ASTM D6700-01

Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers and provides guidance for the material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The conversion of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF). This recovery practice has moved from a pioneering concept in the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United States with industrial and utility applications.
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as coal or wood or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S. Many of these units are now using TDF even though they were not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combustion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper applications and specifications are critical to successful utilization of this alternative energy resource.
1.3 This practice explains TDF's use when blended and combusted under normal operating conditions with originally specified fuels. Whole tire combustion for energy recovery is not discussed herein since whole tire usage does not require tire processing to a defined fuel specification.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Aug-2001
• ICS: 83.160.01 - Tyres in general
• Technical Committee: D34 - Waste Management
• Drafting Committee: D34.03 - Treatment, Recovery and Reuse

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D6700-01(2006) - Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-May-2006
• Referred By: ASTM D5681-22e1 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
• Effective Date: 10-Aug-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6700–01
Standard Practice for
Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 2361 Test Method for Chlorine in Coal
D 2795 Test Method for Analysis of Coal and Coke Ash
1.1 This practice covers and provides guidance for the
D 3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke
material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The
D 3173 Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis of Coal
conversion of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use
and Coke
as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF).
D 3174 TestMethodforAshintheAnalysisSampleofCoal
Thisrecoverypracticehasmovedfromapioneeringconceptin
and Coke from Coal
the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United
D 3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis
States with industrial and utility applications.
Sample of Coal and Coke
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as
D 3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
coal or wood or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S.
D 3177 TestMethodforTotalSulfurintheAnalysisSample
Many of these units are now usingTDF even though they were
of Coal and Coke
not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has
D 3178 Test Method for Carbon and Hydrogen in the
combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid
Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke
fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combus-
D 3179 Test Method for Nitrogen in theAnalysis Sample of
tion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of
Coal and Coke
TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional
D 3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate
D 4239 Test Methods for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of
TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper
Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace
applications and specifications are critical to successful utili-
Combustion Methods
zation of this alternative energy resource.
D 4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
1.3 This practice explains TDF’s use when blended and
and Coke Ash by X-Ray Fluorescence
combusted under normal operating conditions with originally
D 4749 Test Method for Performing SieveAnalysis of Coal
specified fuels. Whole tire combustion for energy recovery is
and Designating Coal Size
notdiscussedhereinsincewholetireusagedoesnotrequiretire
D 5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value of
processing to a defined fuel specification.
Waste Materials
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Coke
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E 873 Test Method for Bulk Density of Densified Particu-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
late Biomass Fuels
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.2 Other Standards:
2. Referenced Documents SW-846–5050 Bomb Calorimeter Preparation
SW-846–9056 Ion Chromatography
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.03 on
Industrial Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2001. Published November 2001.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
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D6700–01
3.1.1 all season radial, n—a highway tire designed to meet 3.1.23 dewired, n—the absence of exposed wire on the
the weather conditions in all seasons of the year, that meets the perimeter of the tire chips. Belt wire typically remains in the
Rubber Manufacturers Association definition of a mud and chip, but it is embedded in the chip.
snow tire. 3.1.24 discarded tires, n—a worn or damaged tire that has
3.1.2 altered tire, n—a scrap tire which has been modified
been removed from a vehicle.
so that it is no longer capable of retaining air, holding water, or
3.1.25 end user, n—the facility which utilizes the heat
being used on a vehicle.
content or other forms of energy from the combustion of scrap
3.1.3 analysis, n—the activity to determine the proximate tires (for energy recovery). The last entity who uses the tire, in
and ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF.
whatever form, to make a product or provide a service with
3.1.4 bead, n—the anchoring part of the tire, which is economic value (for other uses).
shaped to fit the rim. The bead is constructed of high tensile
3.1.26 energy recovery, n—a process by which all or part of
steel wires wrapped by the plies.
the tire is utilized as fuel (TDF) to recover its entire value.
3.1.5 bead wire, n—a high tensile steel wire, surrounded by
3.1.27 energy value, n—the assignment of a value to the
rubber, which forms the bead of a tire that provides a firm
tire-derivedfuelasmeasuredinBritishthermalunitsperpound
contact to the rim.
or calories per gram.
3.1.6 bear claw, n—the rough-edged bead wire sticking out
3.1.28 fabric, n—textiles cords used in tire manufacturing.
from a shredded tire.
