SIST EN 15967:2022

Determination of maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise of gases and vapours

The European Standard test method is designed to produce measurements of explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure, the rate of explosion pressure rise and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise of a quiescent flammable gas/air/inert mixture in closed volume at ambient temperature and pressure. In this European Standard, the term "gas" includes vapours but not mists. Detonation and decomposition phenomena are not considered in this European Standard.
The pressures and rates of pressure rise measured by the procedures specified in this European Standard are not applicable to flameproof enclosures, that is enclosures intended to withstand an internal explosion and not to transmit it to an external explosive atmosphere, or any other closed volume where the internal geometry can result in pressure piling. Even in an enclosure of relatively simple geometry the disposition of the internal components can lead to rates of pressure rise significantly higher than those measured using this European Standard. This European Standard does not apply to the design and testing of flameproof enclosures in conformity with EN 13463-6 (for non-electrical equipment) and EN 60079-1 (for electrical equipment).

Verfahren zur Bestimmung des maximalen Explosionsdruckes und des maximalen zeitlichen Druckanstieges für Gase und Dämpfe

Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Explosionsdrucks und des maximalen Explosionsdrucks sowie des zeitlichen Explosionsdruckanstieges und des maximalen zeitlichen Explosionsdruckanstieges eines ruhenden Gemischs aus brennbarem Gas (Brennstoff), Luft und Inertgas bei Umgebungsbedingungen in geschlossenen Behältern ohne Einbauten fest. In diesem Dokument schließt der Begriff „Gas“ auch Dämpfe, jedoch keine Nebel, ein. Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für Bedingungen, unter denen Detonations- und Zersetzungsphänomene auftreten können.
Die nach den in diesem Dokument festgelegten Verfahren gemessenen Drücke und zeitlichen Druckanstiege sind für die Auslegung von druckfesten Kapselungen, das sind Umschließungen, die konstruktiv so ausgelegt sind, dass sie einer im Innern stattfindenden Explosion standhalten und diese nicht in eine äußere explosionsfähige Atmosphäre übertragen, oder anderen geschlossenen Behältern, deren innere Geometrie zu einer Drucküberhöhung führen kann, nicht anwendbar. Selbst in einer Umschließung von relativ einfacher Geometrie können Einbauten zu wesentlich höheren Explosionsdrücken als den nach diesem Dokument gemessenen führen. Dieses Dokument gilt nicht für die Konstruktion und Prüfung von druckfesten Kapselungen nach den Anforderungen von EN 13463-6 (für nicht elektrische Betriebsmittel) und EN 60079-1 (für elektrische Betriebsmittel).

Détermination de la pression maximale d'explosion et de la vitesse maximale de montée en pression des gaz et des vapeurs

Le présent document spécifie une méthode d’essai conçue pour fournir des mesures de la pression
d’explosion et de la pression maximale d’explosion, ainsi que des mesures de la vitesse de montée en
pression et de la vitesse maximale de montée en pression d’un mélange gaz inflammable/air/gaz inerte,
dans un volume clos, à température et pression ambiantes. Dans le présent document, le terme « gaz »
inclut les vapeurs mais n’inclut pas les brouillards. Les phénomènes de détonation et de décomposition
explosive ne sont pas pris en compte dans la présente Norme européenne.
Les pressions et les vitesses de montée en pression mesurées selon les modes opératoires spécifiés
dans le présent document ne sont pas applicables aux enveloppes antidéflagrantes, c’est-à-dire aux
enveloppes destinées à résister à une explosion interne et à ne pas la transmettre à l’atmosphère
explosive externe ou à tout autre volume fermé où la géométrie interne peut entraîner une
accumulation de pression. Même dans une enveloppe dont la géométrie est relativement simple, la
disposition des éléments internes peut conduire à des vitesses de montée en pression nettement
supérieures à celles mesurées selon le présent document. Le présent document ne s’applique pas à la
conception et aux essais des enveloppes antidéflagrantes conformes à l’EN 13463-6 (pour le matériel
non électrique) et à l’EN 60079-1 (pour le matériel électrique).

Ugotavljanje največjega tlaka eksplozije in največje hitrosti naraščanja tlaka plinov in hlapov

Preskusna metoda v tem evropskem standardu je zasnovana za merjenje tlaka eksplozije, največjega tlaka eksplozije, hitrosti naraščanja tlaka eksplozije in največje hitrosti naraščanja tlaka eksplozije neaktivne vnetljive mešanice plinov/zraka/inertnih plinov v zaprti prostornini pri temperaturi in zračnem tlaku okolice. Izraz »plin« v tem evropskem standardu vključuje hlape, ne pa tudi meglic. Pojavi detonacije in razkroja niso zajeti v tem evropskem standardu.
Tlaki in hitrosti naraščanja tlaka, izmerjeni s postopki iz tega evropskega standarda, se ne uporabljajo za ognjevarna ohišja, tj. ohišja, ki naj bi bila odporna na notranjo eksplozijo in naj je ne bi prenesla v zunanjo eksplozivno atmosfero ali katero koli drugo zaprto prostornino, kjer lahko notranja geometrija povzroči kopičenje tlaka. Tudi v ohišju s sorazmerno preprosto geometrijo so zaradi razporeditve notranjih sestavnih delov hitrosti naraščanja tlaka lahko znatno večje od hitrosti, izmerjenih z uporabo tega evropskega standarda. Ta evropski standard se ne uporablja za načrtovanje in preskušanje ognjevarnih ohišij v skladu s standardoma EN 13463-6 (za neelektrično opremo) in EN 60079-1 (za električno opremo).

