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ASTM E545-99(2004)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination

Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the use of an Image Quality Indicator system to determine the relative  quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this method are not intended to control the quality level of materials and components.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2004
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.05 - Radiology (Neutron) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E545-99 - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Replaced By
ASTM E545-05 - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E3398-23 - Standard Guide for Digital Neutron Radiography
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2861-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Beam Divergence and Alignment in Neutron Radiologic Beams
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E748-19 - Standard Guide for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2023-22 - Standard Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic Sensitivity Indicators
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2003-20 - Standard Practice for Fabrication of the Neutron Radiographic Beam Purity Indicators
Effective Date
01-May-2004

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ASTM E545-99(2004) - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic ExaminationASTM E545-99(2004) - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
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ASTM E545-99(2004) - Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 545 – 99 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron
Radiographic Examination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 545; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the use of an Image Quality 4.1 The judgment of the quality of a neutron radiograph is
Indicator (IQI) system to determine the relative quality of based upon the evaluation of images obtained from indicators
radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron that are exposed along with the test object. In cases of limited
radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this filmsizeorextendedobjectsize,theindicatorsmaybeexposed
test method are not intended to control the quality level of on another film immediately prior to or following exposure of
materials and components. the test object under exactly the same conditions (refer to
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety ProcessControlRadiographs,Section10).TheIQIvaluesmust
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility be determined from films with an optical density between 2.0
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and to 3.0. Two types of IQIs are used.
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory 4.1.1 Beam Purity Indicator (BPI)—The BPI is a device
limitations prior to use. usedforquantitativedeterminationofradiographicquality.Itis
1.3 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsareregardedtobestandard. a polytetrafluoroethylene block containing two boron nitride
disks, two lead disks, and two cadmium wires.Akey feature of
2. Referenced Documents
the BPI is the ability to make a visual analysis of its image for
2.1 ASTM Standards: subjective information, such as image unsharpness and film
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
and processing quality. Densitometric measurements of the
Testing image of the device permit quantitative determination of the
E 748 Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Ma-
effectivevalueforthethermalneutroncontent,gammacontent,
terials
pairproductioncontent,andscatteredneutroncontent.TheBPI
E 803 Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron shall be constructed in accordance with Practice E 2003.
Radiography Beams
Optionally, any BPI fabricated prior to publication of Practice
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations E 2003 which conforms to Test Method E 545 - 81 through 91
E 2003 Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic
may be used.
Beam Purity Indicators 4.1.2 Sensitivity Indicator (SI)—The SI is one of several
E 2023 Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic
devices used for qualitative determination of the sensitivity of
Sensitivity Indicators detail visible on a neutron radiograph. The SI is a step-wedge
device containing gaps and holes of known dimensions. Visual
3. Terminology
inspection of the image of this device provides subjective
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
information regarding total radiographic sensitivity with re-
method, see Terminology E 1316, Section H.
spect to the step-block material. The SI shall be in accordance
with Practice E 2023. Optionally, any SI fabricated prior to
publication of Practice E 2023 which conforms toTest Method
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
E 545-81 through 91 may be used.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.05 on
4.2 NeutronradiographypracticesarediscussedinPractices
Neutron Radiography.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
E 748.
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 545 - 99.
The numerical values obtained in the calculations described herein may vary
5. Significance and Use
between different film processing systems, film types, and within one processing
system if processing variables changes. 5.1 The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
contribute to film exposure and thereby affect overall image
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
quality. In addition, the BPI can be used to verify the
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 545 – 99 (2004)
day-to-day consistency of the neutron radiographic quality. 7.9 For the purpose of determining image quality, the
Gadolinium conversion screens and single-emulsion silver- background optical density shall be between 2.0 and 3.0
halide films, exposed together in the neutron imaging beam, measured at the hole in the center of the BPI.
were used in the development and testing of the BPI. Use of 7.10 The only true measurement of the beam uniformity is
alternative detection systems may produce densitometric read- with a radiograph made without objects. Background film
ings that are not valid for the equations used in Section 9. optical density in the range from 2.0 to 3.0 across the film
5.2 The only truly valid sensitivity indicator is a reference should not vary more than 65 % from the numerical mean of
standard part. A reference standard part is a material or five measurements: one measurement at the center and one
component that is the same as the object being neutron measurement approximately 25 to 30 mm toward the center
radiographed except with a known standard discontinuity, from each corner of the film. If the beam diameter is smaller
inclusion, omission, or flaw. The sensitivity indicators were than the film, the four outside measurements shall be taken 25
designed to substitute for the reference standard and provide to 30 mm from the edge of the beam located at 90° intervals.
qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity. 7.11 Radiographs shall be free of any blemish that may
5.3 The number of areas or objects to be radiographed and interfere with subsequent examination of the image.
the film acceptance standard used should be specified in the 7.12 Determine the thermal neutron content (NC), scattered
contract, purchase order, specification, or drawings. neutron content (S), gamma content (g), and pair production
content (P) by densitometric analysis of the BPI image. Make
6. Basis of Application
a determination of the constituents of film exposure by
6.1 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies—If specified
measuring the densities in the BPI image as shown in Table 1.
in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified Calculate the various exposure contributors by the equations
and evaluated in accordance with Practice E 543. The appli-
given in Section 9.
cable revision of Practice E 543 shall be specified in the 7.13 Determine the sensitivity level by visually analyzing
contractual agreement.
the image of the SI. Determine the values for G and H using
6.2 Procedures and Techniques—The procedures and tech-
Tables 2 and 3.
niques to be utilized shall be as described in this test method
7.14 Determine the neutron radiographic category from
unless otherwise specified. Specific techniques may be speci-
Table 4.
fied in contractual documents.
7.15 Visually compare the images of
...

