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ASTM E545-99

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination

Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the use of an Image Quality Indicator system to determine the relative  quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this method are not intended to control the quality level of materials and components.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-1999
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.05 - Radiology (Neutron) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E545-99(2004) - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E748-19 - Standard Guide for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Materials
Effective Date
10-Dec-1999
Referred By
ASTM E2861-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Beam Divergence and Alignment in Neutron Radiologic Beams
Effective Date
10-Dec-1999
Referred By
ASTM E3398-23 - Standard Guide for Digital Neutron Radiography
Effective Date
10-Dec-1999
Referred By
ASTM E2003-20 - Standard Practice for Fabrication of the Neutron Radiographic Beam Purity Indicators
Effective Date
10-Dec-1999
Referred By
ASTM E2023-22 - Standard Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic Sensitivity Indicators
Effective Date
10-Dec-1999
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
10-Dec-1999

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ASTM E545-99 - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic ExaminationASTM E545-99 - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
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ASTM E545-99 - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 545 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron
Radiographic Examination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 545; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the use of an Image Quality 4.1 The judgment of the quality of a neutron radiograph is
Indicator (IQI) system to determine the relative quality of based upon the evaluation of images obtained from indicators
radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron that are exposed along with the test object. In cases of limited
radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this film size or extended object size, the indicators may be exposed
test method are not intended to control the quality level of on another film immediately prior to or following exposure of
materials and components. the test object under exactly the same conditions (refer to
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety Process Control Radiographs, Section 10). The IQI values must
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility be determined from films with an optical density between 2.0
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and to 3.0. Two types of IQIs are used.
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory 4.1.1 Beam Purity Indicator (BPI)—The BPI is a device
limitations prior to use. used for quantitative determination of radiographic quality. It is
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded to be standard. a polytetrafluoroethylene block containing two boron nitride
disks, two lead disks, and two cadmium wires. A key feature of
2. Referenced Documents
the BPI is the ability to make a visual analysis of its image for
2.1 ASTM Standards: subjective information, such as image unsharpness and film
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
and processing quality. Densitometric measurements of the
Testing image of the device permit quantitative determination of the
E 748 Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Ma-
effective value for the thermal neutron content, gamma content,
terials
pair production content, and scattered neutron content. The BPI
E 803 Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron shall be constructed in accordance with Practice E 2003.
Radiography Beams
Optionally, any BPI fabricated prior to publication of Practice
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations E 2003 which conforms to Test Method E 545 - 81 through 91
E 2003 Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic
may be used.
Beam Purity Indicators 4.1.2 Sensitivity Indicator (SI)—The SI is one of several
E 2023 Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic
devices used for qualitative determination of the sensitivity of
Sensitivity Indicators detail visible on a neutron radiograph. The SI is a step-wedge
device containing gaps and holes of known dimensions. Visual
3. Terminology
inspection of the image of this device provides subjective
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
information regarding total radiographic sensitivity with re-
method, see Terminology E 1316, Section H.
spect to the step-block material. The SI shall be in accordance
with Practice E 2023. Optionally, any SI fabricated prior to
publication of Practice E 2023 which conforms to Test Method
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on
E 545-81 through 91 may be used.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.05 on
4.2 Neutron radiography practices are discussed in Practices
Neutron Radiography.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1999. Published February 2000. Originally
E 748.
published as E 545 – 75. Last previous edition E 545 – 91(1997).
The numerical values obtained in the calculations described herein may vary
between different film processing systems, film types, and within one processing
system if processing variables changes.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E545–99
5. Significance and Use 7.7 The cadmium wires in the BPI shall be oriented such
that their longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the nearest film
5.1 The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information
edge.
concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that
7.8 Measure the film densities using a diffuse transmission
contribute to film exposure and thereby affect overall image
densitometer. The densitometer shall be accurate to 60.02
quality. In addition, the BPI can be used to verify the
density units.
day-to-day consistency of the neutron radiographic quality.
7.9 For the purpose of determining image quality, the
Gadolinium conversion screens and single-emulsion silver-
background optical density shall be between 2.0 and 3.0
halide films, exposed together in the neutron imaging beam,
measured at the hole in the center of the BPI.
were used in the development and testing of the BPI. Use of
7.10 The only true measurement of the beam uniformity is
alternative detection systems may produce densitometric read-
with a radiograph made without objects. Background film
ings that are not valid for the equations used in Section 9.
optical density in the range from 2.0 to 3.0 across the film
5.2 The only truly valid sensitivity indicator is a reference
should not vary more than 65 % from the numerical mean of
standard part. A reference standard part is a material or
five measurements: one measurement at the center and one
component that is the same as the object being neutron
measurement approximately 25 to 30 mm toward the center
radiographed except with a known standard discontinuity,
from each corner of the film. If the beam diameter is smaller
inclusion, omission, or flaw. The sensitivity indicators were
than the film, the four outside measurements shall be taken 25
designed to substitute for the reference standard and provide
to 30 mm from the edge of the beam located at 90° intervals.
qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity.
7.11 Radiographs shall be free of any blemish that may
5.3 The number of areas or objects to be radiographed and
interfere with subsequent examination of the image.
the film acceptance standard used should be specified in the
7.12 Determine the thermal neutron content (NC), scattered
contract, purchase order, specification, or drawings.
neutron content (S), gamma content (g), and pair production
content (P) by densitometric analysis of the BPI image. Make
6. Basis of Application
a determination of the constituents of film exposure by
6.1 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies—If specified
measuring the densities in the BPI image as shown in Table 1.
in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified
Calculate the various exposure contributors by the equations
and evaluated in accordance with Practice E 543. The appli-
given in Section 9.
cable revision of Practice E 543 shall be specified in the
7.13 Determine the sensitivity level by visually analyzing
contractual agreement.
the image of the SI. Determine the values for G and H using
6.2 Procedures and Techniques—The procedures and tech-
Tables 2 and 3.
niques to be utilized shall be as described in this test method
7.14 Determine the neut
...

