (as elaborated in Clauses 6 and 7). A system is described for making decisions about how translation
projects are to be carried out. Those decisions — project specifications — then become a resource for both
the requester (the party that requests a translation product, sometimes called the client or customer) and the
translation service provider throughout all phases of a translation project. Translation project specifications
can be attached to a legally binding contract to define the work to be done. In the absence of a contract, they
can be attached to a purchase order or other document supporting the request. Project specifications can be
developed and used both within and outside commercial customer-vendor relationships.
A basic and implicit translation project specification is that the target content be readable in the target language
and correspond in some way to the source content. However, the nature of the correspondence between
the source and target contents will vary according to the needs of the project, as determined by the project
specifications.
In practice, requesters do not always provide project specifications. However, that is not best practice.
Requesters and TSPs should work together to determine project specifications. Those who do so are more
likely to be satisfied with both the translation project and the final translation product. When both requesters
and TSPs agree on project specifications, the quality of a translation — from a workflow and final delivery
perspective — can be determined by the degree to which the target content adheres to the predetermined
specifications. All parties involved in the production of a translation product should have access to the
necessary project specifications.
After the requester receives the final translation product, the role of the project specifications does not end; they
are the starting point for all assessments, both qualitative and quantitative. Any assessment standards would
therefore benefit from taking into account the system of structured specifications presented in this Technical
Specification. Keeping the translation product and the project specifications together provides a uniform basis
for assessment. The project specifications can be used to guide assessments made by either the TSP or the
end user. The use of the same specifications by all parties avoids assessment based on personal opinions
of how source content should be translated. In some cases, the specifications themselves will be found to
be unclear or ill-advised. In other cases, it will be determined that the specifications were not followed. In all
cases, the use of project specifications can improve communication within the document production chain and
promote ongoing improvement.
In summary, quality translation projects and quality translation products result from developing and following
appropriate project specifications.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
Translation projects — General guidance
1 Scope
This Technical Specification provides general guidance for all phases of a translation project. Its main purpose
is to facilitate communication among the parties involved in a project. It is intended for use by all stakeholders
of the translation project, including those who request translation services, those who provide the services and
those who make use of the results of the project — in particular, the translation product. It applies to multiple
sectors, including the commercial and government sectors, and non-profit organizations.
It provides a framework for developing structured specifications for translation projects, but does not cover
legally binding contracts between parties involved in a translation project. It addresses quality assurance and
provides the basis for qualitative assessment, but does not provide procedures for quantitative measures of
the quality of a translation product.
It is not applicable to interpreting services.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1 Translation terms
2.1.1
translate
render information in the source language (2.1.2) into the target language (2.1.3) in written form
2.1.2
source language
language from which content is translated into the target language (2.1.3)
2.1.3
target language
language into which content is translated from the source language (2.1.2)
2.1.4
source content
text and other content to be translated (2.1.1)
Note to entry: The source content for a translation project can, for example, range in size and complexity from a single
road sign to a one-page document, set of large documents or user interface for a complex software system.
2.1.5
target content
text and other content translated from the source content (2.1.4)
Note to entry: Target content and translation product (2.1.9) are related terms. Translation product generally refers to
content at a late stage or at the end of a translation project, after the content has undergone translation and other translation
services such as revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). Target content generally refers to content as it is undergoing
translation and translation services.
2.1.6
A-language
native language, or language that is equivalent to a native language, into which the translator typically translates
from his or her B-language (2.1.7) and/or C-language (2.1.8)
Note to entry: The A-language is generally the language of education and daily life for a translator.
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
2.1.7
B-language
language, other than a translator’s native language, of which the translator has an excellent command and from
which the translator typically translates into his or her A-language (2.1.6)
2.1.8
C-language
language of which a translator has a complete understanding and from which the translator sometimes
translates into his or her A-language (2.1.8)
Note to entry: A translator can have several C-languages.
2.1.9
translation product
content created through the process of translation (2.2.2.1) and other translation services
Note to entry: Translation product and target content (2.1.5) are related terms. Translation product generally refers to
content at a late stage or at the end of a translation project, after the content has undergone translation and other translation
services such as revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). Target content generally refers to content as it is undergoing
translation and translation services.
2.1.10
locale
value that reflects the language, local conventions and culture of a geographic region
Note to entry: Local conventions can include specific formatting rules for dates, times and numbers, as well as other
conventions and preferences.
EXAMPLE French Canada (fr-CA), Chinese Singapore (zh-SG).