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 30-Oct-2020
• Publication Date: 28-Mar-2022
• ICS: 13.230 - Explosion protection
• Technical Committee: EXP - Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 28-Jan-2022
• Due Date: 04-Apr-2022
• Completion Date: 29-Mar-2022
• Directive: 2006/42/EC - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast)
• Directive: 2014/34/EU - Directive 2014/34/EU Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (recast)
• Mandate: M/BC/CEN/92/46 - Standardization mandate assigned to CEN/CENELEC concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
• Ref Project: EN 15967:2022 - Determination of maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise of gases and vapours

RELATIONS

• Revised: SIST EN 15967:2011 - Determination of maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise of gases and vapours
• Effective Date: 31-Jan-2018
• Replaces: SIST EN 15967:2011 - Determination of maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise of gases and vapours
• Effective Date: 26-Jan-2022
• Replaces: SIST EN 15967:2011 - Determination of maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise of gases and vapours
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 15967:2022
01-maj-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 15967:2011

Ugotavljanje največjega tlaka eksplozije in največje hitrosti naraščanja tlaka plinov

in hlapov

Determination of maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise of

gases and vapours
Verfahren zur Bestimmung des maximalen Explosionsdruckes und des maximalen
zeitlichen Druckanstieges für Gase und Dämpfe

Détermination de la pression maximale d'explosion et de la vitesse maximale de montée

en pression des gaz et des vapeurs
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 15967:2022
ICS:
13.230 Varstvo pred eksplozijo Explosion protection
SIST EN 15967:2022 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 15967:2022
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SIST EN 15967:2022
EN 15967
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
January 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.230; B Supersedes EN 15967:2011
English Version
Determination of maximum explosion pressure and the
maximum rate of pressure rise of gases and vapours

Détermination de la pression maximale d'explosion et Verfahren zur Bestimmung des maximalen

de la vitesse maximale de montée en pression des gaz Explosionsdruckes und des maximalen zeitlichen

et des vapeurs Druckanstieges für Gase und Dämpfe
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 December 2021.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this

European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references

concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN

member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by

translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management

Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 15967:2022 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 15967:2022
EN 15967:2022 (E)
Contents Page

European foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 6

3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 6

4 Test method ............................................................................................................................................ 7

4.1 Principle ................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Apparatus ................................................................................................................................................ 7

4.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.2 Test Vessel ............................................................................................................................................... 8

4.2.3 Equipment for preparing the test mixture .................................................................................. 8

4.2.4 Ignition system ...................................................................................................................................... 8

4.2.5 Pressure measuring system .............................................................................................................. 9

4.2.6 Initial temperature measuring device ........................................................................................ 10

4.2.7 Safety aspects ....................................................................................................................................... 10

4.3 Preparation and preservation of test samples ......................................................................... 11

4.4 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................. 12

4.4.1 Preparation of the test mixture ..................................................................................................... 12

4.4.2 Determination of the explosion pressure p , the maximum explosion pressure p ,

ex max
the rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt) and the maximum rate of explosion

pressure rise (dp/dt) .................................................................................................................. 12

max

4.5 Expression of results ......................................................................................................................... 15

4.5.1 Common aspects .................................................................................................................................. 15

4.5.2 Explosion pressure and maximum explosion pressure ........................................................ 15

4.5.3 Rate of pressure rise and maximum rate of pressure rise .................................................. 16

4.6 Test report ............................................................................................................................................. 17

Annex A (normative) Verification of maximum explosion pressure values ............................... 19

Annex B (normative) Verification of maximum rate of pressure rise .......................................... 20

Annex C (normative) Smoothing of pressure-time curves ................................................................ 23

Annex D (informative) Conversion of the values for the flammable substance content........ 27

D.1 Abbreviations and symbols ............................................................................................................. 27

D.2 Substance characteristics of air ..................................................................................................... 27

D.3 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................. 28

D.4 Preparation of the test mixture ..................................................................................................... 28

Annex E (informative) Example of an evaporator equipment for liquid flammable substances

................................................................................................................................................................... 31

Annex F (informative) Example for test report form .......................................................................... 33

Annex G (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and

the previous editions ......................................................................................................................... 36

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Annex H (informative) Approximate dependence of the explosion pressure ratio on

temperature ......................................................................................................................................... 37

H.1 Definition of parameters .................................................................................................................. 37

H.2 Deriving an equation for approximating the temperature dependence of the

explosion pressure ratio .................................................................................................................. 37

Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of Directive 2014/34/EU aimed to be covered ........................................... 39

Annex ZB (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered ............................................ 40

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 41

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SIST EN 15967:2022
EN 15967:2022 (E)
European foreword

This document (EN 15967:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 “Potentially

explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an

identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2022, and conflicting national standards shall be

withdrawn at the latest by July 2022.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 15967:2011.
Significant technical differences between the editions can be found in Annex G.

This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European

Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU

Directive(s) / Regulation(s).

For relationship with EU Directive(s) / Regulation(s), see informative Annex ZA and ZB, which are

integral parts of this document.

Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.

A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the

following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,

Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North

Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United

Kingdom.
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SIST EN 15967:2022
EN 15967:2022 (E)
Introduction
This document describes test methods for the determination of:
— the explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure;

— the rate of explosion pressure rise and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise of a quiescent

flammable gas/air/inert mixture at ambient temperature and pressure.

Maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of explosion pressure rise are used for designing

explosion protection measures, such as explosion pressure resistant or explosion pressure shock

resistant apparatus, explosion venting and explosion suppression. These characteristics are particularly

influenced by:
— the size and shape of the vessel;
— the type and energy of the ignition source;
— the temperature and pressure;
— the level of turbulence.

It is therefore necessary to standardize the conditions at which the maximum explosion pressure and the

maximum rate of explosion pressure rise are determined.
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EN 15967:2022 (E)
1 Scope

This document specifies a test method that is designed to measure the explosion pressure and the

maximum explosion pressure, the rate of explosion pressure rise and the maximum rate of explosion

pressure rise of a quiescent flammable gas/air/inert mixture in closed volume at ambient temperature

and pressure. In this document, the term “gas” includes vapours but not mists. Detonation and

decomposition phenomena are not considered in this document.

The pressures and rates of pressure rise measured by the procedures specified in this document are not

applicable to flameproof enclosures, i.e. enclosures intended to withstand an internal explosion and not

to transmit it to an external explosive atmosphere, or any other closed volume where the internal

geometry can result in pressure piling. Even in an enclosure of relatively simple geometry the disposition

of the internal components can lead to rates of pressure rise significantly higher than those measured

using this document. This document does not apply to the design and testing of flameproof enclosures in

conformity with EN ISO 80079-37 (for non-electrical equipment) and EN 60079-1 (for electrical

equipment).
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 13237:2012, Potentially explosive atmospheres - Terms and definitions for equipment and protective

systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13237:2012 and the following

apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
explosion pressure

highest pressure occurring in a closed vessel during the explosion of a specific mixture of flammable

substances with air or air and inert gases determined under specified test conditions

Note 1 to entry: is expressed as absolute pressure with gases and vapours in this standard and as overpressure

with dusts in EN 14034.
3.2
maximum explosion pressure
max

maximum value of explosion pressure measured in the tests for explosion pressure when the content of

the flammable substances in the mixture is varied

Note 1 to entry: p is expressed as absolute pressure with gases and vapours in this standard and as

max
overpressure with dusts in EN 14034.
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3.3
rate of explosion pressure rise
dp / dt
( )

highest value of the slope (first derivative) of the pressure-time curve (smoothed if necessary), measured

in a closed vessel during the explosion of a specific mixture of flammable substances with air or air and

inert substances determined under specified test conditions
3.4
maximum rate of explosion pressure rise
dp / dt
( )
max

maximum value of the explosion pressure rise per unit time measured in the tests when the content of

the flammable substances in the mixture is varied

Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this document, all pressures are expressed in kPa and rate of explosion pressure

rises are expressed in MPa/s.
3.5
scatter

modulus of the difference between the individual measured value and the mean of the three measured

values;
3.6
relative scatter
Scatter divided by the mean of the three measured values
4 Test method
4.1 Principle

An explosive test mixture is ignited by a defined ignition source which is positioned in the centre of a test

vessel. By means of a pressure measuring system the pressure-time curve that develops following the

ignition of the test mixture is recorded.

From the pressure- time curve the highest rate of explosion pressure rise dp / dt is calculated, and

( )
the highest pressure p is determined.

Repeat measurements are made with stepwise variations in the content of flammable gas in the mixture.

a) The maximum explosion pressure p is determined as the maximum observed value of p .

max ex

b) The maximum rate of explosion pressure rise dp / dt is determined as the maximum observed

( )
max
value of .
dp / dt
( )
4.2 Apparatus
4.2.1 General
The test apparatus consists of:
— a test vessel;
— equipment for preparing the test mixture;
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EN 15967:2022 (E)
— an ignition system;
— a pressure measuring system;
— a temperature measuring device;
— safety equipment.
4.2.2 Test Vessel

The test vessel shall be spherical or cylindrical. The internal volume of the test vessel shall be equal to or

greater than 0,005 m . If a cylindrical vessel is used, the length to diameter ratio shall be equal to 1 ± 0,05.

The test vessel and any equipment (valves, igniter, transducer, etc.) fitted on the vessel shall be designed

to withstand a maximum pressure of at least 2 000 kPa.

NOTE Guidance on the design of the test vessel can be found in EN 14460, EN 13445-3 and EN 13480-3.

The vessel shall be made of stainless steel or any material free of any catalytic effects and resistant to

corrosion from the initial gas mixture and the products of combustion.

The test vessel shall be fitted with sufficient ports to allow filling, evacuating and purging.

4.2.3 Equipment for preparing the test mixture

The test mixture can be prepared by a partial pressure method or mixing together flows of the component

substances. This can be done in the test vessel or outside.

If the test mixture is prepared by a partial pressure method, the vessel used for the preparation of the

mixture shall be fitted with:
a) a vacuum pump and a vacuum gauge;
b) pressure gauges;
c) a means of achieving a uniform test mixture (e.g. a stirrer).
If the test mixture is prepared by mixing flows, the necessary components are:
d) flow meters (mass or volume flow meters);
e) a means of achieving a uniform test mixture (e.g. mixing chamber);
f) an evaporator if liquid samples are used (see Annex E for an example).

