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ASTM D7171-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of middle distillate petroleum products using a low-resolution pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. The boiling range of distillates covered by the test method is 150 to 390°C. While this test method may be applicable to middle distillates outside this boiling range, in such cases the precision statements may not apply. The test method is generally based on Test Methods D 3701 and D 4808, with a major difference being the use of a pulsed NMR spectrometer instead of a continuous wave NMR spectrometer.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The preferred units are mass %.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2005
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.03 - Elemental Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7171-05(2011) - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Effective Date
01-May-2011
Referred By
ASTM D4809-18 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7455-19 - Standard Practice for Sample Preparation of Petroleum and Lubricant Products for Elemental Analysis
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3343-22 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4054-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3701-17 - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7578-20 - Standard Guide for Calibration Requirements for Elemental Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D240-19 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005

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ASTM D7171-05 - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyASTM D7171-05 - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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ASTM D7171-05 - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7171–05
Standard Test Method for
Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products
by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
Measurement System Performance
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydro-
D6708 PracticeforStatisticalAssessmentandImprovement
gen content of middle distillate petroleum products using a
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
low-resolution pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
spectrometer. The boiling range of distillates covered by the
2.2 Other Documents:
test method is 150 to 390°C. While this test method may be
MIL-DTL-5624U Military Detail Specification, Turbine
applicable to middle distillates outside this boiling range, in
Fuel, Aviation, Grades JP-4 and JP-5
such cases the precision statements may not apply. The test
MIL-DTL-83133E Military Detail Specification, Turbine
methodisgenerallybasedonTestMethodsD3701andD4808,
Fuels, Aviation, Kerosene Types, NATO F-34, (JP-8),
with a major difference being the use of a pulsed NMR
NATO F-35, and JP-8+100
spectrometerinsteadofacontinuouswaveNMRspectrometer.
MIL-PRF-16884K Military Performance Specification,
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Fuel, Naval Distillate
standard. The preferred units are mass%.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 calibration, n—the determination of the values of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
significant parameters by comparison with values indicated by
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
a set of calibration standards.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.2 calibration curve (or calibration line), n—the graphi-
cal or mathematical representation of a relationship between
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the assigned (known) values of calibration standards and the
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
measured responses from the measurement system.
TurbineFuelsbyLowResolutionNuclearMagneticReso-
3.1.3 calibration standard, n—a standard having an as-
nance Spectrometry
signed (known) value (reference value) for use in calibrating a
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
measurementinstrumentorsystem.Thisstandardisnotusedto
Petroleum Products
determine the accuracy of the measurement instrument or
D4808 Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distil-
system (see check standard).
lates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-
3.1.4 check standard, n—a material having an assigned
Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
(known) value (reference value) used to determine the accu-
D5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of
racyofthemeasurementinstrumentorsystem.Thisstandardis
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products
not used to calibrate the measurement instrument or system
and Lubricants
(see calibration standard).
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
3.1.5 low resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy, n—a form of NMR spectroscopy using a simple
NMR analyzer that employs a low magnetic field and conse-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
quentially low NMR frequency. An example is proton NMR
D02.03 on Elemental Analysis.
Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published July 2005. DOI: 10.1520/
D7171-05.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from NavalAir Systems Command,AIR-4.4.5, Patuxent River, MD
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 20670.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASC/ENSI, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7107.
the ASTM website. Available from Naval Sea Systems Command, SEA03R42, Washington, DC.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7171–05
below 60 MHz. Resolution is expressed as time at half height
of signal and is typically 1 millisecond (ms) or less.
3.1.6 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy,
n—that form of spectroscopy concerned with radio-frequency-
induced transitions between magnetic energy levels of atomic
nuclei.
3.1.7 radio frequency, n—the range of frequencies of elec-
tromagnetic radiation between 3 kHz and 300 GHz.
3.1.8 recycle delay, n—NMR spectrometer parameter set-
ting for the time delay that allows magnetization recovery.
3.1.9 relaxation time constant (T ), n—a numerical value
which is a measure of magnetization relaxation time following
an excitation pulse of an NMR spectrometer.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 AtestspecimenisanalyzedinapulsedNMRspectrom-
eter calibrated with reference standard materials. The analyzer
records in a nondestructive fashion the total NMR signal,
which arises from the absolute amount of hydrogen atoms in
thereferencestandardsandtestsample.Theabsolutehydrogen
signalintensityreportedbythepulsedNMRinstrumentforthe
standard and test specimens is normalized by the correspond-
ing sample mass.The resulting signal-per-gram ratios are used
as a means of comparing theoretical hydrogen contents of the
standardswiththatofthesample.Theresultisexpressedasthe
hydrogen content (on a mass% basis) of the sample.