2.1.11
overt translation
type of translation (2.2.2.1) in which aspects of the source language (2.1.2) and source culture are
intentionally left visible
2.1.12
covert translation
type of translation (2.2.2.1) intended to make the translation product (2.1.9) appear as though it had been
authored originally in the target language (2.1.3) and target culture
2.1.13
translation memory
electronic collection of source- and target-language segment pairs
Note 1 to entry: A segment is typically a sentence, bullet point, or header.
Note 2 to entry: The purpose of a translation memory is to facilitate the retrieval and use of previously translated content.
2.1.14
bi-text
text segmented and linked to corresponding segments of target text
2.1.15
competence
ability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results
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2.2 Translation project terms
2.2.1 Terms related to stakeholders
2.2.1.1
requester
person or organization requesting a translation service from a TSP (2.2.1.2) or language service provider (2.2.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: The requester is usually the person or organization that asks for, and receives, the translation product
(2.1.9) on behalf of the end users, and that usually directly or indirectly determines the TSP’s compensation for rendering the
translation service. In the case of government or non-profit organizations, pro-bono transactions, or in-house translation
within a company, there is sometimes no monetary compensation for translation services.
Note 2 to entry: In the commercial sector, the requester is sometimes called the client or customer. These terms,
however, are ambiguous and could refer to the end user (2.2.1.6). For this reason, requester is the preferred term.
2.2.1.2
TSP
translation service provider
person or organization supplying a translation service
EXAMPLE Translation companies, translation agencies, freelance translators, in-house translators, revisers,
reviewers, translation organizations (profit, non-profit or governmental).
Note 1 to entry: The concepts of TSP and language service provider (2.2.1.3) are connected by a generic relation, with
language service provider being the generic concept and TSP the specific concept. TSPs generally provide only translation
services, which can include revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). Depending on their qualifications and abilities, TSPs can
provide other services.
Note 2 to entry: Often a larger TSP asks several smaller TSPs to each take care of part of a translation project — for
example, translation into one target language each. There can be even more than two levels of providers. However, in such
cases, each TSP is considered to be a provider, not a requester (2.2.1.1). Only the person or organization making the initial
request to the highest-level TSP is called the requester in this document.
2.2.1.3
language service provider
LSP
person or organization that provides translation, interpreting and/or other language-related services such as
transcription, terminology management or voice-overs
Note 1 to entry: The concepts of language service provider and TSP (2.2.1.2) are connected by a generic relation,
with language service provider being the generic concept and TSP the specific concept. TSPs generally provide only
translation services, which can include revision (2.2.2.2) or review (2.2.2.3). In some cases, language service providers
provide mainly translation services but in many languages.
Note 2 to entry: LSP is also an abbreviation for “Language for specific purposes”; in this Technical Specification, however,
LSP refers only to language service provider.
2.2.1.4
translator
person who translates (2.1.1)
2.2.1.5
freelance translator
translator (2.2.1.4) who typically provides outside services for several requesters directly or several TSPs
(2.2.1.2) or a combination of the two, on a per project basis
2.2.1.6
end user
person or group of persons who ultimately make use of the translation product (2.1.9)
Note to entry: The end user is often not the same entity as the requester (2.2.1.1).
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2.2.1.7
reviser
person who performs revision (2.2.2.2)
2.2.1.8
reviewer
person who performs review (2.2.2.3)
2.2.2 Terms related to translation project tasks
2.2.2.1
translation
process of translating (2.1.1)
2.2.2.2
revision
bilingual editing of target content (2.1.5) based on a comparison between the source content (2.15) and the
target content
2.2.2.3
review
monolingual editing of target content (2.1.5) with respect to the conventions of the subject field(s) (2.3.2) to
which the target content belongs
2.2.2.4
localization
process of adapting products and services for distinct locales (2.1.10)
Note to entry: Localization consists of 1) the translation of textual materials according to the target locale, and 2)
adaptation of non-textual materials to the same locale. It includes input, output and delivery mechanisms.
2.2.2.5
back translation
translation (2.2.2.1) of the target content (2.1.5) back into the source language (2.1.2)
Note to entry: Back translation can be misunderstood or misused. See discussion of back translation in 7.3.2 for details.
2.2.2.6
machine translation
process in which source content (2.1.4) is given to a computer system and target content (2.1.5) is produced
without human intervention
2.2.2.7
raw machine translation
output of machine translation (2.2.2.6) prior to post-editing (2.2.2.8)
2.2.2.8
post-editing
revising raw machine translation (2.2.2.7)
2.2.3 Terms related to project specification framework
2.2.3.1
project specification
value for a translation parameter (2.2.3.2) relative to a particular translation project
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2.2.3.2
translation parameter
one of a set of key factors, activities, elements and attributes of a given project used for creating project
specifications (2.2.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: The set of translation parameters as enumerated in 7.2 is applicable to all translation projects and the
translation parameters’ values (project specifications) are to be determined for each project to fully define the conditions
and output of translation (2.2.2.1).