The equipment for preparing the test mixture shall be designed in such a way that the flammable gas

content in the test mixture is measured with a maximum uncertainty of measurement of ± 10 % relative

for a flammable gas content up to a mole fraction of x(S) = 5 % or ± 0,5 % absolute for a flammable gas

content above a mole fraction of x(S) = 5 %.
4.2.4 Ignition system
4.2.4.1 General

The igniter shall be positioned in the centre of the test vessel. Recommended ignition systems are

induction spark and fusing wire. The test report shall state which ignition source was used.

For some special mixtures it may be necessary to use a different ignition system in order to achieve

ignition of the mixture. If an alternative ignition source is used it shall be fully described in the test report.

It is also recommended that specialist advice is sought on the interpretation of the results.

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4.2.4.2 Induction spark

A series of induction sparks between two electrodes is used as the ignition source.

Stainless steel is a suitable material for the electrodes. The electrodes shall be positioned at the centre of

the vessel. They shall be pointed rods with a maximum diameter of 4 mm. The angle of the tips shall be

(60 ± 3) °. The distance between the tips shall be (5 ± 0,1) mm. The electrodes shall be mounted in the

vessel so they are gas tight at the highest pressures generated during the test. The mounting shall be

resistant to heat and the test mixture, and provide adequate electrical insulation from the test vessel

body.

A high voltage transformer, with a root mean square voltage of 13 kV to 16 kV (AC) and a short circuit

current of 20 mA to 30 mA, shall be used for producing the ignition spark. The primary winding of the

high voltage transformer shall be connected to the mains via a timer set to the required discharge time.

The spark discharge time shall be adjusted to (0,2 ± 0,02) s. If a spark discharge time of 0,2 s does not

result in ignition of the test mixture, the test may be repeated with a spark discharge time of up to

(0,5 ± 0,02) s.

NOTE The power of the spark depends on the gas mixture and its pressure. In air at atmospheric conditions

according to calorimetric and electric measurements such a source gives a spark with a power of approximately

10 W.
4.2.4.3 Fusing wire

This ignition device generates an electric arc by passing an electrical current along a length of straight

fusing wire connected between two metal rods.

The electrical power for melting the wire and generating the arc is supplied from an isolating transformer.

The ignition energy delivered by the arc depends on the duration of the arc and the power rating of the

isolating transformer. The energy delivered shall be in the range 10 J to 20 J, as over this range of energies

there is no significant effect on the explosion pressure. This is achieved by limiting the power rating of

the isolating transformer to between 0,7 kVA and 3,5 kVA and by the use of a phase control technique.

The latter is a chopping technique that allows only part of the AC waveform from the transformer

secondary windings to energize the wire.

Brass or stainless steel are suitable materials for the rods. The rods shall be parallel to each other with a

separation distance of (5 ± 1) mm. For the fusing wire a straight length of NiCr wire (diameter 0,05 mm

to 0,2 mm) shall be soldered to the tips of the metal rods. The rods shall be positioned in the test vessel

so the fusing wire is at the centre of the vessel. The electrodes shall be mounted in the vessel so they are

gas tight at the highest pressures generated during the test. The mounting shall be resistant to heat and

the test mixture, and provide adequate electrical insulation from the test vessel body.

To reduce the time required for replacing the fusing wire after a test, the rods may be mounted in a plug

that can be screwed into the test vessel wall.

The cross-section of the wires connecting the transformer to the rods shall be between 2,5 mm and

7 mm . The length of the wires shall be less than 5 m. The diameter of the rods shall be between 1,5 mm

and 5 mm.

If, for practical reasons, the diameter of the rods shall be less than 3 mm additional mechanical support

may be necessary.
4.2.5 Pressure measuring system
The pressure measuring system consists of:
a) a pressure transducer;

1) The pressure transducer(s) shall be fitted in the test vessel, with the head flush with the internal

wall.
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2) The pressure transducer(s) shall be able to measure pressures up to 2000 kPa. Pressure

transducers of lower range may be used if lower explosion pressures are expected.

3) The pressure transducer(s) shall have a resonance frequency of at least 20 kHz.

b) an amplifier;
c) a data recording system.

1) The data recording system shall have a resolution of at least 12 bit and either a sampling rate of

at least 20 kHz, or a sampling rate of at least 500 / t samples per second.

2) t is the time from ignition to the maximum explosion pressure (see Figure C.1 and Figure C.2).

The pressure measuring system shall have a bandwidth of at least 10 kHz.
To ensure reliability, two pressure measuring systems may be used.

The pressure measuring system shall have an accuracy such that the initial and explosion pressures are

measured to ± 5 kPa or better.
The pressure measuring system shall have a time resolution of at least 0,1 ms.
4.2.6 Initial temperature measuring device

Any suitable thermocouple with appropriate recording equipment may be used to record this value.

Recording the initial temperature is necessary, because especially p and p are temperature

ex max
dependent.
4.2.7 Safety aspects

Ensure that all work is conducted within local and national regulations. Precautions shall be taken to

safeguard the health of personnel conducting the tests against the different hazards that may occur

during the test e.g.:

a) to prevent a leak of the mixture or waste gases outside the vessel, the gas tightness of the vessel shall

be checked;

b) to prevent rupture of the test vessel, it shall be designed to withstand a maximum pressure of at least

