SIST-TP CEN/TR 15449:2011
(Main)Geographic information - Standards, specifications, technical reports and guidelines, required to implement Spatial Data Infrastructures
Geographic information - Standards, specifications, technical reports and guidelines, required to implement Spatial Data Infrastructures
This Technical Report identifies and describes standards that are required for a spatial data infrastructure (SDI).
This Technical Report describes a reference model for a spatial data infrastructure, covering framework standards, metadata and catalogue services and geospatial reference systems. It provides both data-centric and service-centric views.
This Technical Report discusses issues associated with implementation of a spatial data infrastructure, in particular cultural and linguistic adaptability and geo-portals and identifies the standards, technical specifications, technical reports and guidelines, required to implement a spatial data infrastructure in Europe.
This Technical Report proposes a roadmap for future standards work items, and makes recommendations for measures to be taken in order to support implementation and maintenance of a spatial data infrastructure.
Geoinformation - Normen, Spezifikationen, technische Berichte und Leitfäden zur Einführung von Geodateninfrastrukturen
Information géographique - Normes, spécifications, rapports techniques et lignes directrices, nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre d'une infrastructure d'information spatiale
Geografske informacije - Standardi, specifikacije, tehnična poročila in smernice, potrebni za implementacijo infrastruktur za prostorske podatke
To tehnično poročilo opredeljuje in opisuje standarde, ki so potrebni za infrastrukturo za prostorske podatke (SDI).
To tehnično poročilo opisuje referenčni model za infrastrukturo za prostorske podatke in zajema okvirne standarde, metapodatke ter storitve katalogiziranja in geoprostorski referenčni sistem. Zagotavlja poglede, ki so osredotočeni na podatke in storitve.
To tehnično poročilo obravnava vprašanja, povezana z implementacijo infrastrukture za prostorske podatke, zlasti kulturno in lingvistično prilagodljivost in geoportale ter opredeljuje standarde, tehnične specifikacije, tehnična poročila in smernice, potrebne za implementacijo infrastrukture za prostorske podatke v Evropi.
To tehnično poročilo predlaga zemljevid za prihodnje delovne postavke standardov ter podaja priporočila za ukrepe, ki jih je treba sprejeti za podporo implementaciji in vzdrževanju infrastrukture za prostorske podatke.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15449:2011
01-november-2011
1DGRPHãþD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15449:2006
*HRJUDIVNHLQIRUPDFLMH6WDQGDUGLVSHFLILNDFLMHWHKQLþQDSRURþLODLQVPHUQLFH
SRWUHEQL]DLPSOHPHQWDFLMRLQIUDVWUXNWXU]DSURVWRUVNHSRGDWNH
Geographic information - Standards, specifications, technical reports and guidelines,
required to implement Spatial Data Infrastructures
Geoinformation - Normen, Spezifikationen, technische Berichte und Leitfäden zur
Einführung von Geodateninfrastrukturen
Information géographique - Normes, spécifications, rapports techniques et lignes
directrices, nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre d'une infrastructure d'information spatiale
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15449:2011
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15449:2011 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 15449:2011
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 15449:2011
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15449
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
August 2011
ICS 07.040; 35.240.70 Supersedes CEN/TR 15449:2006
English Version
Geographic information - Standards, specifications, technical
reports and guidelines, required to implement Spatial Data
Infrastructures
Information géographique - Normes, spécifications, Geoinformation - Normen, Spezifikationen, technische
rapports techniques et lignes directrices, nécessaires à la Berichte und Leitfäden zur Einführung von
mise en oeuvre d'une infrastructure d'information spatiale Geodateninfrastrukturen
bonne fin de journée