Note 2 to entry: There are multiple categories of translation parameters, including linguistic parameters, production
parameters and environment parameters.
Note 3 to entry: In the context of translation projects, the term translation parameter is often referred to simply as
“parameter” for practicality.
2.2.3.3
translation sub-parameter
subdivision of a translation parameter (2.2.3.2)
EXAMPLE Sub-parameter 19a: Copyright.
2.3 Linguistic terms
2.3.1
text type
class to which content is assigned based on its function, format or the intention of the author with respect to
the target audience
2.3.2
subject field
domain
field of activity characterized by a specific body of knowledge, terminology and phraseology
2.3.3
register
usage register
set of properties that is characteristic of a particular type of content, and which takes into account the nature of
the relationship between the creator and audience, the subject treated and the degree of formality or familiarity
of the content
2.3.4
interpreting
rendering of the spoken or signed information in a source language (2.1.2) into a target language (2.1.3) in oral
or signed form
3 Working together — Requesters and translation service providers (TSPs)
3.1 Division of labour
This clause provides requesters with suggestions on how to identify an appropriate TSP for translation projects.
Additionally, TSPs can review it to determine the conditions under which they should or should not accept work
that is offered by requesters.
The division of labour between the requester and the TSP can vary widely; many tasks can be performed by
either the requester or the TSP. For this reason, the division of labour should be determined and formalized in
the project specifications (see Clause 6).
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
3.2 Selecting TSPs
3.2.1 Different types of TSPs
3.2.1.1 In-house TSPs
When applicable, requesters can select TSPs from within their own organizations. Otherwise, requesters can
choose to outsource their content to TSPs.
When applicable, TSPs can choose in-house staff to translate the requester’s content. The TSP also has the
option to outsource the content to other TSPs.
3.2.1.2 Multi-person TSPs
Multi-person TSPs are often translation companies. They often have a larger translation capacity than
freelance translators.
Multi-person TSPs can employ other TSPs, including freelance translators. Often a larger TSP, sometimes
called a language service provider, asks several smaller TSPs to each take care of part of a translation
project — for example, translation into one target language each. There can be even more than two levels of
providers. However, in such cases, each TSP is considered to be a provider, not a requester.
3.2.1.3 Freelance translators
A freelance translator is a TSP acting as an individual.
When requesters work directly with freelance translators, a project manager should be designated who will
assume responsibility for developing the project specifications based on the initial requirements of the requester
(see 5.2). The project manager should also ensure that the specifications are adhered to throughout the project,
particularly in the production and post-production phases (details given in 5.3 and 5.4, respectively).
When the agreed-upon project specifications call for a translation to be revised, the revision should be performed
by someone other than the translator. The exception to this practice is when there is no one available who
is more qualified than the translator to revise the translation product; in that case, the translator should do a
thorough revision of his or her own work. However, requesters and TSPs should be aware that some regional
and national translation standards require, with limited exceptions, that someone other than the translator
revise every translation. Freelance translators can fulfil this requirement by making arrangements with other
TSPs to revise their work.
3.2.2 Selecting an appropriate TSP
Before selecting a TSP, requesters should first define the preliminary project specifications (see 5.2.3), which
will aid them in determining the best types of TSPs for a project (i.e. whether to outsource the translation project
and to whom, or to keep the project in-house).
It is the responsibility of the requester to choose an appropriate TSP that meets the needs of the project. The
requester should search for and select a TSP that applies a structured specification approach to translation
projects (see Clauses 6 and 7). Requesters should also select TSPs that have the necessary competences as
described in 3.2.3 to 3.2.4.
Providing specific measures of competence (i.e. scores and numbers) for individuals is beyond the scope of
this document because of its international reach and because each translation project has unique needs and
specifications.
Upon request, TSPs should provide any desired information to the requester for evaluation.
6 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 11669:2013
ISO/TS 11669:2012(E)
3.2.3 Competences of translators and revisers
3.2.3.1 Source- and target-language competence
For a translator, the ability to read the source language and the ability to write in the target language are both
critical, but those qualifications alone are not sufficient for either translators or revisers. Indications of true
source and target language competence include
— length of experience providing professional translation services in the relevant language combi
...
