Standard Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents <a href="#fn00002"></a>
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
General Information
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Designation: D459 − 09
StandardTerminology Relating to
1,2
Soaps and Other Detergents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope active ingredient of a synthetic detergent—the organic
surface-active material present in the detergent.
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
active oxygen—in cleaning compounds, the oxidizing power
2. Referenced Documents
of oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
containingmoietiesinsolutionexpressedasoxygen(equiva-
D460Test Methods for Sampling and ChemicalAnalysis of
lent weight 8.00).
Soaps and Soap Products
D820Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Con- alkaline detergent—under detergent, see inorganic alkaline
detergent.
taining Synthetic Detergents
D2330Test Method for Methylene Blue Active Substances alkyl benzene sulfonate (in the context of soaps and
4
(Withdrawn 2011) detergents)—the detergent produced by sulfonating deter-
D2667Test Method for Biodegradability of Alkylbenzene gent alkylate; any surface-active substance having the mo-
4
Sulfonates (Withdrawn 2013)
lecular structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ring
D2960Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Natu- substituent(s) an alkyl group(s) sufficiently large to confer
rally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances (With-
detergent properties.
4
drawn 2013)
ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactant—see surface-
D4265Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance in
active agent.
Home Laundering
anhydrous soap—under soap, see anhydrous soap.
D5548GuideforEvaluatingColorTransferorColorLossof
anionic detergent—under detergent, see anionic detergent.
DyedFabricsinLaundering(NotSuitableforDetergentor
artificially soiled cloth (sometimes called “standard soiled
Washing Machine Rankings)
cloth”)—clothsoiledwithoneormorematerialsandusedto
3. Terms and Definitions
evaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equip-
ment.
ABS—an abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Although
strictly speaking this might apply to any such compound,
available chlorine in cleaning compounds—the oxidizing
present practice is to use it for those containing branched
power of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizing
chains. (See LAS).
chlorine moieties in solution, expressed as chlorine of
equivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thiosulfate
acid-wash color—the color developed in the separated acid
titration.
when a sample of detergent alkylate is agitated with sulfuric
acid under the conditions prescribed by the method.
bathroom soil—the soil composed of water insoluble, or
practically insoluble, materials or a mixture of these
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D12 on Soaps
materials, present on typical bathroom surfaces other than
and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32 on
those of floors and toilets.Amajor component of this soil is
Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originally
the insoluble precipitate, commonly referred to as “soap
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D459-08a. DOI:
scum,” that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.
10.1520/D0459-09.
2
A “Handbook of Industry Terms” is available from the Soap and Detergent
blended soap—under soap, see blended soap.
Association, 475 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10016. This is an essentially
brightener—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
nontechnical list of definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry. It is
referenced here for information purposes only.
brightening agent—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
buffer action—the resistance of a solution to change in pH.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
builder—a material added to a soap or synthetic detergent
the ASTM website.
4
formulation that enhances or maintains the cleaning effi-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. ciency of the surfactant, principally by inactivating water
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D459 − 09
hardness either by sequestration, precipitation, or ion ex- detergent. The term usually refers to an alkyl
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D459–08a Designation: D459 – 09
Standard Terminology Relating to
,
1 2
Soaps and Other Detergents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D460 Test Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Soaps and Soap Products
D820 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Containing Synthetic Detergents
D2330 Test Method for Methylene Blue Active Substances
D2667 Test Method for Biodegradability of Alkylbenzene Sulfonates
D2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Naturally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances
D4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance in Home Laundering
D5548 Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Loss of Dyed Fabrics in Laundering
3. Terms and Definitions
ABS—an abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Although strictly speaking this might apply to any such compound, present
practice is to use it for those containing branched chains. (See LAS).
acid-washcolor—thecolordevelopedintheseparatedacidwhenasampleofdetergentalkylateisagitatedwithsulfuricacidunder
the conditions prescribed by the method.
active ingredient of a synthetic detergent—the organic surface-active material present in the detergent.
active oxygen—in cleaning compounds, the oxidizing power of oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-containing
moieties in solution expressed as oxygen (equivalent weight 8.00).
alkaline detergent—under detergent, see inorganic alkaline detergent.
alkyl benzene sulfonate (in the context of soaps and detergents)—thedetergentproducedbysulfonatingdetergentalkylate;any
surface-active substance having the molecular structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ring substituent(s) an alkyl
group(s) sufficiently large to confer detergent properties.
ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactant—see surface-active agent.
anhydrous soap—under soap, see anhydrous soap.
anionic detergent—under detergent, see anionic detergent.
artificially soiled cloth (sometimes called “standard soiled cloth”)—cloth soiled with one or more materials and used to
evaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equipment.
available chlorine in cleaning compounds—the oxidizing power of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizing chlorine
moieties in solution, expressed as chlorine of equivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thiosulfate titration.
bathroom soil—the soil composed of water insoluble, or practically insoluble, materials or a mixture of these materials, present
on typical bathroom surfaces other than those of floors and toilets.Amajor component of this soil is the insoluble precipitate,
commonly referred to as “soap scum,” that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.
blended soap—under soap, see blended soap.
brightener—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
brightening agent—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32 on
Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008.1, 2009. Published December 2008.November 2009. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as
D459-08a. DOI: 10.1520/D0459-08A.10.1520/D0459-09.
2
A“Handbook of Industry Terms” is available from the Soap and DetergentAssociation, 475 ParkAve. S., NewYork, NY10016. This is an essentially nontechnical list
of definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry. It is referenced here for information purposes only.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D459 – 09
buffer action—the resistance of a solution to change in pH.
builder—a material added to a soap or synthetic detergent formulation that enhances or maintains the cleaning efficiency of the
surfactant, principally by inactiv
...
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