2 000 kPa (see 4.2.2), as this can be assumed to be higher than the maximum explosion pressure

likely to be generated during a test;

c) if the test mixture is prepared in a separate vessel, this vessel and the connecting line shall be

designed to withstand the maximum explosion pressure;

d) if the test mixture is prepared by mixing together flows of the component substances, measures to

prevent a destructive flashback (which may lead to a deflagration or detonation) into the piping or

mixing devices shall be implemented;

e) to prevent injuries to the operator from flying fragments, all parts of the apparatus shall be

adequately shielded in case of explosion;

f) adequate ventilation shall be provided to prevent the accumulation of flammable materials leading

to the formation of an explosive atmosphere in the laboratory as a result of:
1) purging of the apparatus;
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2) exhaust from the vacuum pump; or
3) leaks from the apparatus;

g) mixtures formed during this test method will have very low ignition energies and very high explosion

pressures. Suitable precautions shall be taken to avoid ignition;

h) when analysing explosive mixtures it shall be ensured that the analysis device does not comprise an

effective ignition source where an ignition may propagate back into the apparatus;

i) all electrical connections shall be adequately insulated to prevent electrocution or shock to

personnel;

j) measures shall be taken prior to preparing the mixture to ensure that the substances can be mixed

without risk;

k) measures shall be taken to prevent hazards arising from the handling of toxic, flammable gases or

combustion products;

l) the handling of flammable liquids shall be carried out in such a manner that the risk of a fire is

minimized;

m) the handling of gas cylinders shall be carried out in such a manner that the risk of an explosion is

minimized;

n) in the event of ignition system failure, the explosive mixture will still be present at the end of the test,

purge and dilute to render non-flammable.
4.3 Preparation and preservation of test samples
The components of the test mixture shall fulfil the following requirements:

a) Air: the air shall be free of water and oil (less than 100 ppmV, respectively). If synthetic air is used,

it shall be stated in the report.

b) Inert: the purity of the inert, or the mixture of inerts, shall be x(inert) = 99,8 % or better. If a mixture

of inerts is used, the composition of the mixture shall be stated in the test report.

c) Flammable gas: the flammable gas may be derived from:
1) a single substance or a mixture of substances;
2) a process sample (of known or unknown composition).

When a single substance or a mixture of substances is used, the purity of each substance shall be

x(inert) = 99,8 % or better. In the case of a mixture of substances or a process sample of known

composition, the precision of the composition shall be stated in the test report. In the case of a process

sample of unknown composition, the sample shall be defined as well as possible (e.g. process conditions,

lower explosion limit).

If the flammable gas is derived from a liquid containing more than one component, the gas phase

composition can differ from the composition of the liquid phase and when large quantities of the gas are

drawn off, the composition of both the liquid and gas phases can change with time. For these reasons, the

test sample shall be taken from the liquid phase.
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4.4 Procedure
4.4.1 Preparation of the test mixture
4.4.1.1 General

If liquefied gases or liquids are used, it is necessary to ensure that there is no condensation.

NOTE Condensation can be prevented by checking the vapour pressure of the substances and by local heating

to prevent cooling at certain parts of the apparatus (e.g. valves).

The test mixture may be prepared by the method of partial pressures or by the method of mixing flows,

either inside or outside the test vessel.
4.4.1.2 Preparation of the test mixture by partial pressures

If the preparation of the test mixture includes evacuating the vessel, the amount of air remaining shall be

taken into account when calculating the partial pressures
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 15967:2020
01-oktober-2020

Ugotavljanje največjega tlaka eksplozije in največje hitrosti naraščanja tlaka plinov

in hlapov

Determination of maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise of

gases and vapours
Verfahren zur Bestimmung des maximalen Explosionsdruckes und des maximalen
zeitlichen Druckanstieges für Gase und Dämpfe

Détermination de la pression maximale d'explosion et de la vitesse maximale de montée

en pression des gaz et des vapeurs
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 15967
ICS:
13.230 Varstvo pred eksplozijo Explosion protection
oSIST prEN 15967:2020 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 15967:2020
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oSIST prEN 15967:2020
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 15967
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2020
ICS 13.230 Will supersede EN 15967:2011
English Version
Determination of maximum explosion pressure and the
maximum rate of pressure rise of gases and vapours

Détermination de la pression maximale d'explosion et Verfahren zur Bestimmung des maximalen

de la vitesse maximale de montée en pression des gaz Explosionsdruckes und des maximalen zeitlichen

et des vapeurs Druckanstieges für Gase und Dämpfe

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 305.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 15967:2020 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page

European foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 4

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 5

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 5

3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 5

4 Test Method ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

4.1 Principle ............................................................................................................................................................. 6

4.2 Apparatus .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

4.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................ 6

4.2.2 Test Vessel ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.3 Equipment for preparing the test mixture ............................................................................................ 7

4.2.4 Ignition System ................................................................................................................................................ 7

4.2.5 Pressure Measuring System ........................................................................................................................ 8

4.2.6 Temperature Measuring Device ................................................................................................................ 9

4.2.7 Safety Aspects ................................................................................................................................................... 9

4.3 Preparation and preservation of test samples ................................................................................... 10

4.4 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

4.4.1 Preparation of the test mixture ............................................................................................................... 10

, the maximum explosion pressure p ,
4.4.2 Determination of the explosion pressure pex max
the rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt) and the maximum rate of explosion

pressure rise (dp/dt) .............................................................................................................................. 11

max

4.5 Expression of results ................................................................................................................................... 14

4.5.1 Common aspects ............................................................................................................................................ 14

4.5.2 Explosion pressure and maximum explosion pressure .................................................................. 14

4.5.3 Rate of pressure rise and maximum rate of pressure rise ............................................................ 15

4.6 Test report ....................................................................................................................................................... 16

Annex A (normative) Verification of maximum explosion pressure values ......................................... 18

Annex B (normative) Verification of maximum rate of pressure rise .................................................... 19

Annex C (normative) Smoothing of pressure-time curves .......................................................................... 22

Annex D (informative) Conversion of the values for the flammable substance content.................. 26

Annex E (informative) Example of an evaporator equipment for liquid flammable

substances ....................................................................................................................................................... 30

Annex F (informative) Example for test report form .................................................................................... 32

Annex G (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and

the previous editions ................................................................................................................................... 35

Annex H (informative) Approximate dependence of the explosion pressure ratio on

temperature .................................................................................................................................................... 36

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 40

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European foreword

This document (prEN 15967:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305

“Potentially explosive atmospheres — explosion prevention and protection”, the secretariat of which is

held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 15967:2011.

