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ASTM D287-92(2000)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)

Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by means of a glass hydrometer of the API gravity of crude petroleum and petroleum products normally handled as liquids and having a Reid vapor pressure (Test Method D323) of 26 psi (180 kPa) or less. Gravities are determined at 60°F (15.56°C), or converted to values at 60°F, by means of standard tables. These tables are not applicable to nonhydrocarbons or essentially pure hydrocarbons such as the aromatics. Note 1-The international version of this test method is described in Test Method D1298.
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.> For specific hazard statements, see Notes 3 and 4.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2000
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.02 - Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D287-92(2006) - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8011-19 - Standard Specification for Natural Gasoline as a Blendstock in Ethanol Fuel Blends or as a Denaturant for Fuel Ethanol
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM F715-07(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Coated Fabrics Used for Oil Spill Control and Storage
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6201-19a - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8256-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in the Sequence VH Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7777-13(2018)e1 - Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Liquid Petroleum by Portable Digital Density Meter
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D115-17 - Standard Test Methods for Testing Solvent Containing Varnishes Used for Electrical Insulation
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D1045-19 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Plasticizers Used in Plastics
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5967-21 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-8 Diesel Engine
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8188-23 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Density and Relative Density of Asphalt, Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials, and Soft-Tar Pitch by Use of a Digital Density Meter (U-Tube)
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D4057-22 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2995-15a(2020) - Standard Specification for ASTM Thermohydrometers with Integral Low-Hazard Thermometers
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6891-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IVA Spark-Ignition Engine
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6593-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D4814-23 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000

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ASTM D287-92(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)ASTM D287-92(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
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ASTM D287-92(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the lastest information
e1
Designation:D287–92(Reapproved 2000) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products
(Hydrometer Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This test method has been adopted for use by government agencies to replace Method 401 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 791b.
e NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in April 2000.
1. Scope E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
2.2 IP Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination by means of
Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers
a glass hydrometer of the API gravity of crude petroleum and
IP Specifications for Petroleum Hydrometers
petroleum products normally handled as liquids and having a
Reid vapor pressure (Test Method D323) of 26 psi (180 kPa)
3. Terminology
or less. Gravities are determined at 60°F (15.56°C), or con-
3.1 Definitions:
verted to values at 60°F, by means of standard tables. These
3.1.1 API gravity—a special function of relative density
tables are not applicable to nonhydrocarbons or essentially
(specific gravity) 60/60°F (15.56/15.56°C), represented by:
pure hydrocarbons such as the aromatics.
APIgravity,deg5~141.5/spgr60/60°F!2131.5 (1)
NOTE 1—The international version of this test method is described in
Practice D1298. No statement of reference temperature is required, since
60°F is included in the definition.
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as
the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
4. Summary of Test Method
information purposes only.
4.1 This test method is based on the principle that the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
gravity of a liquid varies directly with the depth of immersion
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of a body floating in it. The floating body, which is graduated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
byAPI gravity units in this method, is called anAPI hydrom-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
eter.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
4.2 TheAPI gravity is read by observing the freely floating
statements, see 8.3.
API hydrometer and noting the graduation nearest to the
apparent intersection of the horizontal plane surface of the
2. Referenced Documents
liquid with the vertical scale of the hydrometer, after tempera-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ture equilibrium has been reached. The temperature of the
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
2 sample is read from a separate accurateASTM thermometer in
ucts (Reid Method)
thesampleorfromthethermometerwhichisanintegralpartof
D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables
the hydrometer (thermohydrometer).
D1298 Practice for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
5. Significance and Use
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
5.1 Accurate determination of the gravity of petroleum and
E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
its products is necessary for the conversion of measured
volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 60°F
(15.56°C).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
5.2 Gravity is a factor governing the quality of crude oils.
PetroleumProductsandLubricants,andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
However, the gravity of a petroleum product is an uncertain
D02.04 on Hydrocarbon Analysis.
Current edition adopted Aug. 15, 1992. Published October 1992. Originally
published as D 287 – 28 T, replacing former D 47. Last previous edition
e1
D287–82(1987) .
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Available from the Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03. WIM, 8AR, England.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D287
indication of its quality. Correlated with other properties, a rubber aspirator bulb. Remove any air bubbles formed, after
gravity can be used to give approximate hydrocarbon compo- they have collected on the surface of the sample, by touching
sition and heat of combustion. them with a piece of clean filter paper before inserting the
hydrometer. For field testing, make the gravity measurement
6. Apparatus
directlyinthesamplingthief.Placethecylindercontainingthe
6.1 Hydrometers, of glass, graduated in degrees API as sampleinaverticalpositioninalocationfreefromaircurrents.
listed in Table 1 and conforming to Specification E100, or the Takeprecautionstopreventthetemperatureofthesamplefrom
IP Specifications for Petroleum Hydrometers. changing appreciably during the time necessary to complete
6.2 Thermometers, having a range from−5 to+215°F and the test. During this period, the temperature of the surrounding
conforming to the requirements for Thermometer 12F as
medium should not change more than 5°F (2°C).
prescribed in Specification E1 or Thermometer 64F of the 8.4 Lower the hydrometer gently into the sample and, when
SpecificationsforIPStandardThermometers.Athermometeris
ithassettled,depressitabouttwoscaledivisionsintotheliquid
not required if a thermohydrometer is employed. andthenreleaseit;keeptherestofthestemdry,asunnecessary
liquid on the stem changes the effective weight of the instru-
NOTE 2—TheASTM GravityThermometer 12F has 0.5°F subdivisions
ment, and so affects the reading obtained.With samples of low
and allowable 60.25°F scale error. The thermometers incorporated in
viscosity, a slight spin imparted to the instrument on releasing
thermohydrometers have 2°F subdivisions and allowable 61°F scale
error. assistsinbringingittorest,floatingfreelyawayfromthewalls
of the hydrometer cylinder. Allow sufficient time for the
6.3 Hydrometer Cylinders, of metal, clear glass, or plastic.
hydrometer to become completely stationary and for all air
Forconvenience inpouring,thecylindermayhavealiponthe
bubblestocometothesurface.Thisisparticularlynecessaryin
rim.Theinsidediameterofthecylindershallbeatleast25mm
the case of the more viscous samples.
greater than the outside diameter of the hydrometer used in it.
8.5 When the hydrometer has come to rest, floating freely,
The height of the cylinder shall be such that the length of the
and the temperature of the sample is constant to 0.2°F (0.1°C),
column of sample it contains is greater by at least 25 mm than
read the hydrometer to the n
...

