oSIST prEN 16604-30-01:2021
(Main)Space - Space Situational Awareness Monitoring - Part 01: Glossary of Near Earth objects and space surveillance and tracking terms
Space - Space Situational Awareness Monitoring - Part 01: Glossary of Near Earth objects and space surveillance and tracking terms
This standard is applicable to Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) and near-Earth object (NEO) activities.
Raumfahrt - Überwachung der Weltraumlageerfassung - Teil 01: Glossar für erdnahe objekt-, überwachungs- und verfolgungsbezogene Nachrichten
Espace - Surveillance de la représentation situationnelle de l'espace - Partie 01 : Glossaire des termes liés aux objets géocroiseurs, et à la surveillance de l'espace et au suivi des objets en orbite
Vesolje - Nadzorovanje zavedanja položaja v vesolju - 01. del: Glosar izrazov v zvezi z objekti v bližini Zemlje ter nadzorovanjem in sledenjem v vesolju
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 16604-30-01:2021
01-februar-2021
Vesolje - Nadzorovanje zavedanja položaja v vesolju - 01. del: Glosar izrazov v
zvezi z objekti v bližini Zemlje ter nadzorovanjem in sledenjem v vesolju
Space - Space Situational Awareness Monitoring - Part 01: Glossary of Near Earth
objects and space surveillance and tracking terms
Raumfahrt - Überwachung der Weltraumlageerfassung - Teil 01: Glossar für erdnahe
objekt-, überwachungs- und verfolgungsbezogene Nachrichten
Espace - Surveillance de la représentation situationnelle de l'espace - Partie 01 :
Glossaire des termes liés aux objets géocroiseurs, et à la surveillance de l'espace et au
suivi des objets en orbite
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 16604-30-01
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
oSIST prEN 16604-30-01:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 16604-30-01:2021
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oSIST prEN 16604-30-01:2021
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 16604-30-01
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2020
ICS 49.140
English version
Space - Space Situational Awareness Monitoring - Part 01:
Glossary of Near Earth objects and space surveillance and
tracking terms
Espace - Surveillance de la représentation Raumfahrt - Überwachung der Weltraumlageerfassung
situationnelle de l'espace - Partie 01 : Glossaire des - Teil 01: Glossar für erdnahe objekt-, überwachungs-
termes liés aux objets géocroiseurs, et à la surveillance und verfolgungsbezogene Nachrichten
de l'espace et au suivi des objets en orbite
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any
alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN and CENELEC in three official versions (English, French, German). A
version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own
language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification
of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
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Contents Page
European foreword . 4
0 Introduction . 5
0.1 Document structure . 5
0.2 Verbal conventions . 5
1 Scope . 6
1.1 Purpose . 6
1.2 Applicability . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Acronyms and units . 6
3.1 List of acronyms . 6
3.2 Unit conventions . 7
4 Defined Glossary . 7
4.1 Absolute magnitude (H) . 7
4.2 Along-track uncertainty . 7
4.3 Apparent magnitude (m) . 7
4.4 Association . 8
4.5 Astrometry. 8
4.6 Attribution . 8
4.7 Cometary non-gravitational accelerations . 8
4.8 Correlation. 8
4.9 Detector . 8
4.10 Follow-up . 8
4.11 Hazard mitigation . 9
4.12 Impact monitoring . 9
4.13 Initial orbit determination . 9
4.14 Observation system or observing system . 9
4.15 Potential impactor . 9
4.16 Precovery . 9
4.17 Preliminary orbit determination . 9
4.18 Recovery . 10
4.19 Resident Space Object (RSO) . 10
4.20 Residuals . 10
4.21 Sensor . 10
4.22 Short arc problem . 10
4.23 Solar radiation pressure (SRP) acceleration . 10
4.24 Spectral classes . 10
4.25 Statistical ranging . 11
4.26 Survey . 11
4.27 Threatening object . 11
4.28 Tracking . 11
4.29 Virtual impactor . 11
4.30 Yarkovsky effect . 11
5 Complementary terminology . 12
5.1 Admissible region . 12
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5.2 Anomaly detection . 12
5.3 Area-to-mass ratio . 12
5.4 Asteroid . 12
5.5 Ballistic coefficient . 12
5.6 Centaurs . 12
5.7 Close approach . 12
5.8 Confirmation objects . 12
5.9 Contingency support . 12
5.10 Comet . 13
5.11 Clock bias . 13
5.12 Clock drift . 13
5.13 Earth orbit regimes . 13
5.14 Ephemeris . 14
5.15 Epoch . 14
5.16 Fragmentation detection . 14
5.17 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) . 14
5.18 Geosynchronous region . 14
5.19 High-Area-to-Mass (HAMR) objects . 14
5.20 Line-of-variation (LOV) . 15
