ASTM D6177-97
(Practice)Standard Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
Standard Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimating emission profiles of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a house, based on emissions testing in environmental chambers.
1.2 Emission profiles from bedding sets are determined from air concentrations measured in environmental chambers.
1.3 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as in the case of other household furnishings, usually are highest when the products are new. Procedures described in this practice also are applicable to used bedding sets.
1.4 The practice is applicable to VOCs and not to semi volatile organic chemicals or nonvolatile organic chemicals.
1.5 This practice summarizes procedures for sample selection and handling. This practice also refers to pertinent sampling procedures and analytical methods for emission testing, but does not include technical details on selection of appropriate collection media and analytical equipment and associated procedures.
1.6 Emission profiles based on this practice may be used for estimating human exposures to VOCs.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: D 6177 – 97
Standard Practice for
Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic
Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor
Materials/Products
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimating emis-
D 5157 Guide for Statistical Evaluation of Indoor Air Qual-
sion profiles of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from
ity Models
bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a
D 5197 Standard Test Method for Determination of Form-
house, based on emissions testing in environmental chambers.
aldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active
1.2 Emission profiles from bedding sets are determined
Sampler Methodology)
from air concentrations measured in environmental chambers.
D 5466 Standard Test Method for Determination of Volatile
1.3 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as in the case of
Organic Chemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling
other household furnishings, usually are highest when the
Methodology)
products are new. Procedures described in this practice also are
E 355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Rela-
applicable to used bedding sets.
tionships
1.4 The practice is applicable to VOCs and not to semi-
E 1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Con-
volatile organic chemicals or nonvolatile organic chemicals.
centrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products
1.5 This practice summarizes procedures for sample selec-
Using a Large Chamber
tion and handling. This practice also refers to pertinent
sampling procedures and analytical methods for emission
3. Terminology
testing, but does not include technical details on selection of
3.1 Definitions:
appropriate collection media and analytical methods or on
3.1.1 For definitions and terms used in this practice, refer to
sampling and analytical equipment and associated procedures.
Terminology D 1356.
1.6 Emission profiles based on this practice may be used for
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
estimating human exposures to VOCs.
3.2.1 air change rate, n—the volume of outdoor air that
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
enters the indoor environment in one h, divided by the volume
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the indoor space.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2 bedding set, n—an ensemble that includes a mattress
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
for sleeping and a supporting box spring.
bility of regulating limitations prior to its use.
3.2.3 emission profile, n—a time–series of emission rates of
2. Referenced Documents one or more chemicals.
3.2.4 nonvolatile organic chemical, n—an organic com-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
–8
pound with saturation vapor pressure less than 10 kPa at
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Atmospheric Sampling
2 25°C.
and Analysis
3.2.5 semi-volatile chemical, n—an organic compound with
D 3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-
–2 –8
saturation vapor pressure between 10 and 10 kPa at 25°C.
ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-
3.2.6 short–term exposure, n—an exposure of one week or
sorption Method)
less in duration.
D 3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors
3.2.7 volatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound
Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption
–2
2 with saturation vapor pressure greater than 10 kPa at 25°C.
Method
D 5116 Guide for Small–Scale Environmental Chamber
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice describes procedures for determining VOC
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D–22 on Sampling
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D22.05 on Indoor Air.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1997. Published April 1998. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 6177
emission profiles of a bedding set using an environmental packaging (manufacturer’s shipping bag) in a larger outer bag,
chamber. which has an inert surface.
4.2 These procedures include selection and handling of 7.5 Maintain a chain of custody record to note dates, times,
samples, and conducting chamber emission tests (Research and operations performed (such as storage and transportation)
Triangle Institute, 1995) . Details related to storage and trans- for each bedding set.
portation of samples are included in selection and handling.
