ASTM D189-97
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as determined by Test Method D 482 or IP Method 4 will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).
Note —The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
Note 2—Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D 524. Approximate correlations have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide variety of petroleum products.
Note 3—The test results are equivalent to Test Method D 4530, (see Fig. X1.2 ).
Note 4—In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in the fuel can be detected by Test Method D 4046.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 189 – 97 An American National Standard
British Standard 4380
Designation: 13/94
Standard Test Method for
Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 189; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This is also a standard of the Institute of Petroleum issued under the fixed designation IP 13. The final number indicates the year of
last revision.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
This method was adopted as a joint ASTM—IP standard in 1964.
This method has been adopted for use by government agencies to replace Method 5001 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 791b.
the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in
1. Scope
the fuel can be detected by Test Method D 4046.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative
only.
coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally ap-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
plicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
determined by Test Method D 482 or IP Method 4 will have an
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount
of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
pyrolysis of a petroleum product. The residue is not composed entirely of
D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term
Petroleum Products
carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its
wide common usage. D 4046 Test Method for Alkyl Nitrate in Diesel Fuels by
NOTE 2—Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the
Spectrophotometry
same as those obtained by Test Method D 524. Approximate correlations
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials
Petroleum Products
which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide
D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
variety of petroleum products.
Products, and Lubricants
NOTE 3—The test results are equivalent to Test Method D 4530, (see
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Fig. X1.2).
NOTE 4—In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl Petroleum Products
nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than
D 4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue
observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to 3
(Micro Method)
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
E 133 Specification for Distillation Equipment
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3. Terminology
D02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants.
3.1 Definitions:
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1997. Published October 1997. Originally
published as D 189 – 24 T. Last previous edition D 189 – 95. 3.1.1 carbon residue, n—the residue formed by evaporation
In the IP, this method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
and thermal degradation of a carbon containing material.
This procedure is a modification of the original Conradson method and apparatus
for Carbon Test and Ash Residue in Petroleum Lubricating Oils. See Proceedings,
Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, New York, Vol 1, p. 131,
September 1912; also Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, IECHA, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Vol 4, No. 11, December 1912. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
In 1965, a new Fig. 2 on reproducibility and repeatability combining ASTM and Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
IP precision data replaced old Fig. 2 and Note 4. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 189
D 4175 5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time
3.1.2 Discussion—The residue is not composed entirely of regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits
carbon but is a coke that can be further changed by carbon
a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an
pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is retained in deference to
engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to
its wide common usage.
the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an
ash-forming detergent additive may increase the carbon residue
4. Summary of Test Method
value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form
4.1 A weighed quantity of sample is placed in a crucible and
deposits.
subjected to destructive distillation. The residue undergoes
5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide
cracking and coking reactions during a fixed period of severe
in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue
heating. At the end of the specified heating period, the test
values of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are
crucible containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in a
useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
desiccator and weighed. The residue remaining is calculated as
a percentage of the original sample, and reported as Conradson
6. Apparatus (see Fig. 1)
carbon residue.
6.1 Porcelain Crucible, wide form, glazed throughout, or a
5. Significance and Use
silica crucible; 29 to 31-mL capacity, 46 to 49 mm in rim
5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a
diameter.
rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form
6.2 Iron Crucible— Skidmore iron crucible, flanged and
deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Simi-
ringed, 65 to 82-mL capacity, 53 to 57 mm inside and 60 to 67
larly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, provided
mm outside diameter of flange, 37 to 39 mm in height supplied
the test is performed on the base fuel without additive) the
with a cover without delivery tubes and having the vertical
carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately with
combustion chamber deposits. opening closed. The horizontal opening of about 6.5 mm shall
FIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining Conradson Carbon Residue
D 189
be kept clean. The outside diameter of the flat bottom shall be type gas burner, so that the pre-ignition period will be 10 6 1.5
30 to 32 mm. min (a shorter time can start the distillation so rapidly as to
6.3 Iron Crucible— Spun sheet-iron crucible with cover; 78 cause foaming or too high a flame). When smoke appears
to 82 mm in outside diameter at the top, 58 to 60 mm in height, above the chimney, immediately move or tilt the burner so that
and approximately 0.8 mm in thickness. Place at the bottom of the gas flame plays on the sides of the crucible for the purpose
this crucible, and level before each test, a layer of about 25 mL of igniting the vapors. Then remove the heat temporarily, and
of dry sand, or enough to bring the Skidmore crucible, with before replacing adjust by screwing down the pinch-cock on
cover on, nearly to the top of the sheet-iron crucible. the gas tubing so that the ignited vapors burn uniformly with
6.4 Wire Support— Triangle of bare Nichrome wire of the flame above the chimney but not above the wire bridge.
approximately No. 13B&S gage having an opening small Heat can be increased, if necessary, when the flame does not
enough to support the bottom of the sheet-iron crucible at the show above the chimney. The period of burning the vapors
same level as the bottom of the asbestos block or hollow shall be 13 6 1 min. If it is found impossible to meet the
sheet-metal box (6.6). requirements for both flame and burning time, the requirement
6.5 Hood—Circular sheet-iron hood from 120 to 130 mm in for burning time is the more important.
diameter the height of the lower perpendicular side to be from 8.4 When the vapors cease to burn and no further blue
50 to 53 mm; provided at the top with a chimney 50 to 60 mm smoke can be observed, readjust the burner and hold the heat
in height and 50 to 56 mm in inside diameter, which is attached as at the beginning so as to make the bottom and lower part of
to the lower part having the perpendicular sides by a cone- the sheet-iron crucible a cherry red, and maintain for exactly 7
shaped member, bringing the total height of the complete hood min. The total period of heating shall be 30 6 2 min, which
to 125 to 130 mm. The hood can be made from a single piece constitutes an additional limitation on the tolerances for the
of metal, provided it conforms to the foregoing dimensions. As pre-ignition and burning periods. There should be no difficulty
a guide for the height of the flame above the chimney, a bridge in carrying out the test exactly as directed with the gas
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