5.21 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) . 15
5.22 Main-belt asteroids . 15
5.23 Manoeuvre detection . 15
5.24 Earth crosser . 15
5.25 Measurement . 15
5.26 Meteor . 15
5.27 Meteorite . 15
5.28 Meteoroid . 16
5.29 Navigation Message . 16
5.30 Near-Earth Object (NEO) . 16
5.30.1 General . 16
5.30.2 Amor . 16
5.30.3 Apollo . 16
5.30.4 Aten . 16
5.30.5 Atira . 16
5.31 Orbit. 16
5.32 Orbital covariance . 16
5.33 Orbital uncertainty . 17
5.34 Palermo scale . 17
5.35 Participant . 17
5.36 Potentially Hazardous Object (PHO) . 17
5.37 Property . 17
5.38 Range . 17
5.39 Range rate (Doppler) . 18
5.40 Reference date or reference system . 18
5.41 Torino scale . 18
5.42 Tracking station . 18
5.43 Track or tracklet . 18
5.44 Transneptunian Objects (TNO) . 18
5.45 Trojan . 18
5.46 Uncorrelated tracks (UCT) . 18
Bibliography . 19
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European foreword
This document (prEN 16604-30-01:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN-
CENELEC/JTC 5 “Space”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
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0 Introduction
0.1 Document structure
Clause 1 describes the scope and purpose of this standard.
Clause 2 describes the normative references used; in this case, none.
Clause 3 contains the list of acronyms and units conventions used in this document.
Clause 4 contains the glossary proposed for standardization.
Clause 5 contains complementary terminology defined by official sources.
Bibliography contains the references used to support this document.
0.2 Verbal conventions
There is no verbal convention defined for this document.
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1 Scope
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to define the terminology to be used in the areas of near-Earth object
(NEO) research and the field of Space Surveillance and Tracking of man-made objects (SST).
1.2 Applicability
The NEO and SST Glossary of Terms is applicable to all SSA activities, especially those overlapping the
fields of near-Earth objects (NEO) and Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST). The terms included in the
glossary are mainly, but not exclusively, relevant to both the NEO and SST fields.
The NEO and SST Glossary of Terms can and should be used as an extra source of information when
interpreting CEN/CENELEC SSA standards, and the use of terminology in those standards is consistent
with this document.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Acronyms and units
3.1 List of acronyms
Table 1 — list of acronyms
H Absolute magnitude
IAU International Astronomical Union
IEO Inner-Earth Object
LEO Low Earth Orbit
LOV Line Of Variation
MOID Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance
NEA Near-Earth Asteroid
NEO Near-Earth Object
PHO Potentially Hazardous Object
PS Palermo Scale
RCS Radar cross-section
RSO Resident Space Object
RU Range unit/s
SRP Solar Radiation Pressure
SST Space Surveillance Tracking
TNO Transneptunian Object
TS Torino Scale
UCT Uncorrelated Tracks
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3.2 Unit conventions
This document generally uses units that are part of the International System of Units (SI) as well as non-
SI, base or derived units that are accepted for use within the SI. The units used in this document are
summarized in the following table.
Table 2 — Unit conventions
deg decimal degrees
arcsec seconds of arc or 3600th part of 1 deg (1/3600 deg)
au astronomical unit, average Sun – Earth distance ~149,597,870,700 m
m metre
km kilometre
s SI seconds
4 Defined Glossary
4.1 Absolute magnitude (H)
In asteroid science, the absolute magnitude (H) is used to define the brightness of an asteroid. The
absolute magnitude is defined as the magnitude in the Johnson V band, with the asteroid at 1 au
distance from the Sun, as seen from 1 au distance at phase angle 0 (the phase angle being the angle sun-
asteroid-observer). The absolute magnitude can be converted into a rough size estimate if the albedo
(percentage of reflected light from the surface) is known. The formula to convert absolute magnitude H
to size D in km, with p being the albedo is:
km
For instance, a typical value for p would be P = 0,14, i.e. 14 % of the incoming light will be reflected by
the object. Using H = 22 as example, the object size would be of about D ~0,14 km or 140 m.
In the SST field, part of the community defines the absolute magnitude of an object orbiting the Earth as
the magnitude when: the Sun-to-target distance is 1 au, the target-to-observer distance is 40000 km
(equivalent to a GEO object at 15,6 deg elevation above the local horizon), and a phase angle (Sun-to-
target-to-observer angle) of 0 deg.