This document has been prepared under a standardization request given to CEN by the European

Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of

EU Directives.

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, and Annex ZB, which are an integral

part of this document.
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Introduction
This document describes test methods for the determination of:
— the explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure; and

— the rate of explosion pressure rise and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise; of a quiescent

flammable gas/air/inert mixture at ambient temperature and pressure.

Maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of explosion pressure rise are used for designing

explosion protection measures, such as explosion pressure resistant or explosion pressure shock

resistant apparatus, explosion venting and explosion suppression. These characteristics are particularly

influenced by:
— the size and shape of the vessel;
— the type and energy of the ignition source;
— the temperature and pressure;
— the turbulence.

It is therefore necessary to standardize the conditions at which the maximum explosion pressure and

the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise are determined.
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1 Scope

This document specifies a test method that is designed to produce measurements of explosion pressure

and the maximum explosion pressure, the rate of explosion pressure rise and the maximum rate of

explosion pressure rise of a quiescent flammable gas/air/inert mixture in closed volume at ambient

temperature and pressure. In this document, the term “gas” includes vapours but not mists. Detonation

and decomposition phenomena are not considered in this European Standard.

The pressures and rates of pressure rise measured by the procedures specified in this document are not

applicable to flameproof enclosures, that is enclosures intended to withstand an internal explosion and

not to transmit it to an external explosive atmosphere, or any other closed volume where the internal

geometry can result in pressure piling. Even in an enclosure of relatively simple geometry the

disposition of the internal components can lead to rates of pressure rise significantly higher than those

measured using this document. This document does not apply to the design and testing of flameproof

enclosures in conformity with EN 13463-6 (for non-electrical equipment) and EN 60079-1 (for

electrical equipment).
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 13237:2012, Potentially explosive atmospheres - Terms and definitions for equipment and protective

systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13237:2012 and the following

apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
explosion pressure

highest pressure occurring in a closed vessel during the explosion of a specific mixture of flammable

substances with air or air and inert gases determined under specified test conditions

Note 1 to entry: p is expressed as absolute pressure with gases and vapour and as overpressure with dusts.

3.2
maximum explosion pressure
max

maximum value of explosion pressure measured in the tests for explosion pressure when the content of

the flammable substances in the mixture is varied

Note 1 to entry: p is expressed as absolute pressure with gases and vapour and as overpressure with dusts.

max
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3.3
rate of explosion pressure rise
dp / dt
( )

highest value of the slope (first derivative) of the pressure-time curve (smoothed if necessary),

measured in a closed vessel during the explosion of a specific mixture of flammable substances with air

or air and inert substances determined under specified test conditions
3.4
maximum rate of explosion pressure rise
dp / dt
( )
max

maximum value of the explosion pressure rise per unit time measured in the tests when the content of

the flammable substances in the mixture is varied

Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this document, all pressures are expressed in bar absolute and rate of

explosion pressure rises are expressed in bar/s.
4 Test Method
4.1 Principle

An explosive test mixture is ignited by a defined ignition source which is positioned in the centre of a

test vessel. By means of a pressure measuring system the pressure-time curve that develops following

the ignition of the test mixture is recorded.

From the pressure- time curve the highest rate of explosion pressure rise dp / dt is calculated, and

( )
the highest pressure p is determined.

Repeat measurements are made with stepwise variations in the content of flammable gas in the

mixture.

a) The maximum explosion pressure p is determined as the maximum observed value of p .

max ex

b) The maximum rate of explosion pressure rise dp / dt is determined as the maximum observed

( )
max
value of .
dp / dt
( )
4.2 Apparatus
4.2.1 General
The test apparatus consists of:
— a test vessel;
— equipment for preparing the test mixture;
— an ignition system;
— a pressure measuring system;
— a temperature measuring device;
— safety equipment.
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4.2.2 Test Vessel

The test vessel shall be spherical or cylindrical. The internal volume of the test vessel shall be equal to

or greater than 0,005 m . If a cylindrical vessel is used, the length to diameter ratio shall be equal to 1.

The test vessel and any equipment (valves, igniter, transducer, etc.) fitted on the vessel shall be

designed to withstand a maximum pressure of at least 20 bar.

NOTE Guidance on the design of the test vessel can be found in EN 14460, EN 13445-3 and EN 13480-3.

The vessel shall be made of stainless steel or any material free of any catalytic effects and resistant to

corrosion from the initial gas mixture and the products of combustion.

The test vessel shall be fitted with sufficient ports to allow filling, evacuating and purging.

4.2.3 Equipment for preparing the test mixture

The test mixture can be prepared by a partial pressure method or mixing together flows of the

component substances. This can be done in the test vessel or outside.

