ASTM F1166-95a(2000)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment and Facilities
Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment and Facilities
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes general human engineering design criteria for marine vessels, and systems, subsystems, and equipment contained therein. It provides a useful tool for the designer to incorporate human capabilities into a design.
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to present human engineering design criteria, principles, and practices to achieve mission success through integration of the human into the vessel system, subsystem, and equipment with the goals of effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, reliability, and safety for operation, training, and maintenance.
1.3 This practice applies to the design of vessels, systems, subsystems, and equipment. Nothing in this practice shall be construed as limiting the selection of hardware, materials, or processes to the specific items described herein. Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions, this practice is applicable to design of vessel systems, subsystems, and equipment for use by both men and women.
1.4 Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by contractors in connection with specific procurement functions should be obtained from the procuring activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
1.5 This practice is not intended to be a criterion for limiting use of material already in the field in areas such as lift repetition or temperature exposure time.
1.6 Force Limits--If it is known that an item is to be used by an already established occupational specialty, for which physical qualification requirements for entry into that specialty are also established, any discrepancy between the force criteria of this practice and the physical qualification requirements shall be resolved in favor of the latter. In this event, the least stringent physical qualification requirement of all specialties which may operate, maintain, transport, supply, move, lift, or otherwise manipulate the item, in the manner being considered, is selected as a maximum design force limit.
1.7 Manufacturing Tolerances--When manufacturing tolerances are not perceptible to the user, this practice shall not be construed as preventing the use of components whose dimensions are within a normal manufacturing upper or lower limit tolerance of the dimensions specified herein.
1.8 This practice is divided into the following sections:TABLE OF CONTENTSSectionTitle1 Scope 2 Referenced Documents 3 Terminology 4 Significance and Use 5 Control/Display Integration 6 Visual Displays, General Information 7 Location and Arrangement of Visual Displays 8 Coding of Visual Displays 9 Transilluminated Displays 10 Scale Indicators 11 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Displays 12 Large-Screen Displays 13 Other Displays 14 Audio Displays, General Information 15 Audio Warnings 16 Characteristics of Audible Alarms 17 Signal Characteristics in Relation to Operational Conditions and Objectives 18 Verbal Warning Signals 19 Controls for Audio Warning and Caution Devices 20 Speech Transmission Equipment 21 Controls, General Information 22 Arrangement and Grouping of Controls 23 Coding of Controls 24 Rotary Controls 25 Discrete Linear Controls 26 Continuous Adjustment Linear Controls 27 General Requirements for Labeling 28 Label Content 29 Specific Requirements by Label Type 30 Anthropometry 31 Workspace Design Requirements 32 Environment 33 Maintainability 34 Accessibility 35 Cases 36 Lubrication 37 Fasteners 38 Unit Design for Efficient Manual Handling 39 Handwheel Torque40 Equipment Mounting 41 Conductors 42 Connectors 43 Electrical Wires and Cables 44 Test Points 45 Test Equipment 46 Failure Indications and Fuse Requirements 47 Hydraulic Systems 48 Design of Equipment For Remote Handling 49 Small Systems and Equipment 50 Operational and Maintenance Vehicles 51 Hazards and Safety 52 User-Computer Interface 53 Data Display 54 Text/Program Editing 55 Audio Displays, Interface 56 Interactive Control LIST OF FIGURESFigureTitle1 Angle of Incidence 2 Example of Display/Equipment Relat...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: F 1166 – 95a (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Practice for
Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment,
and Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1166; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.7 Manufacturing Tolerances—When manufacturing toler-
ances are not perceptible to the user, this practice shall not be
1.1 This practice establishes general human engineering
construed as preventing the use of components whose dimen-
design criteria for marine vessels, and systems, subsystems,
sions are within a normal manufacturing upper or lower limit
and equipment contained therein. It provides a useful tool for
tolerance of the dimensions specified herein.
the designer to incorporate human capabilities into a design.
1.8 This practice is divided into the following sections:
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to present human
TABLE OF CONTENTS
engineeringdesigncriteria,principles,andpracticestoachieve
Section Title
mission success through integration of the human into the
1 Scope
vessel system, subsystem, and equipment with the goals of 2 Referenced Documents
3 Terminology
effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, reliability, and safety for
4 Significance and Use
operation, training, and maintenance.
