ASTM D6700-01(2013)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
Standard Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When considering the specification of fuels for a boiler, issues to evaluate are the fuel's combustion characteristics, handling and feeding logistics, environmental concerns, and ash residue considerations. A thorough understanding of these issues is required to engineer the combustion unit for power and steam generation; however, TDF has demonstrated compatible characteristics allowing it to serve as a supplemental fuel in existing combustion units based on cumulative experience in many facilities originally designed for traditional fossil fuels, or wood wastes, or both. When used as a supplemental energy resource in existing units, TDF usage is generally limited to blend ratios in the 10-30 % range based on energy input. This limit is due to its high heat release rate and low moisture content, which differ significantly from other solid fuels, such as wood, refuse derived fuel, coal and petroleum coke.
4.2 New combustion units dedicated to the use of TDF (or whole tires) as the sole fuel source are rare. The generation and availability of scrap tires is ultimately determined by market conditions for new tires and the depletion rate of scrap tire inventories (stockpiles). Scrap tires account for approximately 1 % of the municipal solid waste stream. Based on a national scrap tire generation rate, there are roughly 2.5 to 3 million tons (annually available for all uses to include fuel, crumb rubber, engineering projects, and so forth). Some dedicated combustion units have been built, however, competition for the scrap tires as other existing sources begin to use TDF will determine the ultimate viability of these facilities. Although most regions can supply TDF demand as a supplemental fuel, a dedicated boiler in the range of 500,000 lb/h (227,000 kg/h) steaming capacity would require over 66 000 scrap tires/day to meet its fuel demand. Such demand may strain a region's ability to supply and put the fuel supply at risk. Some design projects have incorporated ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers and provides guidance for the material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The conversion of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF). This recovery practice has moved from a pioneering concept in the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United States with industrial and utility applications.
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as coal or wood or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S. Many of these units are now using TDF even though they were not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combustion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper applications and specifications are critical to successful utilization of this alternative energy resource.
1.3 This practice explains TDF's use when blended and combusted under normal operating conditions with originally specified fuels. Whole tire combustion for energy recovery is not discussed herein since whole tire usage does not require tire processing to a defined fuel specification.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability ...
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Designation: D6700 − 01 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
Use of Scrap Tire-Derived Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers and provides guidance for the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The
D2361 Test Method for Chlorine in Coal (Withdrawn 2008)
conversion of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use
D2795 Test Methods for Analysis of Coal and Coke Ash
as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF).
(Withdrawn 2001)
Thisrecoverypracticehasmovedfromapioneeringconceptin
D3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke
the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United
D3173 Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of
States with industrial and utility applications.
Coal and Coke
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as
D3174 Test Method forAsh in theAnalysis Sample of Coal
coal or wood or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S.
and Coke from Coal
Many of these units are now usingTDF even though they were
D3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis
not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has
Sample of Coal and Coke
combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid
D3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combus-
D3177 Test Methods forTotal Sulfur in theAnalysis Sample
tion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of
of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2012)
TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional
D3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in the
fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to
Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2007)
modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate
D3179 Test Methods for Nitrogen in theAnalysis Sample of
TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper
Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2008)
applications and specifications are critical to successful utili-
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
zation of this alternative energy resource.
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
1.3 This practice explains TDF’s use when blended and
D4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of
combusted under normal operating conditions with originally
Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace
specified fuels. Whole tire combustion for energy recovery is
Combustion
notdiscussedhereinsincewholetireusagedoesnotrequiretire
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
processing to a defined fuel specification.
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
D4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Coal and Designating Coal Size
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
D5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value of
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Waste Materials
and are not considered standard.
D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Coke
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E873 Test Method for Bulk Density of Densified Particulate
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Biomass Fuels
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2.2 Other Standards:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
SW-846–5050 Bomb Calorimeter Preparation
SW-846–9056 Ion Chromatography
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Recovery and Reuse. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013. Published February 2013. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D6700-01 (2006). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D6700-01R13. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6700 − 01 (2013)
3. Terminology 3.1.19 commercial tire, n—truck and industrial tires.
3.1.20 compound, n—a mixture of blended chemicals tai-
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 all season radial, n—a highway tire designed to meet lored to meet the needs of the specific components of the tire.
the weather conditions in all seasons of the year, that meets the
3.1.21 convertedtire,n—ascraptirethathasbeenprocessed
Rubber Manufacturers Association definition of a mud and
into a usable commodity other than a tire.
snow tire.
3.1.22 cords, n—the strands of wire or fabric that form the
3.1.2 altered tire, n—a scrap tire which has been modified
plies and belts in a tire.
so that it is no longer capable of retaining air, holding water, or
3.1.23 dewired, n—the absence of exposed wire on the
being used on a vehicle.
perimeter of the tire chips. Belt wire typically remains in the
3.1.3 analysis, n—the activity to determine the proximate
chip, but it is embedded in the chip.
and ultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF.