If the test mixture is prepared by a partial pressure method, the vessel used for the preparation of the

mixture shall be fitted with:
a) a vacuum pump and a vacuum gauge;
b) pressure gauges or manometers;
c) a means of achieving a uniform test mixture (e.g. a stirrer).
If the test mixture is prepared by mixing flows, the necessary components are:
a) flow meters (mass or volume flow meters);
b) a means of achieving a uniform test mixture (e.g. mixing chamber);
c) an evaporator if liquid samples are used (see Annex E for an example).

The equipment for preparing the test mixture shall be designed in such a way that the flammable gas

content in the test mixture is measured with a maximum uncertainty of measurement of ± 10 % relative

for a flammable gas content up to 2 % mol or ± 0,2 % absolute for a flammable gas content above

2 % mol.
4.2.4 Ignition System
4.2.4.1 General

The igniter shall be positioned in the centre of the test vessel. Recommended ignition systems are

induction spark and fusing wire. The test report shall state which ignition source was used.

For some special mixtures it may be necessary to use a different ignition system in order to achieve

ignition of the mixture. If an alternative ignition source is used it shall be fully described in the test

report. It is also recommended that specialist advice is sought on the interpretation of the results.

4.2.4.2 Induction Spark

A series of induction sparks between two electrodes is used as the ignition source.

Stainless steel is a suitable material for the electrodes. The electrodes shall be positioned at the centre

of the vessel. They shall be pointed rods with a maximum diameter of 4 mm. The angle of the tips shall

be 60°. The distance between the tips shall be (5 ± 0,1) mm. The electrodes shall be mounted in the

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vessel so they are gas tight at the highest pressures generated during the test. The mounting shall be

resistant to heat and the test mixture, and provide adequate electrical insulation from the test vessel

body.

A high voltage transformer, with a root mean square voltage of 13 kV to 16 kV (AC) and a short circuit

current of 20 mA to 30 mA, shall be used for producing the ignition spark. The primary winding of the

high voltage transformer shall be connected to the mains via a timer set to the required discharge time.

The spark discharge time shall be adjusted to 0,2 s. If a spark discharge time of 0,2 s does not result in

ignition of the test mixture, the test may be repeated with a spark discharge time of up to 0,5 s.

NOTE The power of the spark depends on the gas mixture and its pressure. In air at atmospheric conditions

according to calorimetric and electric measurements such a source gives a spark with a power of approximately

10 W.
4.2.4.3 Fusing Wire

This ignition device generates an electric arc by passing an electrical current along a length of straight

fusing wire connected between two metal rods.

The electrical power for melting the wire and generating the arc is supplied from an isolating

transformer. The ignition energy delivered by the arc depends on the duration of the arc and the power

rating of the isolating transformer. The energy delivered shall be in the range 10 J to 20 J, as over this

range of energies there is no significant effect on the explosion pressure. This is achieved by limiting the

power rating of the isolating transformer to between 0,7 kVA and 3,5 kVA and by the use of a phase

control technique. The latter is a chopping technique that allows only part of the AC waveform from the

transformer secondary windings to energize the wire.

Brass or stainless steel are suitable materials for the rods. The rods shall be parallel to each other with a

separation distance of (5 ± 1) mm. For the fusing wire a straight length of NiCr wire (diameter 0,05 mm

to 0,2 mm) shall be soldered to the tips of the metal rods. The rods shall be positioned in the test vessel

so the fusing wire is at the centre of the vessel. The electrodes shall be mounted in the vessel so they are

gas tight at the highest pressures generated during the test. The mounting shall be resistant to heat and

the test mixture, and provide adequate electrical insulation from the test vessel body.

To reduce the time required for replacing the fusing wire after a test, the rods may be mounted in a plug

that can be screwed into the test vessel wall.

The cross-section of the wires connecting the transformer to the rods shall be between 2,5 mm and

7 mm . The length of the wires shall be less than 5 m. The diameter of the rods shall be between 1,5 mm

and 5 mm.

If, for practical reasons, the diameter of the rods shall be less than 3 mm additional mechanical support

may be necessary.
4.2.5 Pressure Measuring System
The pressure measuring system consists of:
a) a pressure transducer;

1) The pressure transducer(s) shall be fitted in the test vessel, with the head flush with the

internal wall.

2) The pressure transducer(s) shall be able to measure pressures up to 20 bar. Pressure

transducers of lower range may be used if lower explosion pressures are expected.

b) an amplifier;
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c) a data recording system.

1) The data recording system shall have a resolution of at least 12 bit and either a sampling rate of

20 kHz, or a sampling rate of 500 / t samples per second.

2) t is the time from ignition to the maximum explosion pressure. (see Figure C.1 and

Figure C.2).
d) The pressure measuring system shall have a bandwidth of at least 10 kHz.
To ensure reliability, two pressure measuring systems may be used.

The pressure measuring system shall have an accuracy such that the initial and explosion pressures are

measured to ± 0,05 bar or better.
The pressure measuring system shall have a time resolution of at least 1 ms.
4.2.6 Temperature Measuring Device

Any suitable thermocouple with appropriate recording equipment may be used to record this value.

