ASTM D1434-82(2003)

Standard Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These measurements give semiquantitative estimates for the gas transmission of single pure gases through film and sheeting. Correlation of measured values with any given use, such as packaged contents protection, must be determined by experience. The gas transmission rate is affected by conditions not specifically provided for in these tests, such as moisture content (Note 2), plasticizer content, and nonhomogeneities. These tests do not include any provision for testing seals that may be involved in packaging applications.
Note 2—The tests are run using gas with 0 % moisture changes.
Interlaboratory testing has revealed that permeances measured by these procedures exhibit a strong dependence on the procedure being used, as well as on the laboratory performing the testing. Agreement with other methods is sometimes poor and may be material-dependent. The materials being tested often affect the between-laboratory precision. The causes of these variations are not known at this time. It is suggested that this method not be used for referee purposes unless purchaser and seller can both establish that they are measuring the same quantity to a mutually agreed upon level of precision.
Use of the permeability coefficient (involving conversion of the gas transmission rate to a unit thickness basis) is not recommended unless the thickness-to-transmission rate relationship is known from previous studies. Even in essentially homogeneous structures, variations in morphology (as indicated, for example, by density) and thermal history may influence permeability.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the steady-state rate of transmission of a gas through plastics in the form of film, sheeting, laminates, and plastic-coated papers or fabrics. This test method provides for the determination of (1) gas transmission rate (GTR), (2) permeance, and, in the case of homogeneous materials, (3) permeability.
1.2 Two procedures are provided:
1.2.1 Procedure M Manometric.
1.2.2 Procedure V Volumetric.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 29-Jul-1982
• Technical Committee: F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
• Drafting Committee: F02.10 - Permeation

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D1434-82(1998) - Standard Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM E2662-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM D6338-17 - Standard Classification System for Highly Crosslinked Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (HCTPV) Based on ASTM Standard Test Methods
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM D4000-23 - Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM C1484-10(2018) - Standard Specification for Vacuum Insulation Panels
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM F2097-20 - Standard Guide for Design and Evaluation of Primary Flexible Packaging for Medical Products
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM D7407-07(2020) - Standard Guide for Determining the Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM D6455-11(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM D2673-14(2022) - Standard Specification for Oriented Polypropylene Film
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM F624-09(2015)e1 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Solids and Solutions for Biomedical Applications
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM D2103-15 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM D3985-17 - Standard Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM F1307-20 - Standard Test Method for Oxygen Transmission Rate Through Dry Packages Using a Coulometric Sensor
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982
• Referred By: ASTM D7106/D7106M-05(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Geomembranes
• Effective Date: 30-Jul-1982

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1434–82 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film
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and Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1434; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
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1. Scope used unit of GTR, is 1 mL (STP)/(m ·d) at a pressure
differential of one atmosphere.
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the steady-
3.1.2 permeance, P—the ratio of the gas transmission rate
state rate of transmission of a gas through plastics in the form
to the difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides
of film, sheeting, laminates, and plastic-coated papers or
2
of the film. The SI unit of permeance is 1 mol/ (m ·s·Pa). The
fabrics. This test method provides for the determination of (1)
test conditions (see 5.1) must be stated.
gastransmissionrate(GTR),(2)permeance,and,inthecaseof
3.1.3 permeability,P—theproductofthepermeanceandthe
homogeneous materials, (3) permeability.
thickness of a film. The permeability is meaningful only for
1.2 Two procedures are provided:
homogeneous materials, in which it is a property characteristic
1.2.1 Procedure M— Manometric.
of the bulk material. This quantity should not be used unless
1.2.2 Procedure V— Volumetric.
the constancy of the permeability has been verified using
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
severaldifferentthicknessesofthematerial.TheSIunitofPis
standard.
1 mol/(m·s·Pa). The test conditions (see 3.1) must be stated.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NOTE 1—One millilitre (STP) is 44.62 µmol, one atmosphere is 0.1013
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responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- MPa, and one day is 86.4 310 s. GTR in SI units is obtained by
−10
multiplying the value in inch-pound units by 5.160 310 . Additional
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
units and conversions are shown in Appendix X1.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 steady state—the state attained when the amount of
2. Referenced Documents
gas absorbed in the film is in equilibrium with the flux of gas
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
through the film. For MethodVthis is obtained when the GTR
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
is constant.
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D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
4. Summary of Test Method
3. Terminology
4.1 The sample is mounted in a gas transmission cell so as
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
to form a sealed semibarrier between two chambers. One
3.1.1 gas transmission rate, GTR— the quantity of a given
chamber contains the test gas at a specific high pressure, and
gas passing through a unit of the parallel surfaces of a plastic
theotherchamber,atalowerpressure,receivesthepermeating
film in unit time under the conditions of test. The SI unit of
gas. Either of the following procedures is used:
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GTR is 1 mol/(m ·s). The test conditions, including tempera-
4.1.1 Procedure M— In Procedure M the lower pressure
ture and partial pressure of the gas on both sides of the film,
chamber is initially evacuated and the transmission of the gas
must be stated. Other factors, such as relative humidity and
through the test specimen is indicated by an increase in
hydrostatic pressure, that influence the transport of the gas
pressure.
must also be stated.The inch-pound unit of GTR, a commonly
4.1.2 Procedure V— In Procedure V the lower pressure
chamber is maintained near atmospheric pressure and the
transmission of the gas through the test specimen is indicated
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ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF02onFlexible
by a change in volume.
Barrier Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.10 on
Permeation.
Current edition approved July 30, 1982. Published November 1982. Originally 5. Significance and Use
published as D1434–56T. Last previous edition D1434–75.
5.1 Thesemeasurementsgivesemiquantitativeestimatesfor
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the gas transmission of single pure gases through film and
contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
sheeting. Correlation of measured values with any given use,
the ASTM website.
such as packaged contents protection, must be determined by
3
Withdrawn.
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