ASTM D6196-15
(Practice)Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air
Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment.
5.2 Such measurements in ambient air are of importance because of the known role of VOCs as ozone precursors, and in some cases (for example, benzene), as toxic pollutants in their own right.
5.3 Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects (5).
5.4 Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds.
Note 1: While workplace air monitoring has traditionally been carried out using disposable sorbent tubes, typically packed with charcoal and extracted using chemical desorption (solvent extraction) prior to GC analysis – for example following NIOSH and OSHA reference methods – routine thermal desorption (TD) technology was originally developed specifically for this application area. TD overcomes the inherent analyte dilution limitation of solvent extraction improving method detection limits by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude and making methods easier to automate. Relevant international standard methods include ISO 16017-1 and ISO 16017-2. For a detailed history of the development of analytical thermal desorption and a comparison with solvent extraction methods see Ref (6).
5.5 In order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in part...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1)2, indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.
1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in the range 0 to 400°C (v.p. 15 to 0.01 kPa at 25°C).
1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide concentration range.
1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m3 to 1 g/m3, for individual organic compounds in 1–10 L air samples. Quantitative measurements are possible when using validated procedures with appropriate quality co...
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Designation: D6196 − 15
Standard Practice for
Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal
Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile
1
Organic Chemicals in Air
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for
the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of
3 3
concentration range of approximately 0.1 µg/m to 1 g/m , for
sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of
2 individual organic compounds in 1–10 L air samples. Quanti-
ambient (1) , indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for
tative measurements are possible when using validated proce-
a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It
dures with appropriate quality control measures.
may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in
1.5.2 Withaxialdiffusivesampling,thispracticeisvalidfor
small or full scale environmental chambers or for human
the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of volatile
exposure assessment.
organic compounds in a concentration range of approximately
3 3
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air
100µg/m to100mg/m forindividualorganiccompoundsfor
3 3
onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled
an exposure time of8hor1 µg/m to 1 mg/m for individual
air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of
organic compounds for an exposure time of four weeks.
sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under
1.5.3 With radial diffusive sampling, this practice is valid
controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling
for the measurement of airborne vapors of volatile organic
3
end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed
compounds in a concentration range of approximately 5 µg/m
3
VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and
to 5 mg/m for individual organic compounds for exposure
analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.
times of one to six hours.
1.5.4 The upper limit of the useful range is almost always
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers
set by the linear dynamic range of the gas chromatograph
that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped
sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial column and detector, or by the sample splitting capability of
the analytical instrumentation used.
passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical
dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing 1.5.5 The lower limit of the useful range depends on the
noise level of the detector and on blank levels of analyte or
only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.
interfering artifacts (or both) on the sorbent tubes.
1.4 Thispracticerecommendsanumberofsorbentsthatcan
1.6 This procedure can be used for personal and fixed
be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of
location sampling. It cannot be used to measure instantaneous
vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-
or short-term fluctuations in concentration. Alternative ‘grab
volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in
sampling’procedures using canister air samplers (for example,
the range 0 to 400°C (v.p. 15 to 0.01 kPa at 25°C).
Test Method D5466) may be suitable for monitoring instanta-
1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of
neous or short term fluctuations in air concentration. Alterna-
airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide
tives for on-site measurement include, but are not limited to,
concentration range.
gas chromatography, real-time mass spectrometry detectors
and infrared spectrometry.
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD22onAirQuality
1.7 The sampling method gives a time-weighted average
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.
result.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published February 2016. Originally
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6196–03 (2009).
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
DOI: 10.1520/D6196-15.
2
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
The bold face numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end
of this practice. standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D6196 − 15
1.9 This standard does not purport to a
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6196 − 03 (Reapproved 2009) D6196 − 15
Standard Practice for
Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, Choosing Sorbents,
Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analysis
ProceduresAnalytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile
1
Organic CompoundsChemicals in Air
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient ((1)) ,
indoor ((2),) and workplace ((3, 4)) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used
for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.
1.2 A complete listing of VOCs for which this practice has been tested, at least over part of the measurement range (1.6), is
shown in Tables 1-9. For other compounds this practice shall be tested according to EN 1076 (pumped); Practice D6246,
ISO 16107, ANSI/ISEA 104, EN 838 or EN 13528-1 ⁄EN 13528-2 (diffusive); or other appropriate validation protocols (Sections
13 and 14). (5,1)
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air
is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled
conditions, onto the sorbent tube or tubes surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs
are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes
containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial diffusive passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as
standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial diffusive passive (diffusive) samplers.
1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes,tubes for use in the sampling of a wide
range of different volatile organic compounds boiling vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-volatile organic
compounds which, generally speaking, boil in the range 0 to 400°C (v.p. 15 to 0.01 kPa at 25°C).
1.5.1 For pumped sampling, sorbent selection is based on breakthrough capacity. Single-bed tubes containing for example
3,4
sorbent Type A are appropriate for normal alkanes from n-C (hexane) to n-C (decane) and substances with similar volatility
6 10
3,5
(v.p. 15 to 0.3 kPa at 25°C). More volatile materials should be sampled on stronger sorbents, such as sorbent Type B . Other
sorbent types than those specified may be used, if their breakthrough capacities are adequate and their thermal desorption blanks
are sufficiently small. Examples are given in Appendix X2. A broader range of VOCs may be sampled using multi-bed tubes.
1.5.2 Guidance given for the selection of sorbents for pumped monitoring tubes can be applied equally well to axial diffusive
sampling tubes. The restriction to a single sampling surface (hence single sorbent), limits the target analyte range that can be
monitored by a single tube. However, the unobtrusive nature and low cost of diffusive samplers usually means that two or more
samplers containing different sorbents can be used in parallel without impacting study objectives.
1.5.3 The high sampling rate and associated risk of back diffusion associated with radial diffusive samplers typically restricts
the use of these samplers to compounds of equal or lower volatility than benzene. It also means that stronger sorbents are generally
required for these samplers when compared with either axial diffusive or pumped sorbent tubes.
1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of airborne vapors of these volatile organic compounds over a wide
concentration range.
1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a
3 3
concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m to 1 g/m , for individual organic compounds in 1–10 L air samples. The method
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the d
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