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ASTM E1316-24(Terminology)
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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
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1.1 This standard covers the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing. These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technical methods.  
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ASTM E1742/E1742M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the NDT facility and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see 6.1). Practices E1030/E1030M, E1032, and E1416 contain information to help develop detailed technique/procedure requirements.
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1.3.1 DoD contracts.  
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1.3.19 Reproduction of radiographs, 6.27.10 and 6.27.10.1.  
1.3.20 Acceptable parts, 6.28.1.  
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Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to the many materials and object configurations which may be penetrated with X-rays or gamma rays. The high degree of variation in architecture and performance among radioscopic systems due to component selection, physical arrangement, and object variables makes it necessary to establish the performance that the selected radioscopic system is capable of achieving in specific applications. The manufacturer or integrator of the radioscopic system, as well as the user, require a common basis for determining the performance level of the radioscopic system.  
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5.4 Radioscopic system performance measured pursuant to this practice does not guarantee the level of performance which may be realized in actual operation but does provide a baseline against which periodic performance evaluations can be compared to ensure the system is operating within established limits. The effects of object-geometry and orientation-generated scattered radiation cannot be reliably predicted by a standardized examination. All radioscopic systems age and degrade in performance as a function of time. Maintenance and operator adjustments, i...
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1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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Standard Practice for Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing of Composites, Sandwich Core Constructions, and Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave.  
1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). Th...

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ASTM E2862-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Probability of Detection Analysis for Hit/Miss Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
5.1.1 The initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is ultimately binary in nature (that is, hit or miss).  
5.1.2 Discontinuity size is the predictor variable and can be accurately quantified.  
5.1.3 A relationship between discontinuity size and POD exists and is best described by a generalized linear model with the appropriate link function for binary outcomes.  
5.2 This practice does not limit the use of a generalized linear model with more than one predictor variable or other types of statistical models if justified as more appropriate for the hit/miss data.  
5.3 If the initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is measurable and can be classified as a continuous variable (for example, data collected from an Eddy Current inspection system), then Practice E3023 may be more appropriate.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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