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 8 November 2010. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 287.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15449:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
FOREWORD . 5
0 INTRODUCTION . 6
0.1 SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES. 6
0.2 INTENDED READERSHIP . 6
0.3 AIM OF THE REPORT. 6
1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY . 8
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS . 10
2 SCOPE . 11
3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES . 11
4 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS . 11
5 ABBREVIATED TERMS . 13
6 SDI INTEROPERABILITY . 14
6.1 INTRODUCTION . 14
6.2 STANDARDS AND INTEROPERABILITY . 14
6.3 GENERIC ARCHITECTURE MODEL . 16
6.4 DATA-CENTRIC VERSUS SERVICE-CENTRIC . 19
6.5 SDI AS A DYNAMIC FRAMEWORK . 19
7 REFERENCE MODEL FOR A SDI . 21
7.1 INTRODUCTION . 21
7.2 FRAMEWORK STANDARDS . 23
7.3 SPATIAL DATA . 23
7.3.1 Reference data/thematic data . 23
7.3.2 Coverages . 24
7.4 METADATA AND CATALOGUE SERVICES (INCLUDING REGISTRY) . 25
7.4.1 Overview . 25
7.4.2 Abstract models . 27
7.4.3 Implementation Specifications . 28
7.4.4 Service metadata and registries . 28
7.5 GEOGRAPHIC HUMAN INTERACTION SERVICES . 28
7.5.1 Overview . 28
7.5.2 Abstract models . 29
7.5.3 Implementation Specifications . 29
7.6 REFERENCE DATA – CO-ORDINATE REFERENCES AND GEOSPATIAL IDENTIFIERS . 30
7.6.1 General . 30
7.6.2 Coordinates . 30
7.6.3 Place names and identifiers . 31
7.6.4 Related services . 32
7.7 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS . 33
8 DATA-CENTRIC VIEW ON SDI. 33
8.1 INTRODUCTION . 33
8.2 DEVELOPMENT . 34
8.2.1 The model-driven approach . 34
8.2.2 Semantics . 34
8.2.3 Application schema . 35
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8.2.4 Conceptual schema language . 36
8.2.5 Encoding . 37
8.2.6 Relevant standards . 37
8.3 DATA MANAGEMENT . 39
8.3.1 Metadata . 39
8.3.2 Accessing data . 39
8.3.3 Legacy datasets . 40
8.3.4 Consistent identification of geographical items . 40
8.3.5 Thematic identifiers . 40
8.4 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS . 41
9 SERVICE-CENTRIC VIEW . 41
9.1 INTRODUCTION . 41
9.2 REGISTRIES AS THE SDI GLUE . 42
9.3 PUBLISH, FIND AND USE RESOURCES . 44
9.3.1 Introduction . 44
9.3.2 Publishing geo-resources . 44
9.3.3 Finding geo-resources . 45
9.3.4 Using geo-resources . 45
9.4 INTEROPERABILITY . 45
9.4.1 General . 45
9.4.2 Different types of interoperability . 46
9.5 SERVICE TAXONOMY . 46
9.6 SERVICE ARCHITECTURE . 47
9.6.1 Introduction . 47
9.6.2 Web services . 47
9.6.3 Services that do not use Web Service Architecture (WSA) . 48
9.6.4 Application of Web Service Architecture . 48
9.7 SERVICE CATALOGUE . 48
9.8 SERVICE CHAINING . 48
9.9 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS . 49
10 CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC ADAPTABILITY . 49
10.1 INTRODUCTION . 49
10.2 IMPACT ON SDIS . 50
10.2.1 General . 50
10.2.2 Multilingual resource discovery . 52
10.2.3 Multilingual evaluation of resources. 53
10.2.4 Multilingual access and processing of resources . 54
11 GEO-POR TALS . 54
11.1 INTRODUCTION . 54
11.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PORTAL DEVELOPMENT . 54
12 IMPLEMENTATION STEERING MECHANISMS . 55
12.1 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN . 55
12.2 MONITORING . 56
12.3 CONFORMANCE AND CONFORMANCE TESTING . 56
12.3.1 General . 56
12.3.2 EN ISO 19105 . 56
12.3.3 Open Geospatial Consortium . 57
12.3.4 Requirements for conformance testing . 57
12.4 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS . 58
13 REQUIREMENTS NOT CURRENTLY COVERED SUFFICIENTLY BY GI STANDARDS . 58
ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCED ISO STANDARDS . 60
ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) CEN/TC 287 AND ISO/TC 211 STANDARDS . 62
ANNEX C (INFORMATIVE) OPEN GEOSPATIAL CONSORTIUM SPECIFICATIONS . 65
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ANNEX D (INFORMATIVE) INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SPATIAL INFORMATION IN EUROPE . 67
BIBLIOGR APHY . 71
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Foreword
This document has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 287 “Geographic information”, the
secretariat of which is held by BSI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TR 15449:2006.