FIG. 1 Example of a PTFE Plug (not to scale)
4.2 Toensureanaccuratemeasureoftheabsolutehydrogen
contentofthereferencestandardsandsample,itisnecessaryto
ensure that the measured hydrogen signal intensity is always
6.1.1 This test method requires a low-resolution pulsed
directly proportional to the absolute hydrogen content of the
instrumentcapableofmeasuringanuclearmagneticresonance
standards and sample.
signal due to hydrogen atoms in the sample in a linear fashion
4.3 Undercounting of the reference standard with respect to
over the filling volume of interest.The instrument includes the
the sample is avoided by a number of strategies, including
following:
accurate filling into the linear response region of the sample
6.1.1.1 Permanent magnet to provide the necessary static
compartment so that the mass recorded for the sample repre-
magnetic field for the NMR test,
sents the true amount measured by NMR, and use of a recycle
6.1.1.2 Sample compartment containing a radio frequency
delay considerably greater than the longest relaxation time
(RF) coil for excitation and detection, and
constant (T ) for the sample.
6.1.1.3 Electronic unit to control and monitor the resonance
conditioninvolvingmagnettemperaturecontrolandfieldoffset
5. Significance and Use
coils.
5.1 Hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a
6.1.2 Thetestmethodalsorequiresthattheinstrumenthave
petroleum distillate that has been correlated with many of the
theabilitytoequilibratesampleswithintheprobeataconstant
performance characteristics of that product. Combustion prop-
temperature (that is, 35°C or 40°C).
erties of gas turbine fuels are related primarily to hydrogen
6.2 Conditioning Block—Block of aluminum alloy drilled
content. As hydrogen content of these fuels decreases, soot
with holes of sufficient size to accommodate the nominal 18
deposits, exhaust smoke, and thermal radiation increase. Soot
mm diameter test cells to a depth of at least 42 mm and with
deposits and thermal radiation can increase to the point that
a centrally positioned well to house a temperature-sensing
combustor liner burnout will occur. Hydrogen content is a
device, such as a thermometer or thermocouple.
procurement requirement of the following military fuels: JP-5
6.3 Conditioning Apparatus—Bath or other temperature
specified in MIL-DTL-5624U, JP-8 specified in MIL-DTL-
control device (into which the conditioning block is inserted)
83133E, and Naval Distillate specified in MIL-PRF-16884K.
forcontrollingblocktemperatureto35 60.2°Cor40 60.2°C.
5.2 This test method provides a simple and precise alterna-
6.4 Test Cell—Glass tube (with a flat or round bottom) with
tive to existing test methods (D3701, D4808, and D5291) for
an outside diameter of 17.6 to 18.1 mm and an inside diameter
determining the hydrogen content of petroleum distillate prod-
of15.2to16.4mm.Anytubelengththatpermitseasyinsertion
ucts.
intoandremovalfromtheNMRsamplechambermaybeused.
6.5 Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) Plug—Device made of
6. Apparatus
PTFE used to tightly fit and close the test cells.An example of
6.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer: one type of PTFE plug design is shown in Fig. 1.
D7171–05
TABLE 1 Hydrogen Content of Reference Standards
canbeusedtomonitortheprecisionandstabilityofthetesting
Compound Mass % Hydrogen process as described in Section 15.
dodecane 15.386
pentadecane 15.185
8. Hazards
2-nonanone 12.756
8.1 Wear appropriate personal protective equipment when
ethyl caprate 12.077
octyl acetate 11.703
workingwiththematerialsinSection7.Transferallreagentsin
ethyl heptanoate 11.466
a fume hood and immediately seal containers tightly. Avoid
3-cyclohexanepropionic acid 10.324
prolonged or repeated exposure to materials.
cyclohexyl acetate 9.924
diethyl malonate 7.552
2-phenylethyl acetate 7.367
9. Sampling
9.1 Take a homogeneous sample in accordance with Prac-
tice D4057. Mix the sample prior to taking a representative
aliquot as the test specimen.
6.6 Insertion Rod—Straight, rigid rod with a threaded end
(to screw into the PTFE plug) for inserting and removing the
10. Preparation of Test Specimens and Standards
PTFE plugs from the test cells. Any diameter and length rod
that facilitates easy plug insertion and removal may be used.
10.1 Fig. 1 is an example of a PTFE plug. Dimensions may
6.7 Analytical Balance—Top loading pan-type balance, ca-
be varied to best seal the chosen test cell. Drill and thread the
pable of weighing the test cells in an upright position to an
plug hole to mate the insertion rod thread. All test cells and
accuracy of 0.001 g or better.