Recording the temperature is necessary, because especially and are temperature dependent.

p p
ex max
4.2.7 Safety Aspects

Ensure that all work is conducted within local and national regulations. Precautions shall be taken to

safeguard the health of personnel conducting the tests against the different hazards that may occur

during the test e.g.:

a) to prevent a leak of the mixture or waste gases outside the vessel, the gas tightness of the vessel

shall be checked;

b) to prevent rupture of the test vessel, it shall be designed to withstand a maximum pressure of at

least 20 bar (see 4.2.2), as this can be assumed to be higher than the maximum explosion pressure

likely to be generated during a test;

c) if the test mixture is prepared in a separate vessel, this vessel and the connecting line shall be

designed to withstand the maximum explosion pressure;

d) to prevent injuries to the operator from flying fragments, all parts of the apparatus that may

contain an explosive mixture shall be adequately shielded;

e) adequate ventilation shall be provided to prevent the build-up of an explosive atmosphere in the

laboratory as a result
1) of purging of the apparatus;
2) of exhaust from the vacuum pump; or
3) of leaks from the apparatus.

f) all electrical connections shall be adequately insulated to prevent electrocution or shock to

personnel;

g) measures shall be taken prior to preparing the mixture to ensure that the substances can be mixed

without risk;
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h) measures shall be taken to prevent hazards arising from the handling of toxic flammables gases or

combustion products;

i) the handling of flammable liquids shall be carried out in such a manner that the risk of a fire is

minimized;

j) the handling of gas cylinders shall be carried out in such a manner that the risk of an explosion is

minimized;

k) in the event of ignition system failure, the explosive mixture will still be present at the end of the

test, purge and dilute to render non-flammable.
4.3 Preparation and preservation of test samples
The components of the test mixture shall fulfil the following requirements:

a) Air: the air shall be free of water and oil. If synthetic air is used, it shall be stated in the report.

b) Inert: the purity of the inert, or the mixture of inerts, shall be 99,8 % mol or better. If a mixture of

inerts is used, the composition of the mixture shall be stated in the test report.

c) Flammable gas: the flammable gas may be derived from:
1) a single substance or a mixture of substances;
2) a process sample (of known or unknown composition).

When a single substance or a mixture of substances is used, the purity of each substance shall be

99,8 % mol or better. In the case of a mixture of substances or a process sample of known composition,

the precision of the composition shall be stated in the test report. In the case of a process sample of

unknown composition, the sample shall be defined as well as possible (e.g. process conditions, lower

explosion limit).

If the flammable gas is derived from a liquid containing more than one component, the gas phase

composition can differ from the composition of the liquid phase and when large quantities of the gas are

drawn off, the composition of both the liquid and gas phases can change with time. For these reasons,

the test sample shall be taken from the liquid phase.
4.4 Procedure
4.4.1 Preparation of the test mixture
4.4.1.1 General

If liquefied gases or liquids are used, it is necessary to ensure that there is no condensation.

NOTE Condensation can be prevented by checking the vapour pressure of the substances and by local heating

to prevent cooling at certain parts of the apparatus (e.g. valves).

The test mixture may be prepared by the method of partial pressures or by the method of mixing flows,

either inside or outside the test vessel.
4.4.1.2 Preparation of the test mixture by partial pressures

If the preparation of the test mixture includes evacuating the vessel, the amount of air remaining shall

be taken into account when calculating the pressures of combustible substances and air required. In

preparing the test mixture, precautions may be necessary to prevent condensation.

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The mixture components are sequentially introduced into the vessel to give the required partial

pressure. The partial pressure measuring system shall have an accuracy of ± 0,005 bar or better. It is

necessary to ensure that the mixture in the vessel is thoroughly mixed during the introduction of each

component. If the volume of the feed lines is not negligible compared to the volume of the vessel, they

also shall be evacuated or purged.

NOTE For practical reasons, air is often introduced as the last component, especially if atmospheric air is

used.
4.4.1.3 Preparation of the test mixture by mixing flows

The test mixture is prepared by thoroughly mixing metered flows of the gaseous components.

If liquid components are used, they shall be vaporized totally before mixing.

It is recommended that if possible the composition of the test mixture is also measured, to check the

metering devices are operating correctly and that there are no leaks in the mixing system.

4.4.2 Determination of the explosion pressure p , the maximum explosion pressure p , the rate

ex max
and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)
of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)ex max
4.4.2.1 Test procedure

The same sets of data are used for the determination of the explosion pressure and rate of explosion

pressure rise, gathered simultaneously by the same procedure.

If the test mixture is not prepared in the test vessel, fill the vessel with the test mixture either by

preliminary evacuation or by purging.

The test vessel and the feed lines shall be evacuated to a pressure of 5 mbar or less before filling.

Purging shall be done in such a way that the test vessel atmosphere is totally replaced. This is achieved

by purging with a volume that is at least ten times the vessel volume.

Once the test mixture has been introduced into the test vessel, the inlet and outlet valves shall be closed.

The test mixture shall be left for a period of at least two minutes to ensure it is quiescent. The test

mixture is then ignited and the pressure-time curve of the explosion recorded.

During a set of tests the temperature increase of the vessel (caused by the combustion after ignition)

shall not be allowed to exceed 15 K (see 4.5.2)

After the test residual overpressure shall be released from the test vessel. Following this, the vessel

shall be purged with air to remove the combustion products. The combustion products and purge gas

shall be discharged safely.

The humidity of the gas mixture can influence the rate of pressure rise, so it is important to ensure that

the test vessel and feed lines have been purged of all moisture before starting the next test.

If soot is formed during the test, the test vessel and the igniter shall be cleaned.

The whole test procedure shall be carried out five times for each composition of the test mixture.

— For the determination of p the number of determinations ma
...