8. Procedures for Emissions Testing
Procedures for conducting chamber tests include selection of
8.1 Volatile organic emissions from indoor sources such as
test conditions and methods for collection and analysis of air
bedding sets vary widely in the number of chemicals and the
samples.
strength of their emissions. To characterize emissions fully, the
4.3 The practice also describes procedures for estimating
sample collection and analysis system must be capable of
emission profiles from the chamber concentration data.
quantitative collection and analysis of volatile, polar, and
5. Significance and Use
nonpolar compounds. The design and operation of sample
collection and analysis systems must be appropriate for the
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide procedures
organic chemicals and their concentrations. Such systems
for estimating emission profiles of VOCs from bedding sets.
include collection of samples using canister sampling method-
These profiles can then be used to estimate human inhalation
ology (Test Method D 5466) or, more often, collection on solid
exposures to VOCs emitted from bedding sets. The estimated
adsorbent tubes (for example, Test Method D 3686), and
inhalation exposures ultimately can be used as an input to
instruments to analyze organic emissions (for example, gas
characterization of health risks from short–term VOC expo-
chromatographs, see Practice E 355). Determination of form-
sures.
aldehyde and other aldehydes can be done by different methods
5.2 The results of emissions testing for specific raw mate-
(EPA Compendium, 1990). One of these methods (Test
rials and components, or processes used in manufacturing
Method D 5197), which collects air samples on 2,4-
different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative
dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)–treated silica gel cartridges
impacts on airborne concentrations.
followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),
6. Facilities and Equipment
is preferred because of better sensitivity.
8.2 The remainder of this section describes certain air
6.1 A facility to determine product or material emissions
sampling procedures related to emissions testing of bedding
requires use of a room–size environmental test chamber,
sets and briefly summarizes analytical methods. Technical
typically larger than 22.6 m . Emissions from components of
details on selection of appropriate collection media and ana-
bedding sets can be characterized in small chambers ranging in
lytical methods, and on sampling and analytical equipment and
size from a few liters to 5 m . Chamber testing also requires
associated procedures, are provided in the references cited in
associated equipment such as a clean–air generation system,
8.1.
monitoring and control systems, and sample collection and
8.3 Screening Samples:
analysis equipment (see Guide D 5116 and Test Method
8.3.1 The purpose of the screening samples is to identify
E 1333).
volatile organic chemicals and their relative concentrations, to
aid in selecting sampling durations, collection media, and
7. Procedures for Sample Selection and Handling
laboratory analysis methods for conducting emissions testing.
7.1 The procedures for sample selection and handling in-
8.3.2 Collect air samples from the manufacturer’s shipping
clude sample selection, packaging for shipping, and shipment
bags using sampling lines connected directly to sampling
and storage.
devices.
7.2 Select bedding sets to be tested directly from the
8.4 Background Samples:
production line. Volume of production can be considered as a
8.4.1 The following types of background samples are nec-
criterion in selecting the type(s) of bedding set to be tested. Use
essary:
a random number table to avoid biases in selection.
(1) background concentrations in the outer storage bag and
7.3 The selected bedding set(s) should be wrapped using the
the laboratory atmosphere, and
manufacturer’s normal packaging materials and procedures.
(2) background concentrations in the chamber prior to
Further, to protect from damage during shipping, place the
insertion of a bedding set for chamber testing.
bedding sets in corrugated shipping containers.
8.4.2 The background concentrations in the outer storage
7.4 Upon receipt at the testing laboratory, remove the
bag and the laboratory atmosphere are used to assess whether
bedding from corrugated shipping containers, but do not
there is contamination from the laboratory environment.
remove the manufacturer’s normal packaging materials. In-
8.4.3 A chamber background sample is taken to quantify
spect for shipping damage and record the arrival condition. To
any contributions of organic compounds from the clean air
isolate the bedding sets from the surrounding laboratory
system or the empty chamber. Idealy, measured concentrations
environment, place each bedding set wrapped in its normal
Winberry, W.T., Forehand, L., Murphy, N.T., Ceroli, B., and Evans, A.,“
Research Triangle Institute, “Final Report—Performance of Tes
...
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