SPÉCIFICATION ISO/TS
TECHNIQUE 11669
Première édition
2012-05-15
Projets de traduction — Lignes
directrices générales
Translation projects — General guidance
Numéro de référence
ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
©
ISO 2012
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2012
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous
quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l’accord écrit
de l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou du comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2012 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Termes et définitions . 1
2.1 Termes liés à la traduction . 1
2.2 Termes liés au projet de traduction . 3
2.3 Termes linguistiques . 5
3 Collaboration — Demandeurs et prestataires de services de traduction (PST) . 5
3.1 Répartition du travail . 5
3.2 Sélection des PST . 6
3.3 Acceptation du travail confié par les demandeurs . 9
4 Gestion du projet de traduction . 9
4.1 Parties prenantes dans le projet de traduction . 9
4.2 Complexité liée aux spécifications de projet .10
5 Phases d’un projet de traduction . 11
5.1 Travail terminologique . 11
5.2 Préproduction . 11
5.3 Production .13
5.4 Post-production .14
6 Développement de spécifications structurées pour les projets de traduction .15
6.1 Paramètres de traduction et spécifications de projet .15
6.2 Spécifications structurées .16
6.3 Catégories de paramètre de traduction .16
6.4 Paramètre de traduction .17
7 Description des paramètres de traduction .19
7.1 Pertinence des paramètres de traduction .19
7.2 Paramètres linguistiques — 1 à 13 .19
7.3 Paramètres de production — 14 et 15 .26
7.4 Paramètres d’environnement — 16 à 18 .28
7.5 Paramètres de relations — 19 à 21 .28
Annexe A (informative) Spécifications et phases du projet de traduction .31
Annexe B (informative) Travail terminologique .33
Annexe C (informative) Traduction automatique .34
Bibliographie .37
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales,
en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d’élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur publication
comme Normes internationales requiert l’approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres votants.
Dans d’autres circonstances, en particulier lorsqu’il existe une demande urgente du marché, un comité
technique peut décider de publier d’autres types de documents:
— une Spécification publiquement disponible ISO (ISO/PAS) représente un accord entre les experts dans un
groupe de travail ISO et est acceptée pour publication si elle est approuvée par plus de 50 % des membres
votants du comité dont relève le groupe de travail;
— une Spécification technique ISO (ISO/TS) représente un accord entre les membres d’un comité technique
et est acceptée pour publication si elle est approuvée par 2/3 des membres votants du comité.
Une ISO/PAS ou ISO/TS fait l’objet d’un examen après trois ans afin de décider si elle est confirmée pour trois
nouvelles années, révisée pour devenir une Norme internationale, ou annulée. Lorsqu’une ISO/PAS ou ISO/TS
a été confirmée, elle fait l’objet d’un nouvel examen après trois ans qui décidera soit de sa transformation en
Norme internationale soit de son annulation.
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de droits
de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir
identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L’ISO/TS 11669 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 37, Terminologie et autres ressources langagières
et ressources de contenu, sous-comité SC 2, Méthodes de travail terminographiques et lexicographiques.
iv © ISO 2012 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
Introduction
La présente Spécification technique reflète l’éventail de projets assurés par les prestataires de services de
traduction (PST). Elle fournit des lignes directrices relatives aux bonnes pratiques pour toutes les phases
d’un projet de traduction. Elle sera également utile pour les institutions qui forment les traducteurs. Elle n’est
pas censée faire concurrence aux normes régionales et nationales en vigueur, mais a pour objet d’améliorer
la communication entre toutes les parties prenantes concernées dans le cadre d’un projet de traduction,
notamment les personnes qui demandent le service de traduction, celles qui assurent le service et celles
qui utilisent le produit de la traduction. Elle repose sur les normes de services de traduction adoptées par le
[7] [8], [9] [5] [6]
Canada , la Chine , l’Europe (29 pays) et les États-Unis .
Un principe d’organisation de la présente Spécification technique est l’importance des spécifications structurées
des projets de traduction (telles qu’élaborées dans les Articles 6 et 7). Un système de prise de décision quant
à la manière de gérer les projets de traduction y est décrit. Ces décisions (spécifications de projet) deviennent
alors une ressource pour le demandeur (partie qui demande le produit d’une traduction, parfois appelée
«client») et le prestataire de services de traduction, tout au long d’un projet de traduction. Les spécifications
de projet peuvent être associées à un contrat exécutoire visant à définir le travail à réaliser. En l’absence de
contrat, il est possible de les associer à un bon de commande ou autre document de prise en charge de la
requête. Les spécifications de projet peuvent être développées et utilisées dans le cadre ou hors du cadre des
relations commerciales entre le client et le prestataire.