PTFE plugs used shall be well cleaned and dry. Weigh a clean
6.8 Volume Transferring Device—Capable of accurately
emptytestcellandPTFEplug(W )onananalyticalbalanceto
and repeatedly delivering a fixed volume of material within
the nearest 0.001 g. Use of a jig for supporting the test cell on
61% or better, for use in preparing test specimens and
the balance pan is recommended for flat bottom test cells and
standardsforanalysis.A10-mLcapacityserologicalpipetwith
required for round bottom test cells. For round bottom test
0.1 mL marked subdivisions has been found suitable to use.
cells, a paper clip dispenser (with hole in top) works well for
this function. Transfer a fixed volume (in accordance with the
7. Reagents and Materials
tolerances specified in 6.8) of a reference standard or test
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be specimen into the test cell to a fill height of nominally 32 mm
(representing a nominal 6 mL volume). The choice of fill
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
all reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on height is not critical, but fill height shall be the same for all
standardsandsamplestoensuregoodresults.Usethesametest
Analytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society where
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, cell source (that is, manufacturer and part number) for all
standards and test specimens. This will ensure uniformity of
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of fluid height in the NMR sample compartment, an important
parameter in the test method. Take care to not introduce the
the determination.
7.2 List of Available Calibration, Reference, or Check fluid down the side of the test cell. Seal the reference standard
container immediately after the material transfer to minimize
Standards (see Table 1). (Warning—Irritant. Combustible.
Avoid breathing vapor. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and moisture pickup. Using the insertion rod with a PTFE plug
attached, push the PTFE plug into the test cell until it is just
clothing.) applies to all of the following:
7.2.1 3-cyclohexanepropionic acid, 99% minimum purity. above the liquid surface (that is, nominal 1 cm), keeping the
tube upright. Gently twisting the plug as it is inserted will aid
7.2.2 cyclohexyl acetate, 99% minimum purity.
7.2.3 diethyl malonate, 99% minimum purity. theescapeofairfromthetestcellandnormallyensurethatthe
lip of the plug is turned up around the entire circumference.
7.2.4 dodecane, 99% minimum purity.
7.2.5 ethyl caprate, 99% minimum purity. Unscrew the insertion rod carefully without disturbing the
plug. Weigh the filled, sealed test cell (W ) on the analytical
7.2.6 ethyl heptanoate, 99% minimum purity.
balance to the nearest 0.001 g. Determine the sample mass
7.2.7 2-nonanone, 99% minimum purity.
from the difference (W − W ) of the two weighings.
7.2.8 octyl acetate, 99% minimum purity.
2 1
10.2 Repeat 10.1 for all standards and test specimens.
7.2.9 pentadecane, 99% minimum purity.
7.2.10 2-phenylethyl acetate, 99% minimum purity.
11. Preparation of Apparatus
7.3 Quality Control (QC) Samples, preferably are portions
ofoneormorepetroleumdistillatematerialsthatarestableand
11.1 Place the conditioning block in the conditioning appa-
representative of the samples of interest. These QC samples
ratus. Select a testing temperature of 35°C or 40°C based on
the NMR instrument manufacturer’s recommendation for the
sample type to be tested. Adjust the conditioning apparatus
setting to the selected 35 6 0.2 or 40 6 0.2°C reading on a
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
calibrated thermocouple or thermometer placed in a test cell
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
filled with a test fluid and placed in the conditioning block/
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
apparatus. Allow at least 30 min for temperature equilibrium
and Natio
...

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Note 5: Users are cautioned to ensure that  Y^ is within the scope of method Y before its use.  
5.3 The between methods reproducibility established by this practice can be used to construct an interval around  Y^ that would contain the result of test method Y, if it were conducted, with approximately 95 % probability.  
5.4 This practice can be used to guide commercial agreements and product disposition decisions involving test methods that have been evaluated relative to each other in accordance with this practice.  
5.5 The magnitude of a statistically detectable bias is directly related to the uncertainties of the statistics from the experimental study. These uncertainties are related to both the size of the data set and the precision of the processes being studied. A large data set, or, highly precise test method(s), or both, can reduce the uncertainties of experimental statistics to the point where the “statistically detectable” bias can become “trivially small,” or be considered of no practical consequence in the intended use of the test method under study. Therefore, users of this practice are advised to determine in advance as to the magnitude of bias correction below which they would consider it to be unnecessary, or, of no practical concern for the intended application prior to execution of this practice.
Note 6: It should be noted that the determination of this minimum bias of no practical concern is not a statistical decision, but rather, a subjective decision that is directly dependent on the application requirements of the users.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two different standard test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for the purpose of deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. It is intended for use with results obtained from interlaboratory studies meeting the requirement of Practice D6300 or equivalent (for example, ISO 4259). The interlaboratory studies shall be conducted on at least ten materials in common that among them span the intersecting scopes of the test methods, and results shall be obtained from at least six laboratories using each method. Requirements in this practice shall be met in order for the assessment to be considered suitable for publication in either method, if such publication includes claim to have been carried out in compliance with this practice. Any such publication shall include mandatory information regarding certain details of the assessment outcome as specified in the Report section of this practice.  