3.1.24 discarded tires, n—a worn or damaged tire that has
3.1.4 bead, n—the anchoring part of the tire, which is
been removed from a vehicle.
shaped to fit the rim. The bead is constructed of high tensile
3.1.25 end user, n—the facility which utilizes the heat
steel wires wrapped by the plies.
content or other forms of energy from the combustion of scrap
3.1.5 bead wire, n—a high tensile steel wire, surrounded by
tires (for energy recovery). The last entity who uses the tire, in
rubber, which forms the bead of a tire that provides a firm
whatever form, to make a product or provide a service with
contact to the rim.
economic value (for other uses).
3.1.6 bear claw, n—the rough-edged bead wire sticking out
3.1.26 energy recovery, n—a process by which all or part of
from a shredded tire.
the tire is utilized as fuel (TDF) to recover its entire value.
3.1.7 belt, n—an assembly of rubber coated fabric or wire
3.1.27 energy value, n—the assignment of a value to the
used to reinforce a tire’s tread area. In radial tires, also
tire-derivedfuelasmeasuredinBritishthermalunitsperpound
constrains the outside diameter against inflation pressure and
or calories per gram.
centrifugal force.
3.1.28 fabric, n—textiles cords used in tire manufacturing.
3.1.8 belt wire, n—abrass-platedhightensilesteelwirecord
3.1.29 fishhooks, n—strands of belt or bead wire exposed
used in the steel belts.
from a processed scrap tire or an individual piece of belt or
3.1.9 bias ply tires, n—a tire built with two or more casing
bead wire. (See also bear claw).
plies, which cross each other in the crown at an angle of 30 to
3.1.30 fluff, n—thefibrous,nonrubber,nonmetalportionofa
45° to the tread centerline.
tirethatremainsafterthescraptireisprocessed(thatis,cotton,
3.1.10 body, n—tire structure not including the tread portion
rayon, polyester, fiberglass, or nylon).
of the tire. (See also casing and carcass.)
3.1.31 fuel value, n—the heat content, as measured in
3.1.11 carcass, n—See casing.
British thermal units (Btu)/lb or cal/g.
3.1.12 casing, n—the basic tire structure excluding the
3.1.32 hair, n—wire protruding from the perimeter of a tire
tread. (See also carcass.)
chip or shred. (See also fishhooks ).
3.1.13 chip size, n—the range of rubber particle sizes
3.1.33 heavy-duty tires, n—tires weighing more than 40 lb
resulting from the processing of whole tires.
(18.1 kg), used on trucks, buses, and off the road vehicles in
3.1.14 chipped tire, n—a classified scrap tire particle that
heavy-duty applications.
has a basic geometrical shape, which generally is 2 in. (5.08
3.1.34 horsetail, n—a rough piece of shredded tire with a
cm) or smaller and has most of the bead wire removed. Also
width of 2 to 4 in. (5.1 to 10.2 cm) and a length greater than 6
referred to as a tire chip.
in. (15.2 cm).
3.1.15 chopped tire, n—a scrap tire that is cut into relatively
3.1.35 innerliner, n—the layer or layers of rubber laminated
large pieces of unspecified dimensions.
to the inside of a tire and which meets the Rubber Manufac-
3.1.16 classifier, n—equipment designed to separate over- 4
turers Association definition of a mud and snow tire.
sized tire shreds from the desired size.
3.1.36 light duty tires, n—tires weighing less than 40 lb
3.1.17 combustion, n—the chemical reaction of a material
(18.2 kg), used on passenger cars and light trucks.
through rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and light.
3.1.37 light truck tires, n—tires with a rim diameter of 16 to
3.1.18 combustion unit, n—any number of devices to pro-
19.5 in. (40.6 to 49.5 cm), manufactured specifically for light
duce or release energy for the beneficial purpose of production
truck use.
by burning a fuel to include, but not limited to, units such as
3.1.38 logger tires, n—a special tire designed for the log-
industrial power boilers, electrical utility generating boilers,
ging industry.
and cement kilns.
3.1.39 minus, n—the sieve designating the upper limit or
maximum size shall be the sieve of the series with the largest
opening upon which is cumulatively retained a total of less
Available from Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA), 1400 K St., NW,
Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005, http://www.rma.org. than or equal to1%ofthe sample.
D6700 − 01 (2013)
3.1.40 mucker tire, n—a flotation type of tire specifically 3.1.58 shred sizing, n—generally refers to the process of
designed for use in soft grounds. particles passing through a rated screen opening rather than
those which are retained on the screen. Examples include:
3.1.41 natural rubber, n—the material processed from the
spa (latex) of Hevaca Brasiliensis (rubber tree).