Une spécification implicite et essentielle de projet de traduction est que le contenu de la traduction soit
lisible dans la langue cible et corresponde, d’une certaine manière, au texte source. Toutefois, la nature de
la correspondance entre la source et la cible varie en fonction des besoins du projet, déterminés par les
spécifications de projet.
Dans la pratique, les demandeurs ne fournissent pas toujours les spécifications de projet. Toutefois, il ne s’agit
pas de la meilleure pratique. Il convient que les demandeurs et les PST établissent ensemble les spécifications
de projet. Ceux qui procèdent ainsi sont susceptibles d’être plus satisfaits par le projet de traduction et par le
produit de la traduction final. Si les demandeurs et les PST s’accordent sur des spécifications de projet, la qualité
d’une traduction (du point de vue du flux de travail et de la livraison finale) peut être déterminée par le degré de
correspondance du texte cible aux spécifications préalablement déterminées. Il convient que toutes les parties
concernées par la production d’une traduction puissent accéder aux spécifications de projet nécessaires.
Dès que le demandeur a reçu le produit de la traduction final, le rôle des spécifications de projet ne s’arrête
pas; elles constituent le point de départ de toute évaluation, qualitative et quantitative. Par conséquent, il serait
avantageux, pour toute norme d’évaluation, de prendre en compte le système de spécifications structurées
présenté dans la présente Spécification technique. L’association du produit de la traduction et des spécifications
de projet constitue le socle uniforme de l’évaluation. Les spécifications de projet peuvent être utilisées pour
orienter les évaluations réalisées par le PST ou l’utilisateur final. L’utilisation des mêmes spécifications par
toutes les parties évite de procéder à des évaluations reposant sur des opinions personnelles quant à la manière
dont il convient de traduire le texte source. Dans certains cas, les spécifications elles-mêmes apparaissent
obscures ou mal définies. Dans d’autres cas, il est déterminé que les spécifications n’ont pas été respectées.
Dans tous les cas, l’utilisation des spécifications de projet peut améliorer la communication dans la chaîne de
production de documents et favoriser l’amélioration permanente.
En résumé, la qualité des projets et des produits de la traduction résulte de l’élaboration et du respect de
spécifications de projet appropriées.
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SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
Projets de traduction — Lignes directrices générales
1 Domaine d’application
La présente Spécification technique fournit des lignes directrices générales pour toutes les phases d’un projet
de traduction. Elle a pour principal objet de faciliter la communication entre les parties impliquées dans un
projet. Elle s’adresse à toutes les parties prenantes d’un projet de traduction, notamment les personnes qui
demandent le service, celles qui l’assurent et celles qui utilisent les résultats du projet, en l’occurrence le
produit de la traduction. Elle est applicable à différents secteurs, y compris le secteur commercial, le secteur
des administrations publiques et les organisations à but non lucratif.
La présente Spécification technique offre un cadre de développement de spécifications structurées des projets
de traduction, sans couvrir les contrats exécutoires conclus entre les parties concernées par le projet de
traduction. Elle aborde l’assurance qualité et fournit la base d’une évaluation qualitative, sans préciser les
procédures de mesure quantitative de la qualité d’un produit de la traduction.
La présente Spécification technique n’est pas applicable aux services d’interprétation.
2 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
2.1 Termes liés à la traduction
2.1.1
traduire
transposer une information de la langue source (2.1.2) dans la langue cible (2.1.3) sous forme écrite
2.1.2
langue source
langue de départ du texte traduit dans la langue cible (2.1.3)
2.1.3
langue cible
langue d’arrivée du texte traduit à partir de la langue source (2.1.2)
2.1.4
texte source
texte et autre contenu à traduire (2.1.1)
Note à l’article: La taille et la complexité du texte source d’un projet de traduction peuvent être variables; il peut s’agir
par exemple d’un panneau de signalisation, d’un document d’une seule page, d’un ensemble de documents volumineux
ou de l’interface utilisateur d’un système logiciel complexe.
2.1.5
texte cible
texte et autre contenu traduit à partir du texte source (2.1.4)
Note à l’article: Le texte cible et le produit de la traduction (2.1.9) sont des concepts associés. En règle générale, le
produit de la traduction fait référence à la dernière étape ou à la fin d’un projet de traduction, après que le contenu a été
traduit ou a fait l’objet d’autres services de traduction, tels que la révision (2.2.2.2) ou la relecture d’expert (2.2.2.3). En
règle générale, le texte cible fait référence au texte tel qu’il se présente lorsqu’il fait l’objet de la traduction et des services
de traduction.
