ASTM D6700-01(2006)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers and provides guidance for the material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The conversion of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF). This recovery practice has moved from a pioneering concept in the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United States with industrial and utility applications.
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as coal or wood or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S. Many of these units are now using TDF even though they were not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combustion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper applications and specifications are critical to successful utilization of this alternative energy resource.
1.3 This practice explains TDF's use when blended and combusted under normal operating conditions with originally specified fuels. Whole tire combustion for energy recovery is not discussed herein since whole tire usage does not require tire processing to a defined fuel specification.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D6700 − 01(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Practice for
Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers and provides guidance for the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
conversion of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use D2361 Test Method for Chlorine in Coal (Withdrawn 2008)
as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF). D2795 Test Methods for Analysis of Coal and Coke Ash
Thisrecoverypracticehasmovedfromapioneeringconceptin (Withdrawn 2001)
the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United D3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke
States with industrial and utility applications. D3173 Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of
Coal and Coke
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as
D3174 Test Method forAsh in theAnalysis Sample of Coal
coal or wood or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S.
and Coke from Coal
Many of these units are now usingTDF even though they were
D3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis
not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has
Sample of Coal and Coke
combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid
D3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combus-
D3177 Test Methods forTotal Sulfur in theAnalysis Sample
tion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of
of Coal and Coke
TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional
D3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in the
fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to
Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2007)
modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate
D3179 Test Methods for Nitrogen in theAnalysis Sample of
TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper
Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2008)
applications and specifications are critical to successful utili-
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
zation of this alternative energy resource.
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
1.3 This practice explains TDF’s use when blended and
D4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of
combusted under normal operating conditions with originally
Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace
specified fuels. Whole tire combustion for energy recovery is
Combustion
notdiscussedhereinsincewholetireusagedoesnotrequiretire
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
processing to a defined fuel specification.
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Coal and Designating Coal Size
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Waste Materials
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and
Coke
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Recovery and Reuse. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D6700-01. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D6700-01R06. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6700 − 01 (2006)
E873 Test Method for Bulk Density of Densified Particulate 3.1.18 combustion unit, n—any number of devices to pro-
Biomass Fuels duce or release energy for the beneficial purpose of production
by burning a fuel to include, but not limited to, units such as
2.2 Other Standards:
industrial power boilers, electrical utility generating boilers,
SW-846–5050 Bomb Calorimeter Preparation
and cement kilns.
SW-846–9056 Ion Chromatography
3.1.19 commercial tire, n—truck and industrial tires.
3. Terminology
3.1.20 compound, n—a mixture of blended chemicals tai-
3.1 Definitions:
lored to meet the needs of the specific components of the tire.
3.1.1 all season radial, n—a highway tire designed to meet
3.1.21 convertedtire,n—ascraptirethathasbeenprocessed
the weather conditions in all seasons of the year, that meets the
into a usable commodity other than a tire.
Rubber Manufacturers Association definition of a mud and
snow tire.
3.1.22 cords, n—the strands of wire or fabric that form the
plies and belts in a tire.
3.1.2 altered tire, n—a scrap tire which has been modified
so that it is no longer capable of retaining air, holding water, or
3.1.23 dewired, n—the absence of exposed wire on the
being used on a vehicle.
perimeter of the tire chips. Belt wire typically remains in the
3.1.3 analysis, n—the activity to determine the proximate chip, but it is embedded in the chip.
and ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF.
3.1.24 discarded tires, n—a worn or damaged tire that has
3.1.4 bead, n—the anchoring part of the tire, which is
been removed from a vehicle.
shaped to fit the rim. The bead is constructed of high tensile
3.1.25 end user, n—the facility which utilizes the heat
steel wires wrapped by the plies.
content or other forms of energy from the combustion of scrap
3.1.5 bead wire, n—a high tensile steel wire, surrounded by
tires (for energy recovery). The last entity who uses the tire, in
rubber, which forms the bead of a tire that provides a firm
whatever form, to make a product or provide a service with
contact to the rim.
economic value (for other uses).
3.1.6 bear claw, n—the rough-edged bead wire sticking out
3.1.26 energy recovery, n—a process by which all or part of
from a shredded tire.
the tire is utilized as fuel (TDF) to recover its entire value.