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0 Introduction
0.1 Spatial Data Infrastructures
Spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a general term for the computerised environment for handling data that
relates to a position on or near the surface of the earth. It may be defined in a range of ways, in different
circumstances, from the local up to the global level.
For example, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) in the context of the Global Earth Observation System
of Systems (GEOSS) refers to the definition adopted by the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI)
Association, in which a SDI
“encompasses the policies, organizational remits, data, technologies, standards, delivery mechanisms,
and financial and human resources necessary to ensure that those working at the global and regional
scale are not impeded in meeting their objectives”.
Likewise, the United Nations SDI (UNSDI) initiative defines SDI as an “umbrella” of policies, standards and
procedures under which organizations and technologies interact to foster more efficient use, management and
production of geo-spatial data.
The European Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007
establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) defines a SDI as:
“the metadata, spatial data sets and spatial data services; network services and technologies;
agreements on sharing, access and use; and coordination and monitoring mechanisms, processes
and procedures, established, operated or made available in an interoperable manner”.
This Technical Report adopts the INSPIRE definition. It focuses on the technical aspects of a SDI, thereby
limiting the term SDI to mean an implementation neutral technological infrastructure for geospatial data and
services, based upon standards and specifications. This report does not consider a SDI as a carefully
designed and dedicated information system; rather, it is viewed as a collaborative framework of disparate
information systems that contain resources that stakeholders desire to share. The common denominator of
SDI resources, which can be data or services, is their spatial nature. It is understood that the framework is in
constant evolution, and that therefore the requirements for standards and specifications supporting SDI
implementations evolve.
0.2 Intended readership
The intended readership of this report are those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDI,
experts contributing to INSPIRE, experts in information and communication technologies and e-government
that need to familiarize themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers
and writers.
0.3 Aim of the report
The aims of this report are three-fold:
to identify the standards, specifications, technical reports and guidelines, required to implement a
SDI in Europe;
to give recommendations as to whether any of these items should become European standards
(ENs), and to propose a roadmap for future work items;
to provide recommendations for measures to be taken in order to support implementation and
maintenance of a SDI.
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Existing material about SDIs abounds. The criteria used for determining if a given standard or specification is
referred to in this report are:
the publication addresses an aspect of the SDI; and
the publication is non- proprietary in nature.
Based on these considerations, the following reports have been taken into account:
legal texts and guidelines produced in the context of INSPIRE;
documents produced by ISO/TC 211;
documents produced by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), including the OpenGIS
Reference Model (ORM) (OGC, 2003);
the European Interoperability Framework and related documents;
deliverables from the European Union-funded projects (GIGAS, SANY);
existing national guidelines based on the (EN) ISO 19100 series of standards.
The report covers the main concerns of a SDI in Europe:
a data-centric and a service-centric view on SDI, brought together in a Reference Model;
concerns related to multi-lingual and cultural adaptability;
geo-portals;
implementation;
SDI aspects currently not covered by standards.
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1 Management summary
In order for standards and specifications to be useful for implementing a SDI in Europe, it needs to be
straightforward to identify which standards are relevant in a particular situation, and the interpretation of
standards should be unambiguous. This Technical Report provides a framework for the identification of
standards, and makes recommendations with the aim of enhancing interoperability between information
systems that provide data and services in support of a SDI. The following paragraphs summarize the
recommendations of this Technical Report.
