F47 - Commercial Spaceflight

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This classification involves two focuses:  
3.1.1 Focus 1, the classification of a vehicle given a range of total capability, and  
3.1.2 Focus 2, a classification of a mission being performed by a vehicle.  
3.2 The two-focus classification system was necessary since a vehicle could have certain capabilities in general, which could be limited/tailored based on the particular mission.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification provides the commercial space industry an accepted method of commonly classifying space launch and reentry vehicles through the use of commonly accepted and defined terms based on operational and flight envelope of the vessel. This classification may not cover all vehicle capabilities or vehicle categories but attempts to standardize the terminology that is applicable to a majority of the industry. This classification may be useful for, but is not intended to address, amateur launch vehicles.  
1.2 This classification is not intended to pass judgement on the value or quality of a certain term but rather to provide the basis of common terminology so that, for instance, when multiple vehicle operators claim a certain capability in their system, they are equivalent for outside understanding.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Flight crew safety is a complex and all-encompassing goal of human spaceflight. The entire spacecraft is designed to get the flight crew safely to and from their Low Earth Orbit (LEO) destination. In the spirit of Specification F3479, Failure Tolerance for Occupant Safety of Suborbital Vehicles, failure tolerance, or an equivalent means of control where failure tolerance is impractical, is the primary control for prevention of catastrophic hazards that cannot be eliminated from the design. This is true for all hazards which may result in a catastrophic event. The spacecraft can be also be designed with increased levels of failure tolerance to enhance the likelihood of mission success.  
4.2 This guide is focused upon the design and operational capabilities necessary to support flight crew survivability when failure tolerance has been exhausted. For example, a spacecraft may have three mission computers that perform identical functions. Typical rules that govern the flight operations might allow continuation of the mission after the first failure. Following the second failure, a mission abort is likely using the single remaining mission computer to return the spacecraft to safety. Should this third computer fail, emergency systems are available to assist the return of the flight crew to safety when possible, and it is those systems that are the focus of this guide. Note that for each emergency situation described herein, a set of emergency procedures and the equipment to implement them will be available in order for the crew to survive.  
4.3 LEO missions are divided into pre-launch, ascent, orbit, reentry, and landing. Note that there are separate, additional considerations for transport of humans beyond LEO and for missions having crewed durations in LEO of greater than approximately 30 days which are not within the scope of this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance for current and developing space flight operators who intend to fly humans on spacecraft. The occupants include the crew and spaceflight participants in the orbital vehicles. This guide is targeted primarily toward ground launched, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) spacecraft which provide transportation from the surface to orbit followed by subsequent rendezvous with an orbital complex or short-duration free flight orbit operations, and safe return to Earth’s surface. As used in the guide, LEO is an approximate circular orbit within ~2000 km of Earth’s surface. Longer duration spaceflight (>approximately two weeks) aboard an orbital space station poses unique design and medical constraints which are not specifically addressed in this guide.  
1.2 The methods in this guide are best practices. Having prior positive performing systems may be a basis for compliance to this guide.  
1.2.1 This is a non-comprehensive subset of best safety practices for crew survivability of catastrophic hazards for which all failure tolerance has been exhausted. This is further elaborated upon in 1.5 and 4.2.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 Each spacecraft will present its own set of safety hazards that the user of this standard is expected to analyze and implement survivability options where practical. Also, note that safety is an inherent characteristic of a system, not the product of a few key post-hazard mitigation features. History has shown that a safe and successful spaceflight system is built and operated to the highest possible standards of design robustness, manufacturing quality, inspection, test, and operation, including maintenance and sustaining engineering. The addition of the design features and capabilities as re...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 In keeping with 1.1, commercial human spaceflight companies should follow the guidelines recommended by this document. These guidelines may be tailored to fit each company's specific spaceflight systems, operational procedures, safety standards, and risk profiles.  
3.2 Companies currently are required under Title 51 USC § 50905(b) (5) to inform spaceflight participants about the mission-related risk, but the specific risk of certain medical conditions has yet to be determined. The SFP medical standards and guidelines in this guide shall be considered the minimum recommended, and governmental agencies and operators have the option for additional medical and operational constraints.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a consensus set of Space Flight Participant (SFP) acceptance guidelines that will serve as advice to commercial human spaceflight operators as they develop their own medical programs for suborbital flights.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 FAA regulatory authority: In 2004 Congress granted the FAA the authority to oversee the safety of the emerging commercial human space flight industry, but limited its rulemaking authority. To ensure the industry had an ample learning period to develop and innovate, Congress prohibited the FAA from issuing any regulations governing the design or operation of a launch vehicle intended to protect the health and safety of crew and space flight participants unless there was a death, serious injury, or close call. The original prohibition expired in 2012, but Congress extended it to 2015, then extended it again to 2016, and finally to October 1, 2023. SFP medical requirements are not under the Amendments Act of 2004 current moratorium that will expire in 2023.
The Secretary of the US Department of Transportation (USDOT) has authority to issue regulations regarding SFP medical requirements under Title 51 USC § 50905 (b) (6):
(A) The Secretary may issue regulations requiring space flight participants to undergo an appropriate physical examination prior to a launch or reentry under this chapter. This subparagraph shall cease to be in effect three years after the date of enactment of the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004.