3.1.7 belt, n—an assembly of rubber coated fabric or wire
3.1.27 energy value, n—the assignment of a value to the
used to reinforce a tire’s tread area. In radial tires, also
tire-derivedfuelasmeasuredinBritishthermalunitsperpound
constrains the outside diameter against inflation pressure and
or calories per gram.
centrifugal force.
3.1.28 fabric, n—textiles cords used in tire manufacturing.
3.1.8 belt wire, n—abrass-platedhightensilesteelwirecord
3.1.29 fishhooks, n—strands of belt or bead wire exposed
used in the steel belts.
from a processed scrap tire or an individual piece of belt or
3.1.9 bias ply tires, n—a tire built with two or more casing
bead wire. (See also bear claw).
plies, which cross each other in the crown at an angle of 30 to
3.1.30 fluff, n—thefibrous,nonrubber,nonmetalportionofa
45° to the tread centerline.
tirethatremainsafterthescraptireisprocessed(thatis,cotton,
3.1.10 body, n—tire structure not including the tread portion
rayon, polyester, fiberglass, or nylon).
of the tire. (See also casing and carcass.)
3.1.31 fuel value, n—the heat content, as measured in
3.1.11 carcass, n—See casing.
British thermal units (Btu)/lb or cal/g.
3.1.12 casing, n—the basic tire structure excluding the
3.1.32 hair, n—wire protruding from the perimeter of a tire
tread. (See also carcass.)
chip or shred. (See also fishhooks ).
3.1.13 chip size, n—the range of rubber particle sizes
resulting from the processing of whole tires. 3.1.33 heavy-duty tires, n—tires weighing more than 40 lb
(18.1 kg), used on trucks, buses, and off the road vehicles in
3.1.14 chipped tire, n—a classified scrap tire particle that
heavy-duty applications.
has a basic geometrical shape, which generally is 2 in. (5.08
cm) or smaller and has most of the bead wire removed. Also
3.1.34 horsetail, n—a rough piece of shredded tire with a
referred to as a tire chip.
width of 2 to 4 in. (5.1 to 10.2 cm) and a length greater than 6
in. (15.2 cm).
3.1.15 chopped tire, n—a scrap tire that is cut into relatively
large pieces of unspecified dimensions.
3.1.35 innerliner, n—the layer or layers of rubber laminated
3.1.16 classifier, n—equipment designed to separate over- to the inside of a tire and which meets the Rubber Manufac-
turers Association definition of a mud and snow tire.
sized tire shreds from the desired size.
3.1.17 combustion, n—the chemical reaction of a material
3.1.36 light duty tires, n—tires weighing less than 40 lb
through rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light. (18.2 kg), used on passenger cars and light trucks.
3.1.37 light truck tires, n—tires with a rim diameter of 16 to
19.5 in. (40.6 to 49.5 cm), manufactured specifically for light
Available from the Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) 1400 K Street,
NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005. truck use.
D6700 − 01 (2006)
3.1.38 logger tires, n—a special tire designed for the log- 3.1.55 screen, n—an apparatus for separating sizes of gran-
ging industry. ules.
3.1.39 minus, n—the sieve designating the upper limit or 3.1.56 secondary material, n—fragments or finished prod-
maximum size shall be the sieve of the series with the largest ucts or leftovers from a manufacturing process which converts
opening upon which is cumulatively retained a total of less a primary material into a commodity of economic value.
than or equal to1%ofthe sample.
3.1.57 sectioned tire, n—a tire that has been cut into at least
two parts.
3.1.40 mucker tire, n—a flotation type of tire specifically
designed for use in soft grounds.
3.1.58 shred sizing, n—generally refers to the process of
particles passing through a rated screen opening rather than
3.1.41 natural rubber, n—the material processed from the
those which are retained on the screen. Examples include:
spa (latex) of Hevaca Brasiliensis (rubber tree).
3.1.58.1 1 by 1 in. (2.5 by 2.5 cm), n—a sized reduced scrap
3.1.42 new tire, n—a tire that has never been mounted on a
tire, with all dimensions 1 in. (2.5 cm) maximum.
rim.
