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ASTM D287-92(2006)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)

Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Accurate determination of the gravity of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 60°F (15.56°C).
Gravity is a factor governing the quality of crude oils. However, the gravity of a petroleum product is an uncertain indication of its quality. Correlated with other properties, gravity can be used to give approximate hydrocarbon composition and heat of combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by means of a glass hydrometer of the API gravity of crude petroleum and petroleum products normally handled as liquids and having a Reid vapor pressure (Test Method D 323) of 26 psi (180 kPa) or less. Gravities are determined at 60ˌF (15.56°C), or converted to values at 60F, by means of standard tables. These tables are not applicable to nonhydrocarbons or essentially pure hydrocarbons such as the aromatics.
Note 1—The international version of this test method is described in Test Method D 1298.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 8.3.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2006
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.02 - Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D287-92(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D287-12 - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM D8074-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in DD13 Diesel Engine
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D1045-19 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Plasticizers Used in Plastics
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2889-95(2019) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of True Vapor Pressures of Petroleum Distillate Fuels
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4057-22 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D117-22 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5002-22 - Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Crude Oils by Digital Density Analyzer
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6593-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8256-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in the Sequence VH Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7777-13(2018)e1 - Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Liquid Petroleum by Portable Digital Density Meter
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7670-10(2021) - Standard Practice for Processing In-service Fluid Samples for Particulate Contamination Analysis Using Membrane Filters
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM F311-08(2020) - Standard Practice for Processing Aerospace Liquid Samples for Particulate Contamination Analysis Using Membrane Filters
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6201-19a - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2501-14(2019) - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
Effective Date
01-May-2006

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ASTM D287-92(2006) - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)ASTM D287-92(2006) - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
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ASTM D287-92(2006) - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D287–92(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products
(Hydrometer Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. This test method has been adopted for use by
government agencies to replace Method 401 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 791b.
1. Scope E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
2.2 IP Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination by means of
Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers
a glass hydrometer of the API gravity of crude petroleum and
IP Specifications for Petroleum Hydrometers
petroleum products normally handled as liquids and having a
Reidvaporpressure(TestMethodD323)of26psi(180kPa)or
3. Terminology
less. Gravities are determined at 60°F (15.56°C), or converted
3.1 Definitions:
tovaluesat60°F,bymeansofstandardtables.Thesetablesare
3.1.1 API gravity—a special function of relative density
not applicable to nonhydrocarbons or essentially pure hydro-
(specific gravity) 60/60°F (15.56/15.56°C), represented by:
carbons such as the aromatics.
APIgravity,deg5~141.5/spgr60/60°F!2131.5 (1)
NOTE 1—The international version of this test method is described in
Test Method D1298. No statement of reference temperature is required, since
60°F is included in the definition.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
4. Summary of Test Method
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
4.1 This test method is based on the principle that the
and are not considered standard.
gravity of a liquid varies directly with the depth of immersion
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of a body floating in it. The floating body, which is graduated
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
byAPI gravity units in this method, is called anAPI hydrom-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
eter.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 TheAPI gravity is read by observing the freely floating
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
API hydrometer and noting the graduation nearest to the
statements, see 8.3.
apparent intersection of the horizontal plane surface of the
liquid with the vertical scale of the hydrometer, after tempera-
2. Referenced Documents
ture equilibrium has been reached. The temperature of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sample is read from a separate accurateASTM thermometer in
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
thesampleorfromthethermometerwhichisanintegralpartof
ucts (Reid Method)
the hydrometer (thermohydrometer).
D1250 GuideforUseofthePetroleumMeasurementTables
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
5. Significance and Use
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
5.1 Accurate determination of the gravity of petroleum and
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
its products is necessary for the conversion of measured
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 60°F
(15.56°C).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on 5.2 Gravity is a factor governing the quality of crude oils.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
However, the gravity of a petroleum product is an uncertain
D02.02 on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API).
indication of its quality. Correlated with other properties,
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally
ϵ1
gravity can be used to give approximate hydrocarbon compo-
approved in 1928. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D287–92 (2000) .
DOI: 10.1520/D0287-92R06.
sition and heat of combustion.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London
the ASTM website. WIM, 8AR, England.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D287–92 (2006)
6. Apparatus hydrometer. For field testing, make the gravity measurement
directlyinthesamplingthief.Placethecylindercontainingthe
6.1 Hydrometers, of glass, graduated in degrees API as
sampleinaverticalpositioninalocationfreefromaircurrents.
listed in Table 1 and conforming to Specification E100,orthe
Takeprecautionstopreventthetemperatureofthesamplefrom
IP Specifications for Petroleum Hydrometers.
changing appreciably during the time necessary to complete
6.2 Thermometers, having a range from −5 to +215°F and
the test. During this period, the temperature of the surrounding
conforming to the requirements for Thermometer 12F as
prescribed in Specification E1 or Thermometer 64F of the medium should not change more than 5°F (2°C).
SpecificationsforIPStandardThermometers.Athermometeris
8.4 Lower the hydrometer gently into the sample and, when
not required if a thermohydrometer is employed.
ithassettled,depressitabouttwoscaledivisionsintotheliquid
andthenreleaseit;keeptherestofthestemdry,asunnecessary
NOTE 2—TheASTM GravityThermometer 12F has 0.5°F subdivisions
liquid on the stem changes the effective weight of the instru-
and allowable 60.25°F scale error. The thermometers incorporated in
thermohydrometers have 2°F subdivisions and allowable 61°F scale
ment, and so affects the reading obtained.With samples of low
error.
viscosity, a slight spin imparted to the instrument on releasing
6.3 Hydrometer Cylinders, of metal, clear glass, or plastic.
assistsinbringingittorest,floatingfreelyawayfromthewalls
For convenience in pouring, the cylinder may have a lip on the of the hydrometer cylinder. Allow sufficient time for the
rim.Theinsidediameterofthecylindershallbeatleast25mm
hydrometer to become completely stationary and for all air
greater than the outside diameter of the hydrometer used in it.
bubblestocometothesurface.Thisisparticularlynecessaryin
The height of the cylinder shall be such that the length of the
the case of the more viscous samples.
column of sample it contains is greater by at least 25 mm than
8.5 When the hydrometer has come to rest, floating freely,
the portion of the hydrometer which is immersed beneath the
and the temperature of the sample is constant to 0.2°F (0.1°C),
surface of the sample. For field testing, a sampling thief of
read the hydrometer to t
...