(B) The Secretary may issue additional regulations setting reasonable requirements for space flight participants, including medical and training requirements. Such regulations shall not be effective before the expiration of 3 years after the date of enactment of the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004.
However, USDOT has declined to exert this authority thus far.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to be used by design teams developing suborbital space vehicles. It contains a consensus of the design topics known through experience of the technical community to be the minimum to which attention must be paid during the design process to ensure a high probability of safe flight and return to Earth of humans.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide addresses the design of suborbital space vehicles that carry flight crew, spaceflight participants, mission specialists or other humans on suborbital trajectories.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of terms used by ASTM Committee F47 on Commercial Spaceflight.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification provides voluntary guidance for spaceports to provide information about their spaceport, capabilities, systems, restrictions, and other information for use by customers and potential customers.  
4.2 Information provided by the spaceport is intended to be for public use and only encompass non-proprietary information.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification lists elements recommended for describing a spaceport’s facilities and capabilities to potential launch customers, users, third-parties, or other members of the public. Using standardize elements simplifies comparisons and makes it easier to understand the suitability of a spaceport for a given purpose. Spaceports have the discretion to communicate all, some, or none of these elements.  
1.2 Measurement data in this standard shall use the ASTM guidance on International System of Units (SI) for all data. In addition to the SI units for data, spaceports addressing U.S. customers should also consider including U.S. customary units for the ease of much of their customer base.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the legal requirements associated with licensing or permitting a spaceport. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate legal and licensing practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide can be used to standardize how space flight operators classify safety-related events, including the severity and impact of those events. The framework made by this guide would benefit the creation of any future voluntary safety programs.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance on how to classify safety-related events in space flight. In addition, this guide defines the terms needed for classification, such as their severity and impact.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In this guide, a process to develop and execute a training program to qualify operators for safety-critical launch and reentry operations is defined. This process provides a means of compliance for training and qualification requirements under Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) commercial spaceflight licensing regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers training and qualification of space operations personnel with safety-critical responsibilities during launch and reentry phases of flight.  
1.2 This guide will assist in identifying safety-critical positions, determining level of training required, and developing a system for qualifying personnel to perform safety-critical operations duties.  
1.3 In this guide, a wide range of operational positions will be addressed, including test, launch, and flight controllers; mission decision authorities; personnel handling safety-critical flight hardware; aerospace ground systems; facilities; and crew onboard human spaceflight missions.  
1.4 Though not specifically addressed within this scope, many of these practices may be useful in informing training and qualification of on-orbit operations personnel, as well as operators performing functions critical to mission success.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides system safety engineering and failure tolerance requirements applicable to occupant safety for suborbital vehicles.  
1.2 This specification is not intended to provide failure tolerance requirements for conditions that do not impact occupant safety. For example, conditions resulting in facility damage, vehicle damage, loss of mission objectives, or adverse impact to public safety that do not also have an impact to occupant safety are not subject to the requirements identified in this specification. This specification does not address malfunctions caused by malicious attacks on software systems.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Applicability—This guide shall apply to the storage, use, and handling of liquid rocket propellants.  
3.2 Exemptions—This guide shall not apply to the following:  
3.2.1 Storage, use, or handling of solid rocket propellant;  
3.2.2 Storage, use, or handling of pyrotechnics;  
3.2.3 Storage, use, or handling of hypergolic liquid rocket propellants; and  
3.2.4 Storage, use, or handling of extremely hazardous rocket propellants [those listed as an extremely hazardous substance in the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), Section 302 (40 CFR Part 355)].  
3.3 Equivalency—Nothing in this guide is intended to discourage the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or superior quality, strength, fire resistance, debris protection, effectiveness, durability, or safety over those prescribed by this guide.  
3.4 General—The standards or portions thereof listed in this guide are advisory. Compliance with referenced standards is an acceptable means, but not the only means, of compliance with this guide.  
3.5 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)—If any provision of this guide conflicts with a requirement of the AHJ, the requirement of the AHJ shall take precedence over this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide shall be to provide fundamental safeguards for the storage, use, and handling of liquid rocket propellants to ensure the safety of workers involved as well as the public.  
1.2 Goal—The functional goal of this guide shall be to reduce the explosive hazard of liquid rocket propellants to hazard levels such that the use of quantity-distance criteria is not essential to assure public safety.  
1.3 Application—The requirements of this guide shall apply to persons directly involved in the storage, use, or handling of liquid rocket propellants during nominal operations only.  
1.4 Retroactivity—The provisions of this guide are not retroactive.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 Environmental Concerns—The scope of this standard encompasses the safety precautions for fuels and oxidizers used in commercial launch vehicles; it does not address the various precautions required to minimize risks of environmental contamination. Environmental regulation for chemical storage differs between different states and municipalities, and operators should consult the regulations of the authority having jurisdiction over their site for such matters.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of terms used by ASTM Committee F47 on Commercial Spaceflight.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of terms used by ASTM Committee F47 on Commercial Spaceflight.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.