3.1.58.2 2 by 2 in. (5.1 by 5.1 cm), n—a size reduced scrap
3.1.43 nominal, n—commonly used to refer to the average
tire, with all dimensions 2 in. (5.1 cm) maximum.
size product (chip) that comprises 50 % or more of the
throughput in a scrap tire processing operation. It should be
3.1.58.3 X in. minus, n—sized reduced scrap tires, the
noted that any scrap tire processing operation also would
maximum size of any piece has a dimension no larger than X
generate products (chips) above and below the “nominal”
plus 1 in. (X plus 2.5 cm), but 95 % of which is less than X in.
range of the machine.
(2.54 X cm) in any dimension (that is, 1 in. (2.5 cm) minus; 2
in. (5.1 cm) minus; 3 in. (7.6 cm) minus, and so forth).
3.1.44 off the road tire (OTR), n—tiredesignedprimarilyfor
use on unpaved roads or where no roads exist, built for
3.1.59 shredded rubber, n—pieces of scrap tires resulting
ruggedness and traction rather than for speed.
from mechanical processing.
3.1.45 passenger car tires, n—a tire with less than an 18 in.
3.1.60 shredded tire, n—a size reduced scrap tire. The
(45.7 cm) rim diameter for use on cars only.
reductioninsizewasaccomplishedbyamechanicalprocessing
device, commonly referred to as a shredder.
3.1.46 pneumatic tires, n—a tire that depends on the com-
pressed air it holds to carry the load. It differs from a solid tire
3.1.61 shredder, n—a machine used to reduce whole tires to
in which the tire itself carriers the load.
pieces.
3.1.47 processed tire, n—a scrap tire that has been altered,
3.1.62 sidewall, n—the side of a tire between the tread
converted, or size reduced.
shoulder and the rim bead.
3.1.48 passenger tire equivalent (PTE), n—a measurement
3.1.63 single pass shred, n—a shredded tire that has been
of mixed passenger and truck tires, where five passenger tires
processed by one pass through a shear type shredder and the
are equal to one truck tire.
resulting pieces have not been classified by size.
3.1.49 radial tire, n—a tire constructed so that the ply cords
3.1.64 specifications, n—written requirement for processes,
extend from bead to bead at a 90° angle to the centerline of the materials or equipment.
road.
3.1.65 squirrel foot, n—exposed, rough pieces of belt or
3.1.50 rim, n—the metal support for the tire and tube bead wire. (See also fishhooks).
assembly on the wheel.
3.1.66 steel belt, n—rubber coated steel cords that run
3.1.51 rip-shear shredders, n—a tire shredder designed to diagonallyunderthetreadofsteelradialtiresandextendacross
reduce a scrap tire to pieces. The size and shape of the rubber
the tire approximately the width of the tread. The stiffness of
particle is dependent on the processing action of the shredder the belts provides good handling, tread wear and penetration
(that is, by cutting blades, rotary shear, or rip shear). resistance.
3.1.52 rough shred, n—a piece of a shredded tire that is 3.1.67 supplemental fuel, n—a combustible material that
larger than 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 2 in (5.1 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm), but displaces a portion of traditional fuel source. It refers to the
smaller than 30 in. (76.2 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 4 in. (10.2 product being used in conjunction with another conventional
cm). fuel but typically not as a sole fuel supply.
3.1.53 rubber, n—an elastomer, generally implying natural 3.1.68 TDF, n—See tire-derived fuel.
rubber,butusedlooselytomeananyelastomer,vulcanizedand
3.1.69 tire, n—a continuous solid or pneumatic rubber
unvulcanized.Bydefinition,rubberisamaterialthatiscapable
covering encircling the wheel of a vehicle.
ofrecoveringfromlargedeformationsquicklyandforciblyand
3.1.70 tire chip, n—See chipped tire.
can be, or already is, modified to a state in which it is
essentially insoluable in a boiling solvent.
3.1.71 tire-derived fuel, n—the end product of a process that
converts whole scrap tires into a specific chipped form. This
3.1.54 scrap tire processing, n—any method of size reduc-
specified product then would be capable of being used as fuel.
ing whole scrap tires to facilitate recycling, energy recovery or
disposal. 3.1.72 tire shreds, n
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