© ISO 2012 – Tous droits réservés 1
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
2.1.6
langue A
langue maternelle, ou langue équivalente à une langue maternelle, dans laquelle le traducteur traduit à partir
de sa langue B (2.1.7) et/ou langue C (2.1.8)
Note à l’article: En règle générale, la langue A est celle de la vie quotidienne du traducteur.
2.1.7
langue B
langue, différente de la langue maternelle, que le traducteur maîtrise parfaitement et à partir de laquelle il
traduit dans sa langue A (2.1.6)
2.1.8
langue C
langue qu’un traducteur maîtrise bien et à partir de laquelle il traduit parfois dans sa langue A (2.1.8)
Note à l’article: Les traducteurs maîtrisent parfois plusieurs langues C.
2.1.9
produit de la traduction
contenu créé dans le cadre du processus de traduction (2.2.2.1) et d’autres services de traduction
Note à l’article: Le produit de la traduction et le texte cible (2.1.5) sont des concepts associés. En règle générale, le
produit de la traduction fait référence à la dernière étape ou à la fin d’un projet de traduction, après que le contenu a été
traduit ou a fait l’objet d’autres services de traduction, tels que la révision (2.2.2.2) ou la relecture d’expert (2.2.2.3). En
règle générale, le texte cible fait référence au texte tel qu’il se présente lorsqu’il fait l’objet de la traduction et des services
de traduction.
2.1.10
particularité locale
valeur qui reflète la langue, les conventions locales et la culture propre à une région géographique
Note à l’article: Les conventions locales peuvent inclure les règles de mise en forme des dates, des heures et des
nombres, ainsi que d’autres conventions et préférences.
EXEMPLE Français Canada (fr-CA), chinois Singapour (zh-SG).
2.1.11
traduction explicite
type de traduction (2.2.2.1) dans lequel les aspects de la langue source (2.1.2) et de la culture source sont
intentionnellement laissés visibles
2.1.12
traduction implicite
type de traduction (2.2.2.1) destiné à faire apparaître le produit de la traduction (2.1.9) comme s’il avait été à
l’origine créé dans la langue cible (2.1.3) et dans la culture cible
2.1.13
mémoire de traduction
ensemble électronique de paires de segments en langue source et en langue cible
Note 1 à l’article: En général, un segment est une phrase, l’élément d’une énumération ou un en-tête.
Note 2 à l’article: La mémoire de traduction vise à faciliter l’extraction et l’utilisation d’un contenu déjà traduit.
2.1.14
bitexte
texte segmenté et lié aux segments correspondants du texte cible
2.1.15
compétence
aptitude à mettre en œuvre des connaissances et un savoir-faire afin d’obtenir les résultats attendus
2 © ISO 2012 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
2.2 Termes liés au projet de traduction
2.2.1 Termes relatifs aux parties prenantes
2.2.1.1
demandeur
personne ou organisation qui demande un service de traduction à un PST (2.2.1.2) ou à un prestataire de
services linguistiques (2.2.1.3)
Note 1 à l’article: En règle générale, le demandeur est la personne ou l’organisation qui demande et reçoit le produit de
la traduction (2.1.9) au nom des utilisateurs finals, et qui détermine directement ou indirectement la rémunération du PST
pour ce service. Dans le cas d’organisations gouvernementales ou à but non lucratif, de transactions à titre bénévole ou
de traductions en interne dans une société, il n’est parfois prévu aucune rémunération.
Note 2 à l’article: Dans le secteur commercial, le demandeur est parfois appelé client. Toutefois, ces termes sont ambigus
et peuvent faire référence à l’utilisateur final (2.2.1.6). C’est la raison pour laquelle le terme «demandeur» est préféré.
2.2.1.2
PST
prestataire de services de traduction
personne ou entité fournissant un service de traduction
EXEMPLE Les sociétés de traduction, les agences de traduction, les traducteurs indépendants, les traducteurs
internes, les réviseurs, les relecteurs-experts, les organisations de traduction (à but lucratif, à but non lucratif,
gouvernementales).
Note 1 à l’article: Les concepts de prestataire de services de traduction et prestataire de services linguistiques (2.2.1.3)
sont liés par une relation générique, prestataire de services linguistiques étant le concept générique et prestataire de
services de traduction le concept spécifique. En général, les PST ne proposent que des services de traduction, pouvant
inclure la révision (2.2.2.2) ou la relecture d’expert (2.2.2.3). Selon leurs qualifications et aptitudes, les PST peuvent
proposer d’autres services.