5 Control/Display Integration
1.3 This practice applies to the design of vessels, systems,
6 Visual Displays, General Information
7 Location and Arrangement of Visual Displays
subsystems, and equipment. Nothing in this practice shall be
8 Coding of Visual Displays
construed as limiting the selection of hardware, materials, or
9 Transilluminated Displays
processes to the specific items described herein. Unless other- 10 Scale Indicators
11 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Displays
wise stated in specific provisions, this practice is applicable to
12 Large-Screen Displays
design of vessel systems, subsystems, and equipment for use
13 Other Displays
by both men and women. 14 Audio Displays, General Information
15 Audio Warnings
1.4 Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and pub-
16 Characteristics of Audible Alarms
lications required by contractors in connection with specific
17 Signal Characteristics in Relation to Operational Conditions and Ob-
procurement functions should be obtained from the procuring jectives
18 Verbal Warning Signals
activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
19 Controls for Audio Warning and Caution Devices
1.5 Thispracticeisnotintendedtobeacriterionforlimiting
20 Speech Transmission Equipment
use of material already in the field in areas such as lift 21 Controls, General Information
22 Arrangement and Grouping of Controls
repetition or temperature exposure time.
23 Coding of Controls
1.6 Force Limits—If it is known that an item is to be used
24 Rotary Controls
by an already established occupational specialty, for which 25 Discrete Linear Controls
26 Continuous Adjustment Linear Controls
physical qualification requirements for entry into that specialty
27 General Requirements for Labeling
arealsoestablished,anydiscrepancybetweentheforcecriteria
28 Label Content
29 Specific Requirements by Label Type
of this practice and the physical qualification requirements
30 Anthropometry
shall be resolved in favor of the latter. In this event, the least
31 Workspace Design Requirements
stringent physical qualification requirement of all specialties
32 Environment
33 Maintainability
which may operate, maintain, transport, supply, move, lift, or
34 Accessibility
otherwisemanipulatetheitem,inthemannerbeingconsidered,
35 Cases
is selected as a maximum design force limit.
36 Lubrication
37 Fasteners
38 Unit Design for Efficient Manual Handling
39 Handwheel Torque
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F25 on Ships
40 Equipment Mounting
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 on
41 Conductors
General Requirements.
42 Connectors
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1995. Published April 1996. Originally
43 Electrical Wires and Cables
published as F1166–88. Last previous edition F1166–95.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 1166 – 95a (2000)
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
Section Title Figure Title
44 Test Points 51 Independent Symbols
45 Test Equipment 52 Label Specifications
46 Failure Indications and Fuse Requirements 53 Standing Body Dimensions
47 Hydraulic Systems 54 Seated Body Dimensions
48 Design of Equipment For Remote Handling 55 Depth and Breadth Dimensions
49 Small Systems and Equipment 56 Circumferences and Surface Dimensions
50 Operational and Maintenance Vehicles 57 Hand and Foot Dimensions
51 Hazards and Safety 58 Head and Face Dimensions
52 User-Computer Interface 59 Anthropometric Data for Body Positions Involved in Work Activities
60 95th Percentile Gloved-Hand Dimensions (Male)
53 Data Display
54 Text/Program Editing 61 Helmet Dimensions
55 Audio Displays, Interface 62 Aircrewman’s Helmet (Size Extra Large)
56 Interactive Control 63 Range of Human Motion
64 Mobile Workspace Dimensions
LIST OF FIGURES
65 Standing Workspace Dimensions—Cabinets and Electrical Equip-
Figure Title
ment Racks
1 Angle of Incidence
66 Standing Workspace Dimension—CRTs and Table
2 Example of Display/Equipment Relationship in Main Propulsion En-
67 Standing Workspace Dimensions—Consoles and Work Benches
gine Room with Two Medium Speed Diesel Engines
68 Standing Workspace for Typical Work Positions
3 Example of Control/Display/Equipment Relationship in Auxiliary Ma-
69 Display (Top) and Control (Bottom) Locations for Standing Crew
chinery Space with Two Ship Service Generators
Work Stations
4 Example of Control/Display/Equipment Relationship in Machinery
70 Seated Workspace Dimensions
Space with Pump, Motor Controller, and Gage Board Located at
71 Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other
Vertical Beam
Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk
5 CHT Pump Room with Various Options for Locating the Two Motor
72 Seating at CRT-Type Work Stations
Controllers and Their Corresponding Gage Boards Given the Loca-
73 Swing-Away Seat for Short-Term Operations
tion of the Two Pumps