4.2 Along-track uncertainty
The largest component of orbital state uncertainties can be typically observed in the along-track (also
called in-track) direction. The dispersion is caused by uncertainties in the semi-major axis, planet
flybys, or in case of LEO objects the uncertainty of atmospheric density. In order to represent the
dispersion in one component in a more efficient way, methods like line-of-variation are used in the NEO
community.
4.3 Apparent magnitude (m)
The brightness of a space object as seen by an observer on Earth. Typically used for SST and NEO
observations when photometric data are required, as the distance between the observer and target is
usually not known.
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4.4 Association
Assigning radar observations to a space object. Similar to correlation for optical observations, but for
radars correlation is a term used in signal processing.
4.5 Astrometry
In the context of telescopic observations of small solar system objects, it is the process and techniques
used to extract an accurate measurement of the sky-plane position of an object at a given time from an
astronomical image obtained with a telescope. This is usually done in a relative way, determining the
position of the moving object in relation to stars of known (catalogued) position visible in the same field
of view. The accuracy of such measurements depends on a variety of factors, including the quality of the
object detection, the accuracy of the stellar positions in the reference stellar catalogue, the optical
properties of the camera and telescope system used to obtain the image, the accuracy of the time stamp
of the image.
In general, any positional or speed measurement of a moving object can be considered an astrometric
measurement. For example, range and radial velocity measurements obtained via radar are often called
“radar astrometry”, and treated in a way that is similar to sky-plane positions determined from ground-
based telescopic astrometry.
4.6 Attribution
Used in the NEO field. In the SST field, 'correlation' is used. It describes the linking of observations
belonging to a known object (see also 4.4)
4.7 Cometary non-gravitational accelerations
In the NEO field, any object actively outgassing and releasing material into space is subject to a
corresponding transfer of momentum in the direction opposite to the emission. Such effect is often
extremely evident on cometary bodies, and it can perceivably alter their dynamics even on short
timescales. Due to the complex nature of cometary outgassing, driven by surface features on the comet
nucleus, these accelerations can be oriented in any spatial direction, and can change with time in both
orientation and intensity, due to the varying activity profile of the object.
4.8 Correlation
Used in the SST field. Roughly equivalent to 'attribution' in NEO and 'association' for radars. Assigning
optical observations/tracklets to a space object (track-to-object correlation) or determining that
multiple tracks belong to the same (potentially unknown) object (track-to-track correlation).
4.9 Detector
Instrument or device whose range of performance can cover single or multiple parts of the
electromagnetic spectre. In the NEO field, the detector may be also called sensor, and it is usually the
light-sensitive device (CCD or CMOS) within the camera of a telescope.
4.10 Follow-up
Used in the NEO field. In the SST field, identical to 'tracking'. The specific effort to obtain observations of
an interesting object at times subsequent to its discovery, with the goal of improving the knowledge of
its orbit and the predictability of its future motion. Follow-up telescopes are generally distinct from
survey telescopes, and operate with a closer supervision of an observer, which selects the targets in
need of follow-up. Survey telescopes may also observe known objects, thus providing follow-up
observations, although these observations are often not the goal of the project.
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4.11 Hazard mitigation
Combination of activities that can be put into action in case a believable impact threat is detected by
impact monitoring calculation, in order to remove or reduce the entity of damage that will be caused by
the impact. They include active measures, such as an attempt to deflect the incoming object, and
ground-based measure such as local evacuation or civil protection measures. The goal of such
mitigation effort can be directed both to preserve human lives, and to reduce or contain the damage to
infrastructures, assets and the environment.
4.12 Impact monitoring
Set of activities and computations that take the input observational data on each NEO and derive a
formal assessment of the impact threat posed by the object. The typical output of an impact monitoring
computation is a (possibly empty) set of future dates when an impact with Earth (or with other bodies)
cannot be excluded given the available data, together with an estimate of the probability of such event.
Additional estimators, such as dynamical parameters of the encounter, the released energy in case of
impact, or the possible impact locations, are also often computed.
4.13 Initial orbit determination
Determining a celestial object's orbit based solely on observations and with no a-priori knowledge of its
orbit.
4.14 Observation system or observing system
The system formed by a telescope and camera or a radar transmitter and receiver antennae, and any
associated data reduction systems needed to generate astrometric/photometric data.
4.15 Potential impactor
Any NEO that has a computed non-zero impact probability within the time period analysed will be
called ‘potential impactor’.
4.16 Precovery
Used commonly in the NEO field. Precovery is the process of finding an object in archived images, for
the purpose of calculating a more accurate orbit. The name is based on 'pre-discovery recovery',
recovery being the process of making new observations of a previousl
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