Note 2 à l’article: Souvent, un PST de taille importante demande à plusieurs PST de taille plus petite d’assurer chacun
une partie d’un projet de traduction (la traduction vers une langue cible chacun, par exemple). Il peut même exister plus
de deux niveaux de prestataires. Toutefois, dans ces cas-là, chaque PST est considéré comme un prestataire, et non
comme un demandeur (2.2.1.1). Seule la personne ou l’entité à l’origine de la requête initiale adressée au PST est appelée
«demandeur» dans le présent document.
2.2.1.3
prestataire de services linguistiques
PSL
personne ou entité qui propose des services de traduction, d’interprétation et/ou d’autres services linguistiques,
tels que de transcription, de gestion terminologique ou de voix hors champ
Note 1 à l’article: Les concepts de prestataire de services linguistiques et prestataire de services de traduction (2.2.1.2)
sont liés par une relation générique, prestataire de services linguistiques étant le concept générique et prestataire de
services de traduction le concept spécifique. En général, les PST ne proposent que des services de traduction, pouvant
inclure la révision (2.2.2.2) ou la relecture d’expert (2.2.2.3). Dans certains cas, les prestataires de services linguistiques
proposent essentiellement des services de traduction, mais en plusieurs langues.
Note 2 à l’article: En anglais, LSP est le terme abrégé de language service provider (prestataire de services linguistiques)
et de language for specific purposes (langue de spécialité). Toutefois, dans la version anglaise de la présente Spécification
technique, LSP fait uniquement référence au prestataire de services linguistiques.
2.2.1.4
traducteur
personne qui traduit (2.1.1)
2.2.1.5
traducteur indépendant
traducteur (2.2.1.4) qui propose des services externes à plusieurs demandeurs directement et/ou à plusieurs
PST (2.2.1.2), ou une combinaison des deux, dans le cadre de projets
© ISO 2012 – Tous droits réservés 3
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
2.2.1.6
utilisateur final
personne ou groupe de personnes qui utilise en dernier le produit de la traduction (2.1.9)
Note à l’article: L’utilisateur final est souvent différent du demandeur (2.2.1.1).
2.2.1.7
réviseur
personne qui procède à la révision (2.2.2.2)
2.2.1.8
relecteur-expert
personne qui procède à la relecture d’expert (2.2.2.3)
2.2.2 Termes relatifs aux tâches du projet de traduction
2.2.2.1
traduction
processus consistant à traduire (2.1.1)
2.2.2.2
révision
correction bilingue du texte cible (2.1.5) reposant sur la comparaison entre le texte source (2.1.4) et le texte cible
2.2.2.3
relecture d’expert
correction monolingue du texte cible (2.1.5) en fonction des conventions liées au ou aux domaines (2.3.2)
auxquels appartient le texte cible
2.2.2.4
localisation
processus d’adaptation des produits et services aux différentes particularités locales (2.1.10)
Note à l’article: La localisation consiste en 1) la traduction de matériaux textuels en fonction des particularités locales
cibles et 2) l’adaptation de matériaux non textuels en fonction des mêmes particularités. La localisation inclut les
mécanismes d’entrée, de sortie et de livraison.
2.2.2.5
traduction inverse
retraduction du texte cible (2.1.5) vers la langue source (2.1.2)
Note à l’article: La traduction inverse peut être mal comprise ou mal utilisée. Pour plus de détails, voir en 7.3.2 la
discussion sur la traduction inverse.
2.2.2.6
traduction automatique
processus au cours duquel le texte source (2.1.4) est fourni à un système informatique qui va générer le texte
cible (2.1.5) sans intervention humaine
2.2.2.7
traduction automatique brute
résultat de la traduction automatique (2.2.2.6) avant post-édition (2.2.2.8)
2.2.2.8
post-édition
révision d’une traduction automatique brute (2.2.2.7)
2.2.3 Termes relatifs au cadre des spécifications de projet
2.2.3.1
spécification de projet
valeur d’un paramètre de traduction (2.2.3.2) en fonction d’un projet de traduction particulier
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
2.2.3.2
paramètre de traduction
l’un des ensembles de facteurs, d’activités, d’éléments et d’attributs essentiels d’un projet donné utilisé pour
créer des spécifications de projet (2.2.3.1)
Note 1 à l’article: L’ensemble des paramètres de traduction énumérés en 7.2 s’applique à tous les projets de traduction;
les valeurs des paramètres (spécifications de projet) sont déterminées pour chaque projet afin de définir complètement les
conditions et le résultat de la traduction (2.2.2.1).