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Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in use for such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products and processes.  
5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and the behavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapors.  
5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling point components in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits.  
5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents, particularly those used in paints.  
5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial contract agreements, process refinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (see Note 1), aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, diesel fuels, biodiesel blends up to 30 % volume, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels.
Note 1: An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11 different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15 different samples of ethanol-fuel blends containing 25 % volume, 50 % volume, and 75 % volume ethanol. The results indicate that the repeatability limits of these samples are comparable or within the published repeatability of the method (with the exception of FBP of 75 % ethanol-fuel blends). On this basis, it can be concluded that Test Method D86 is applicable to ethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends with greater than 10 % volume ethanol. See ASTM RR:D02-1694 for supporting data.2  
1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable quantities of residual material.  
1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.  
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilit...

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ASTM
ASTM D2425-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of process streams and petroleum products boiling within the range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F) is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties.  
5.2 A test method to determine total cycloparafins and low level aromatic content is necessary to meet specifications for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the mass spectrometer to determine the hydrocarbon types present in conventional and synthesized hydrocarbons that have a boiling range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F), 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86. Samples with average carbon number value of paraffins between C12 and C16 and containing paraffins from C10 and C18 can be analyzed. Eleven hydrocarbon types are determined. These include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH 2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14  (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH 2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics.  
Note 1: This test method was developed on Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation Type 103 Mass Spectrometers. Operating parameters for users with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer are provided.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with full boiling range products that contain no significant olefin content.
Biodiesel (FAME components) could interfere with the separation of the sample and the characteristic mass fragments of FAME compounds are not defined in the procedure.
Hydrocarbons containing tertiary carbon fragments, sometimes found in synthetic aviation fuels, will interfere with the characteristic mass fragments of paraffins and result in a false, elevated cycloparaffin content.
Note 2: “No significant olefin content” for this method means D1319.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 11.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D665-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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