1.2 The statistical methodology is based on the premise that a bias correction will not be needed. In the absence of strong statistical evidence that a bias correction would result in better agreement between the two methods, a bias correction is not made. If a bias correction is required, then the parsimony principle is followed whereby a simple correction is to be favored over a more complex one.
Note 1: Failure to adhere to the parsimony principle generally results in models that are over-fitted and do not perform well in practice.  
1.3 The bias corrections of this practice are limited to a constant correction, proportional correction, or a linear (proportional + constant) correction.  
1.4 The bias-correction methods of this practice are method symmetric, in the sense that equivalent corrections are obtained regardless of which method is bias-corrected to match the othe...

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ASTM
ASTM D6749-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Air Pressure Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Flow characteristics, like pour point, can be critical for the correct operation of lubricating systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations.  
5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the pour point.  
5.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 1 °C or 3 °C intervals.  
5.4 This test method yields a pour point in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP 15 when the 3 °C interval results are reported. However, when specification requires Test Method D97/IP 15, do not substitute this test method.
Note 2: Since some users may wish to report their results in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP 15 (in 3 °C intervals), the precision data were derived for the 3 °C intervals. For statements on bias relative to Test Method D97/IP 15, see 13.3.1.  
5.5 This test method has better repeatability and reproducibility relative to Test Method D97/IP 15 as measured in the 1998 interlaboratory test program (see Section 13).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of pour point of petroleum products by an automatic apparatus that applies a slightly positive air pressure onto the specimen surface while the specimen is being cooled.  
1.2 This test method is designed to cover the range of temperatures from −57 °C to +51 °C; however, the range of temperatures included in the (1998) interlaboratory test program only covered the temperature range from −51 °C to −11 °C.  
1.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 1 °C or 3 °C testing intervals.  
1.4 This test method is not intended for use with crude oils.
Note 1: The applicability of this test method on residual fuel samples has not been verified. For further information on the applicability, refer to 13.4.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4175-23a(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.  
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places:  (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7094-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.  
5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials and for classification purposes. This definition may vary from regulation to regulation. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.  
5.3 This test method can be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment, which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
5.4 Flash point can also indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material, such as the contamination of lubricating oils by small amounts of diesel fuel or gasoline. This test method was designed to be more sensitive to potential contamination than Test Method D6450.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of fuels including diesel/biodiesel blends, lube oils, solvents, and other liquids by a continuously closed cup tester utilizing a specimen size of 2 mL, cup size of 7 mL, with a heating rate of 2.5 °C per minute.  
1.1.1 Apparatus requiring a specimen size of 1 mL, cup size of 4 mL, and a heating rate of 5.5 °C per minute must be run according to Test Method D6450.  
1.2 This flash point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates of temperature increase. It is one of the many flash point test methods available and every flash point test method, including this one, is an empirical method.
Note 1: Flash point values are not a constant physical chemical property of materials tested. They are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can, therefore, only be defined in terms of a standard test method and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different test methods or where different test apparatus is specified.  
1.3 This test method utilizes a closed but unsealed cup with air injected into the test chamber.  
1.4 The precision of this test method is applicable for testing samples with a flash point from 22.5 °C to 235.5 °C. Determinations below and above this range may be performed; however, the precision has not been established.  
1.5 If the user’s specification requires a defined flash point method other than this method, neither this method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius, pressure in kilo-Pascals.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2 and 8.5.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by th...

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ASTM
ASTM D665-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2425-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of process streams and petroleum products boiling within the range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F) is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties.  
5.2 A test method to determine total cycloparafins and low level aromatic content is necessary to meet specifications for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the mass spectrometer to determine the hydrocarbon types present in conventional and synthesized hydrocarbons that have a boiling range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F), 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86. Samples with average carbon number value of paraffins between C12 and C16 and containing paraffins from C10 and C18 can be analyzed. Eleven hydrocarbon types are determined. These include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH 2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14  (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH 2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics.  
Note 1: This test method was developed on Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation Type 103 Mass Spectrometers. Operating parameters for users with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer are provided.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with full boiling range products that contain no significant olefin content.
Biodiesel (FAME components) could interfere with the separation of the sample and the characteristic mass fragments of FAME compounds are not defined in the procedure.
Hydrocarbons containing tertiary carbon fragments, sometimes found in synthetic aviation fuels, will interfere with the characteristic mass fragments of paraffins and result in a false, elevated cycloparaffin content.
Note 2: “No significant olefin content” for this method means D1319.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 11.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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