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ASTM
ASTM D86-23ae1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in use for such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products and processes.  
5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and the behavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapors.  
5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling point components in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits.  
5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents, particularly those used in paints.  
5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial contract agreements, process refinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (see Note 1), aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, diesel fuels, biodiesel blends up to 30 % volume, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels.
Note 1: An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11 different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15 different samples of ethanol-fuel blends containing 25 % volume, 50 % volume, and 75 % volume ethanol. The results indicate that the repeatability limits of these samples are comparable or within the published repeatability of the method (with the exception of FBP of 75 % ethanol-fuel blends). On this basis, it can be concluded that Test Method D86 is applicable to ethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends with greater than 10 % volume ethanol. See ASTM RR:D02-1694 for supporting data.2  
1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable quantities of residual material.  
1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.  
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilit...

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ASTM
ASTM D2425-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of process streams and petroleum products boiling within the range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F) is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties.  
5.2 A test method to determine total cycloparafins and low level aromatic content is necessary to meet specifications for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the mass spectrometer to determine the hydrocarbon types present in conventional and synthesized hydrocarbons that have a boiling range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F), 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86. Samples with average carbon number value of paraffins between C12 and C16 and containing paraffins from C10 and C18 can be analyzed. Eleven hydrocarbon types are determined. These include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH 2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14  (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH 2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics.  
Note 1: This test method was developed on Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation Type 103 Mass Spectrometers. Operating parameters for users with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer are provided.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with full boiling range products that contain no significant olefin content.
Biodiesel (FAME components) could interfere with the separation of the sample and the characteristic mass fragments of FAME compounds are not defined in the procedure.
Hydrocarbons containing tertiary carbon fragments, sometimes found in synthetic aviation fuels, will interfere with the characteristic mass fragments of paraffins and result in a false, elevated cycloparaffin content.
Note 2: “No significant olefin content” for this method means D1319.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 11.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D665-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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