3.1.29 fishhooks, n—strands of belt or bead wire exposed
3.1.7 belt, n—an assembly of rubber coated fabric or wire
from a processed scrap tire or an individual piece of belt or
used to reinforce a tire’s tread area. In radial tires, also
bead wire. (See also bear claw).
constrains the outside diameter against inflation pressure and
3.1.30 fluff, n—the fibrous, nonrubber, nonmetal portion of
centrifugal force.
a tire that remains after the scrap tire is processed (that is,
3.1.8 belt wire, n—a brass-plated high tensile steel wire
cotton, rayon, polyester, fiberglass, or nylon).
cord used in the steel belts.
3.1.31 fuel value, n—the heat content, as measured in
3.1.9 bias ply tires, n—a tire built with two or more casing
British thermal units (Btu)/lb or cal/g.
plies, which cross each other in the crown at an angle of 30 to
3.1.32 hair, n—wire protruding from the perimeter of a tire
45° to the tread centerline.
chip or shred. (See also fishhooks).
3.1.10 body, n—tirestructurenotincludingthetreadportion
3.1.33 heavy-duty tires, n—tires weighing more than 40 lb
of the tire. (See also casing and carcass.)
(18.1 kg), used on trucks, buses, and off the road vehicles in
3.1.11 carcass, n—See casing.
heavy-duty applications.
3.1.12 casing, n—the basic tire structure excluding the
3.1.34 horsetail, n—a rough piece of shredded tire with a
tread. (See also carcass.)
width of 2 to 4 in. (5.1 to 10.2 cm) and a length greater than 6
3.1.13 chip size, n—the range of rubber particle sizes
in. (15.2 cm).
resulting from the processing of whole tires.
3.1.35 innerliner, n—thelayerorlayersofrubberlaminated
3.1.14 chipped tire, n—a classified scrap tire particle that
to the inside of a tire and which meets the Rubber Manufac-
has a basic geometrical shape, which generally is 2 in. (5.08
turers Association definition of a mud and snow tire.
cm) or smaller and has most of the bead wire removed. Also
3.1.36 light duty tires, n—tires weighing less than 40 lb
referred to as a tire chip.
(18.2 kg), used on passenger cars and light trucks.
3.1.15 chopped tire, n—ascraptirethatiscutintorelatively
3.1.37 light truck tires, n—tires with a rim diameter of 16 to
large pieces of unspecified dimensions.
19.5 in. (40.6 to 49.5 cm), manufactured specifically for light
3.1.16 classifier, n—equipment designed to separate over-
truck use.
sized tire shreds from the desired size.
3.1.38 logger tires, n—a special tire designed for the
3.1.17 combustion, n—the chemical reaction of a material
logging industry.
through rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light.
3.1.39 minus, n—the sieve designating the upper limit or
3.1.18 combustion unit, n—any number of devices to pro-
maximum size shall be the sieve of the series with the largest
duce or release energy for the beneficial purpose of production
opening upon which is cumulatively retained a total of less
by burning a fuel to include, but not limited to, units such as
than or equal to1%ofthe sample.
industrial power boilers, electrical utility generating boilers,
3.1.40 mucker tire, n—a flotation type of tire specifically
and cement kilns.
designed for use in soft grounds.
3.1.19 commercial tire, n—truck and industrial tires.
3.1.41 natural rubber, n—the material processed from the
3.1.20 compound, n—a mixture of blended chemicals tai-
spa (latex) of Hevaca Brasiliensis (rubber tree).
lored to meet the needs of the specific components of the tire.
3.1.42 new tire, n—a tire that has never been mounted on a
3.1.21 converted tire, n—a scrap tire that has been pro-
rim.
cessed into a usable commodity other than a tire.
3.1.43 nominal, n—commonly used to refer to the average
3.1.22 cords, n—the strands of wire or fabric that form the
size product (chip) that comprises 50 % or more of the
plies and belts in a tire.
throughput in a scrap tire processing operation. It should be
noted that any scrap tire processing operation also would
generate products (chips) above and below the “nominal”
Available from the Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) 1400 K Street,
NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005. range of the machine.
D6700–01
3.1.44 off the road tire (OTR), n—tire designed primarily 3.1.60 shredded tire, n—a size reduced scrap tire. The
for use on unpaved roads or where no roads exist, built for reductioninsizewasaccomplishedbyamechanicalprocessing
ruggedness and traction rather than for speed. device, commonly referred to as a shredder.