Note 2 à l’article: Il existe plusieurs catégories de paramètres de traduction, notamment les paramètres linguistiques, les
paramètres de production, les paramètres d’environnement, etc.
Note 3 à l’article: Dans le contexte des projets de traduction, le terme paramètre de traduction est souvent appelé
«paramètre» pour des raisons pratiques.
2.2.3.3
sous-paramètre de traduction
sous-division d’un paramètre de traduction (2.2.3.2)
EXEMPLE Sous-paramètre 19a: Droits d’auteur.
2.3 Termes linguistiques
2.3.1
type de texte
classe à laquelle est attribué le contenu selon sa fonction, son format ou l’intention de l’auteur en fonction
du public visé
2.3.2
domaine
domaine d’activité caractérisé par un corpus cognitif, terminologique et phraséologique particulier
2.3.3
registre
registre d’utilisation
ensemble des propriétés caractéristiques d’un type particulier de contenu, qui tient compte de la nature de la
relation entre le créateur et le public visé, du sujet traité et du degré de formalité ou de familiarité du contenu
2.3.4
interprétation
transposition de l’information verbale ou signée d’une langue source (2.1.2) dans une langue cible (2.1.3) sous
forme orale ou signée
3 Collaboration — Demandeurs et prestataires de services de traduction (PST)
3.1 Répartition du travail
Le présent article propose aux demandeurs des suggestions quant à la manière d’identifier un PST compétent
pour des projets de traduction. De plus, les PST peuvent consulter l’article pour déterminer les conditions dans
lesquelles il convient ou pas d’accepter le travail proposé par les demandeurs.
La répartition du travail entre le demandeur et le PST peut considérablement varier, la plupart des tâches
pouvant être effectuées par l’un ou par l’autre. C’est la raison pour laquelle il convient de déterminer et de
formaliser la répartition du travail dans les spécifications de projet (voir l’Article 6).
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ISO/TS 11669:2012(F)
3.2 Sélection des PST
3.2.1 Différents types de PST
3.2.1.1 PST internes
Le cas échéant, les demandeurs peuvent sélectionner les PST au sein de leur organisation. Sinon, ils peuvent
choisir d’externaliser leur contenu à des PST.
Le cas échéant, les PST peuvent choisir du personnel en interne pour traduire le contenu du demandeur. Ils
ont également la possibilité d’externaliser le contenu à d’autres PST.
3.2.1.2 PST à plusieurs personnes
Les PST à plusieurs personnes sont souvent des sociétés de traduction. Ils ont souvent une capacité de
traduction plus importante que des traducteurs indépendants.
Les PST à plusieurs personnes peuvent en employer d’autres, y compris des traducteurs indépendants.
Souvent, un PST de taille importante (parfois appelé prestataire de services linguistiques) demande à plusieurs
PST de taille plus petite d’assurer chacun une partie d’un projet de traduction (la traduction vers une langue
cible chacun, par exemple). Il peut même exister plus de deux niveaux de prestataires. Toutefois, dans ces
cas-là, chaque PST est considéré comme un prestataire, et pas comme un demandeur.
3.2.1.3 Traducteurs indépendants
Un traducteur indépendant est un PST officiant pour son propre compte.
Si les demandeurs travaillent directement avec un traducteur indépendant, il convient de désigner un chef de
projet qui va développer les spécifications de projet en fonction des exigences initiales du demandeur (voir 5.2).
Il convient que le chef de projet assure le respect des spécifications tout au long du projet, particulièrement lors
des phases de production et de post-production (voir les détails en 5.3 et 5.4, respectivement).
Si les spécifications de projet convenues prévoient de réviser la traduction, il convient qu’une personne autre
que le traducteur s’en charge. La seule exception à cette pratique est l’absence d’une personne plus qualifiée
que le traducteur pour réviser le produit de la traduction, auquel cas il convient que le traducteur procède
lui-même à une révision approfondie de son travail. Toutefois, il convient que les demandeurs et les PST
n’oublient pas que certaines normes régionales et nationales en matière de traduction exigent, avec certaines
exceptions, qu’une personne autre que le traducteur révise chaque traduction. Les traducteurs indépendants
peuvent satisfaire à cette exigence en s’arrangeant avec d’autres PST pour réviser leur travail.
3.2.2 Sélection d’un PST compétent
Avant de choisir un PST, il convient que les demandeurs définissent en premier lieu les spécifications de projet
pr
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