For the realisation of SDI in Europe, it is recommended that a number of registration authorities are
established. A SDI needs, like any other distributed information system, a reference frame. This is the
aggregation of the data needed by different components of the information systems. In a SDI context, the
reference frame includes:
units of measures;
coordinate reference systems;
codelist definitions;
encoding schemas;
feature data dictionaries (see EN ISO 19126);
feature catalogues (see EN ISO 19110);
portrayal catalogues and related symbology registers.
Registries are required for these information elements and geographical items, and for:
cultural and linguistic adaptability of metadata elements;
European common data models;
national data which are of interest in a cross-border community or in a multilingual community.
Registries should be conformant to EN ISO 19135, Geographic information — Procedures for item registration
(ISO 19135:2005) where applicable. Organisations which implement a SDI should have a content registration
authority which provides a control body (to decide on the acceptability of proposals for changes to the content
of a register).
In order to enable the cultural and linguistic adaptability (CLA) of metadata and common data models, it is
recommended to use unique names and codes for the information elements and the geographical items (e.g.
feature type). A number of practical suggestions related to CLA are given in Clause 10.
All services should be categorized based around the EN ISO 19119 taxonomy.
Service-oriented architecture or resource-oriented architectures should be applied when the following issues
are considered to be important:
components of information systems run on different platforms;
the system consists of components from different vendors;
the service is to be published and available on the internet;
wrapping of existing services where these are exposed as web services;
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making existing functionality available for other applications on other platforms.
The use of UML according to ISO/TS 19103 should be used as an SDI conceptual schema language. Object
Constraint Language (OCL) should be used to define requirements and apply constraints to a UML model.
If an information community applies a Conceptual Schema Language other than UML, it is the responsibility of
that information community to map the ISO general feature model to the meta-model of the Conceptual
Schema Language of choice, and to maintain the mapping rules, following the ISO/TS 19103 conformance
statement:
Non-UML schemas shall be considered conformant if there is a well-defined mapping from a model in
the source language into an equivalent model in UML and that this model in UML is conformant.
In order to provide a GML application schema, an application schema should be made by applying a
conceptual schema language, and the GML application schema should be derived from that conceptual model,
applying the rules for mapping from UML as described in Annex E of EN ISO 19136:2009.
It is recommended that CEN/TC 287, in collaboration with ISO/TC 211 and OGC, start to initiate work on the
following items:
catalogue service;
XML encoding of portrayal;
quality aspects of services;
support for cultural and linguistic adaptability.
It is further recommended that before a given standard or specification be made mandatory in a European or
national legislation, the standard be implemented and tested.
Practical experience with the implementation of a given standard may reveal that a European profile thereof is
needed.
During the period of time that this TR has been under development, a significant amount of work has been
undertaken to develop the semantic web using linked data and related approaches. This will have a significant
impact on this technical report, for example to assess the additional relevant W3C standards and their relation
to CEN/TC 287 and related standards work. It is expected that this will be addressed in a subsequent release
of this TR.
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Summary of recommendations
1. Portrayal service standardisation should be developed (in co-operation of ISO/TC 211 and
OGC) especially for view and download services (WMS, WFS and WCS).
2. The registry service of Geodetic codes and parameters should be clearly defined in order to
be used in view and download services of geographic information (in Europe).
3. The document “INSPIRE Metadata Implementing Rules: Technical Guidelines based on
EN ISO 19115 and EN ISO 19119” should be used as the SDI metadata standard for
discovery.
4. EN ISO 19109 and referred standards are adopted as SDI rules for specifying data
structures and semantics.
5. The use of UML according to ISO/TS 19103 should be used as an SDI conceptual schema
language. Object Constraint Language (OCL) should be used to define requirements and
apply constraints to a UML model.
6. EN ISO 19136 (GML) is adopted as the encoding method when transferring geographic data.
7. CEN ISO/TS 19139 is adopted as the encoding method when transferring information related
to geographic data such as metadata, feature catalogues and data dictionaries.
8. The extension for metadata based transfers of geospatial information defined in
CEN ISO/TS 19139 is adopted for transfer of geospatial da
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