74 Standard Console Dimensions Key
6 Preferred and Acceptable Alternatives for Multiple Row/Column Dis-
75 Example of One- or Two-Tier Wrap-Around Console
play and Control Arrangement
76 Examples of Three-Tier Consoles
7 Vertical and Horizontal Visual Field
77 Example of a Desk Top Console
8 Lines of Sight
78 Preferred Viewing Area
9 Scale of Markings
79 Seated Optimum Manual Control Space
10 Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alterna-
80 Type of Ladder, Stair, or Ramp to be Used in Relation to Angle of
tives
Ascent
11 Fixed-Scale Azimuth Dials
81 Stair Dimensions
12 Shape and Color Coding Operating Ranges
82 Incline-Ladder Dimensions
13 Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays
83 Vertical-Ladder Dimensions
14 Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings
84 Well-Designed Work Platform
15 Relative Position of Scale Marks, Numerals, and Pointers on Circu-
85 Door Dimensions
lar Dials
86 Hatches Mounted Overhead
16 Relative Position of Scale Marks, Numerals, and Pointers on Arcs
87 Hatches Mounted on Vertical Walls
and Circular Dials
88 Hatch Dimensions
17 Drum-Type Counter Design
89 Walkway and Passageway Dimensions
18 Acceptable Alarm Types for Emergency and Primary Alarms
90 Effective Temperature Scale
19 Control Motion Expectancy
91 Windchill Chart
20 Foot-Operated Switches
92 Equivalent Chill Temperature
21 Pedals
93 Ventilation Requirements
22 Foot-Operated Controls
94 Workspace Reflectance Values
23 Leg Strength at Various Knee and Thigh Angles
95 Permissible Distance Between a Speaker and Listener’s for Speci-
24 Rotary Selector Controls
fied Voice Levels and Ambient Noise Levels
25 Rotating Knob Separation
96 Range of Acceptable Reverberation Time
26 Keylock Criteria
97 Vibration Exposure Criteria for Longitudinal (Upper Figure) and
27 Keylock Switch Criteria
Transverse (Lower Figure) Directions with Respect to Body Axis
28 Thumbwheel Orientation and Movement
98 The 90 % Motion Sickness Protection Limits for Human Exposure
29 Discrete Thumbwheel Control
to Very Low Frequency Vibration
30 Knobs
99 Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm)
31 Recommended Knob Shapes
100 Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
32 Easily Recognizable Knob Shapes
101 Crosslegged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
33 Ganged Knobs
102 Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
34 Thumbwheel Adjustment Controls
103 Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm)
35 Cranks
104 Access Opening Dimensions
36 Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks
105 Minimal Two-Hand and Finger Access
37 Handwheels
106 Covers and Accesses
38 Recommended Mounting Heights for Valve Handwheels
107 Covers and Cases
39 Reaching Limits for Bending, Squatting, or Standing on Ladders
108 Examples of Push-Pull Forces
40 Pushbutton Switches
109 Minimum Handle Dimensions
41 Toggle Switches
110 Handwheel Torque
42 Toggle Switch Orientation for “ON”
111 Methods of Identifying Plugs and Receptacles to Prevent Mis-
43 Legend Switch
matching
44 Rocker Switches
112 Cable Arrangements
45 Slide Switches
113 Suggested Cable Arrangement in Junction Box for Easy Checking
46 Push-Pull Controls
114 Preformed Cables
47 Lever
115 Fluid Line Connector Recommendations
48 Slide Levers
116 Anatomical Limits on Axially Symmetrical Ocular Metal Part
49 Isotonic Joysticks
117 Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures
50 Ball Controls
F 1166 – 95a (2000)
2.4 Military Standards:
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title
MIL-STD-12, Abbreviation for Use on Drawings, Specifi-
118 Required Distance Between Hazard and Barrier
cations, Standards, and in Technical Documents
LIST OF TABLES
MIL-STD-740, Airborne and Structureborne Noise Mea-
Table Title
1 Metric Equivalents, Abbreviations, and Prefixes surements and Acceptance Criteria of Shipboard Equip-
2 Coding of Simple Indicator Lights
ment
3 Application of Various Types of Mechanical Displays
2.5 Military Handbook:
4 Character Sizes for Mechanical Counters
5 Group Viewing of Optical Projection Displays DOD-HDBK-743, Anthropometry of US Military Person-
6 Range Ring Values
nel
7 Functional Evaluation of Audio Signals
2.6 Federal Regulations:
8 Intelligibility Criteria for Voice Communications Systems
9 Control Selection Criteria 29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards
10 Recommended Manual Controls 4
46 CFR 113.25-9, U.S. Coast Guard Regulation
11 Conventional Control Movement Stereotypes
12 Minimum Separation Distances for Controls
13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Types of Coding
3. Terminology
14 Recommended Control Colors (FED-STD-595)
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
15 Knob Detentes Placement
16 Keyboards, Inch-pound Units
3.1.1 abort—a capability that cancels all user entries in a
17 Keyboards, SI Units
defined transaction sequence.