3.1.61 shredder, n—a machine used to reduce whole tires to
3.1.45 passenger car tires, n—a tire with less than an 18 in.
pieces.
(45.7 cm) rim diameter for use on cars only.
3.1.62 sidewall, n—the side of a tire between the tread
3.1.46 pneumatic tires, n—a tire that depends on the com-
shoulder and the rim bead.
pressed air it holds to carry the load. It differs from a solid tire
3.1.63 single pass shred, n—a shredded tire that has been
in which the tire itself carriers the load.
processed by one pass through a shear type shredder and the
3.1.47 processed tire, n—a scrap tire that has been altered,
resulting pieces have not been classified by size.
converted, or size reduced.
3.1.64 specifications, n—written requirement for processes,
3.1.48 passenger tire equivalent (PTE), n—a measurement
materials or equipment.
of mixed passenger and truck tires, where five passenger tires
3.1.65 squirrel foot, n—exposed, rough pieces of belt or
are equal to one truck tire.
bead wire. (See also fishhooks).
3.1.49 radial tire, n—a tire constructed so that the ply cords
3.1.66 steel belt, n—rubber coated steel cords that run
extend from bead to bead at a 90° angle to the centerline of the
diagonallyunderthetreadofsteelradialtiresandextendacross
road.
the tire approximately the width of the tread. The stiffness of
3.1.50 rim, n—the metal support for the tire and tube
the belts provides good handling, tread wear and penetration
assembly on the wheel.
resistance.
3.1.51 rip-shear shredders, n—a tire shredder designed to
3.1.67 supplemental fuel, n—a combustible material that
reduce a scrap tire to pieces. The size and shape of the rubber
displaces a portion of traditional fuel source. It refers to the
particle is dependent on the processing action of the shredder
product being used in conjunction with another conventional
(that is, by cutting blades, rotary shear, or rip shear).
fuel but typically not as a sole fuel supply.
3.1.52 rough shred, n—a piece of a shredded tire that is 3.1.68 TDF, n—See tire-derived fuel.
larger than 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 2 in (5.1 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm), but 3.1.69 tire, n—a continuous solid or pneumatic rubber
smaller than 30 in. (76.2 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 4 in. (10.2
covering encircling the wheel of a vehicle.
cm).
3.1.70 tire chip, n—See chipped tire.
3.1.53 rubber, n—an elastomer, generally implying natural 3.1.71 tire-derived fuel, n—theendproductofaprocessthat
rubber,butusedlooselytomeananyelastomer,vulcanizedand converts whole scrap tires into a specific chipped form. This
specified product then would be capable of being used as fuel.
unvulcanized.Bydefinition,rubberisamaterialthatiscapable
ofrecoveringfromlargedeformationsquicklyandforciblyand 3.1.72 tire shreds, n—See shredded tire.
can be, or already is, modified to a state in which it is 3.1.73 tread, n—that portion of the tire which contacts the
essentially insoluable in a boiling solvent.
road.
3.1.54 scrap tire processing, n—any method of size reduc- 3.1.74 tread rubber, n—compounded, natural, or synthetic
rubber, which is placed on a buffed casing and vulcanized to it
ing whole scrap tires to facilitate recycling, energy recovery or
disposal. to provide a new wearing surface.
3.1.75 trommel, n—a mechanical device that sorts size-
3.1.55 screen, n—an apparatus for separating sizes of gran-
reduced scrap tires.
ules.
3.1.76 truck tire, n—tireswitharimdiameterof20in.(50.8
3.1.56 secondary material, n—fragments or finished prod-
cm) or larger.
ucts or leftovers from a manufacturing process which converts
3.1.77 used tire, n—a tire removed from a vehicle’s rim,
a primary material into a commodity of economic value.
which cannot be described legally as new, but which is
3.1.57 sectioned tire, n—a tire that has been cut into at least
structurally intact and has a tread depth greater than the legal
two parts.
limit. This tire can be remounted onto another vehicle’s rim
3.1.58 shred sizing, n—generally refers to the process of
without repair.
particles passing through a rated screen opening rather than
3.1.78 waste tire, n—atirethatisnolongercapableofbeing
those which are retained on the screen. Examples include:
used for its original purpose, but has been disposed of in such
3.1.58.1 1 by 1 in. (2.5 by 2.5 cm), n—a sized reduced scrap
a manner that it can not be used for any other purpose.
tire, with all di
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