3.1.58.1 1 by 1 in. (2.5 by 2.5 cm), n—a sized reduced scrap
tire, with all dimensions 1 in. (2.5 cm) maximum.
3.1.42 new tire, n—a tire that has never been mounted on a
rim.
3.1.58.2 2 by 2 in. (5.1 by 5.1 cm), n—a size reduced scrap
tire, with all dimensions 2 in. (5.1 cm) maximum.
3.1.43 nominal, n—commonly used to refer to the average
size product (chip) that comprises 50 % or more of the
3.1.58.3 X in. minus, n—sized reduced scrap tires, the
throughput in a scrap tire processing operation. It should be
maximum size of any piece has a dimension no larger than X
noted that any scrap tire processing operation also would
plus 1 in. (X plus 2.5 cm), but 95 % of which is less than X in.
generate products (chips) above and below the “nominal”
(2.54 X cm) in any dimension (that is, 1 in. (2.5 cm) minus; 2
range of the machine.
in. (5.1 cm) minus; 3 in. (7.6 cm) minus, and so forth).
3.1.44 off the road tire (OTR), n—tiredesignedprimarilyfor
3.1.59 shredded rubber, n—pieces of scrap tires resulting
use on unpaved roads or where no roads exist, built for
from mechanical processing.
ruggedness and traction rather than for speed.
3.1.60 shredded tire, n—a size reduced scrap tire. The
3.1.45 passenger car tires, n—a tire with less than an 18 in.
reductioninsizewasaccomplishedbyamechanicalprocessing
(45.7 cm) rim diameter for use on cars only.
device, commonly referred to as a shredder.
3.1.46 pneumatic tires, n—a tire that depends on the com-
3.1.61 shredder, n—a machine used to reduce whole tires to
pressed air it holds to carry the load. It differs from a solid tire
pieces.
in which the tire itself carriers the load.
3.1.62 sidewall, n—the side of a tire between the tread
3.1.47 processed tire, n—a scrap tire that has been altered,
shoulder and the rim bead.
converted, or size reduced.
3.1.63 single pass shred, n—a shredded tire that has been
3.1.48 passenger tire equivalent (PTE), n—a measurement
processed by one pass through a shear type shredder and the
of mixed passenger and truck tires, where five passenger tires
resulting pieces have not been classified by size.
are equal to one truck tire.
3.1.64 specifications, n—written requirement for processes,
3.1.49 radial tire, n—a tire constructed so that the ply cords
materials or equipment.
extend from bead to bead at a 90° angle to the centerline of the
3.1.65 squirrel foot, n—exposed, rough pieces of belt or
road.
bead wire. (See also fishhooks).
3.1.50 rim, n—the metal support for the tire and tube
3.1.66 steel belt, n—rubber coated steel cords that run
assembly on the wheel.
diagonallyunderthetreadofsteelradialtiresandextendacross
3.1.51 rip-shear shredders, n—a tire shredder designed to
the tire approximately the width of the tread. The stiffness of
reduce a scrap tire to pieces. The size and shape of the rubber
the belts provides good handling, tread wear and penetration
particle is dependent on the processing action of the shredder
resistance.
(that is, by cutting blades, rotary shear, or rip shear).
3.1.67 supplemental fuel, n—a combustible material that
3.1.52 rough shred, n—a piece of a shredded tire that is
displaces a portion of traditional fuel source. It refers to the
larger than 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 2 in (5.1 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm), but
product being used in conjunction with another conventional
smaller than 30 in. (76.2 cm) by 2 in. (5.1 cm) by 4 in. (10.2
fuel but typically not as a sole fuel supply.
cm).
3.1.68 TDF, n—See tire-derived fuel.
3.1.53 rubber, n—an elastomer, generally implying natural
rubber,butusedlooselytomeananyelastomer,vulcanizedand
3.1.69 tire, n—a continuous solid or pneumatic rubber
unvulcanized.Bydefinition,rubberisamaterialthatiscapable covering encircling the wheel of a vehicle.
ofrecoveringfromlargedeformationsquicklyandforciblyand
3.1.70 tire chip, n—See chipped tire.
can be, or already is, modified to a state in which it is
3.1.71 tire-derived fuel, n—the end product of a process that
essentially insoluable in a boiling solvent.
converts whole scrap tires into a specific chipped form. This
3.1.54 scrap tire processing, n—any method of size reduc-
specified product then would be capable of being used as fuel.
ing whole scrap tires to facilitate recycling, energy recovery or
3.1.72 tire shreds, n—See shredded tire.
disposal.
3.1.73 tread, n—that portion
...
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