18 Limiting Dimensions for Free-Moving X-Y Controller
3.1.2 accessible—unless otherwise specified herein or
19 Arm Strength
20 Hand and Thumb-Finger Strength
where specific design values are given, an item is considered
21 Character Size Versus Luminance
accessible only where it can be operated, manipulated, re-
22 Anthropometric Data
moved, or replaced by the suitably clothed and equipped user
23 Range of Human Motion
24 Mobile Work Space Dimensions
with applicable fifth and ninety-fifth percentile body dimen-
25 Standing Work Space Dimensions for Work Clearances
sions. Applicable body dimensions are those dimensions that
26 Seated Work Space Dimensions
are design critical to the operation, manipulation, removal, or
27 Standard Console Dimensions
28 Human Performance Effects at Various Effective Temperatures
replacement task. For example, an adjustment control behind
29 Physical and Perceptual Responses to Various Temperatures
an access opening should be located sufficiently close to the
30 Temperature and Its Effect on the Comfort of the Extremities
aperture to enable a suitably clothed and equipped user with a
31 Human Reaction to Windchill
32 Specific Task Illumination Requirements
fifth percentile depth of reach to grasp and manipulate the
33 Recommendations for Display Lighting
adjustment control, while the opening should be sufficiently
34 Low-Frequency and Infrasonic Noise Limits to Prevent Ear Injury
large to enable passage of a similarly clothed and equipped
35 Sound Exposure to Avoid Deafness
36 Maximum Permissible Sound Pressure Level
ninety-fifth percentile hand and arm.
37 OSHA Permissible Daily Noise
3.1.3 advisory signal—asignalthatindicatessafeornormal
38 Effects of Noise on Human Performance
configuration, condition of performance, operation of essential
39 Effects of High-Level Noise on Human Performance
40 Upper Noise Limits Recommended for Military Facilities
equipment, or that attracts attention and imparts information
41 Comfort Limits for Noise by Octave Band
for routine action purposes.
42 Noxious Exhaust Products of Engine Fuels
3.1.4 angle of incidence—the angle between the line of
43 Design Weight Limits
44 Static Muscle Strength Data
direction of anything (such as a ray of light or line of sight)
45 Weight and Dimensions of Portable Test Equipment
strikingasurfaceandalineperpendiculartothatsurfacedrawn
46 General Comparison Fuses and Circuit Breakers
to the point of contact as shown in Fig. 1.
47 Recommended Clearances Around Equipment Operator’s Station to
Accommodate 95th Percentile Male Dressed in Arctic Clothing. Op-
erator Seat in Rear Most Position
48 Temperature Limits
49 Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Effects
50 Allowable Exposure Limits to Some Toxic Gases
51 System Response Times
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
2.2 Military Specifications:
MIL-C-25050, Colors, Aeronautical Lights and Lighting
Equipment, General Requirements for
2.3 Federal Standard:
FED-STD-595 Color
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS. FIG. 1 Angle of Incidence
...
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