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ASTM E1316-24(Terminology)
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4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the NDT facility and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see 6.1). Practices E1030/E1030M, E1032, and E1416 contain information to help develop detailed technique/procedure requirements.
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5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to the many materials and object configurations which may be penetrated with X-rays or gamma rays. The high degree of variation in architecture and performance among radioscopic systems due to component selection, physical arrangement, and object variables makes it necessary to establish the performance that the selected radioscopic system is capable of achieving in specific applications. The manufacturer or integrator of the radioscopic system, as well as the user, require a common basis for determining the performance level of the radioscopic system.  
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5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
5.1.1 The initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is ultimately binary in nature (that is, hit or miss).  
5.1.2 Discontinuity size is the predictor variable and can be accurately quantified.  
5.1.3 A relationship between discontinuity size and POD exists and is best described by a generalized linear model with the appropriate link function for binary outcomes.  
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5.3 If the initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is measurable and can be classified as a continuous variable (for example, data collected from an Eddy Current inspection system), then Practice E3023 may be more appropriate.  
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5.5 The POD analysis method described herein is consistent with the analysis method for binary data described in MIL-HDBK-1823A, and is included in several widely utilized POD software packages to perform a POD analysis on hit/miss data. It is also found in statistical software packages that have generalized line...
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1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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6.3 This guide is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable with the beam normal to the entry surface. If discontinuities or other orientations are of concern, alternate scanning techniques are required.
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1.1 This guide covers procedures for the contact ultrasonic examination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed ultrasonic waves into the material and observing the indications of reflected waves. This guide covers only examinations in which one search unit is used as both transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo). This guide includes general requirements and procedures that may be used for detecting discontinuities, locating depth and distance from a point of reference and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities as compared to a reference standard.  
1.2 This guide complements Practice E114 by providing more detailed procedures for the selection and standardization of the examination system and for evaluation of the indications obtained.  
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ASTM
ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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