ASTM E105-10

Standard Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of the sample may be to estimate properties of a larger population, such as a lot, pile or shipment, the percentage of some constituent, the fraction of the items that fail to meet (or meet) a specified requirement, the average characteristic or quality of an item, the total weight of the shipment, or the probable maximum or minimum content of, say, some chemical.
The purpose may be the rational disposition of a lot or shipment without the intermediate step of the formation of an estimate.
The purpose may be to provide aid toward rational action concerning the production process that generated the lot, pile or shipment.
Whatever the purpose of the sample, adhering to the principles of probability sampling will allow the uncertainties, such as bias and variance of estimates or the risks of the rational disposition or action, to be calculated objectively and validly from the theory of combinatorial probabilities. This assumes, of course, that the sampling operations themselves were carried out properly, as well. For example, that any random numbers required were generated properly, the units to be sampled from were correctly identified, located, and drawn, and the measurements were made with measurement error at a level not exceeding the required purposes.
Determination of bias and variance and of risks can be calculated when the selection was only partially determined by random numbers and a frame, but they then require suppositions and assumptions which may be more or less mistaken or require additional data which may introduce experimental error.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is primarily a statement of principles for the guidance of ASTM technical committees and others in the preparation of a sampling plan for a specific material.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2010
• ICS: 91.100.01 - Construction materials in general
• Technical Committee: E11 - Quality and Statistics
• Drafting Committee: E11.10 - Sampling / Statistics

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E105-04 - Standard Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E1792-20 - Standard Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D6883-17 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Stationary Coal from Railroad Cars, Barges, Trucks, or Stockpiles
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D4179-22 - Standard Test Method for Single Pellet Crush Strength of Formed Catalysts and Catalyst Carriers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D1977-22 - Standard Test Method for Nickel and Vanadium in FCC Equilibrium Catalysts by Hydrofluoric/Sulfuric Acid Decomposition and Atomic Spectroscopic Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E3264-21 - Standard Guide for Homogeneity of Samples and Reference Materials Used for Inter- and Intra-Laboratory Studies
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM C1862-17 - Standard Test Method for the Nominal Joint Strength of End-Plug Joints in Advanced Ceramic Tubes at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM C751-20 - Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Boron Carbide Pellets
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM C985-22 - Standard Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D8392-22 - Standard Practice for Calibration and Verification of Direct Imaging Analyzers Used for Particle Size and Shape Analysis of Catalytic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM C753-16a(2021) - Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade, Sinterable Uranium Dioxide Powder
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D3737-18e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM C776-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Sintered Uranium Dioxide Pellets for Light Water Reactors
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D5324-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing Water-Borne Architectural Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D5154/D5154M-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining Activity and Selectivity of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Catalysts by Microactivity Test
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E105 − 10 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Practice for
1
Probability Sampling of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope percentage of some constituent, the fraction of the items that
fail to meet (or meet) a specified requirement, the average
1.1 This practice is primarily a statement of principles for
characteristic or quality of an item, the total weight of the
the guidance of ASTM technical committees and others in the
shipment, or the probable maximum or minimum content of,
preparation of a sampling plan for a specific material.
say, some chemical.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 The purpose may be the rational disposition of a lot or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
shipment without the intermediate step of the formation of an
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With estimate.
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
4.3 The purpose may be to provide aid toward rational
Lot or Process
actionconcerningtheproductionprocessthatgeneratedthelot,
E141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the
pile or shipment.
Results of Probability Sampling
4.4 Whatever the purpose of the sample, adhering to the
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
principles of probability sampling will allow the uncertainties,
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
such as bias and variance of estimates or the risks of the
3. Terminology
rational disposition or action, to be calculated objectively and
validly from the theory of combinatorial probabilities. This
3.1 Definitions:
assumes, of course, that the sampling operations themselves
3.1.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology E456
were carried out properly, as well. For example, that any
and Guide E1402.
random numbers required were generated properly, the units to
3.1.2 judgment sampling, n—a procedure whereby enu-
be sampled from were correctly identified, located, and drawn,
merators select a few items of the population, based on visual,
and the measurements were made with measurement error at a
positional, or other cues that are believed to be related to the
level not exceeding the required purposes.
variable of interest, so that the selected items appear to match
the population.
4.5 Determination of bias and variance and of risks can be
calculated when the selection was only partially determined by
3.1.3 probability sampling plan, n—a sampling plan which
random numbers and a frame, but they then require supposi-
makes use of the theory of probability to combine a suitable
tions and assumptions which may be more or less mistaken or
procedure for selecting sample items with an appropriate
require additional data which may introduce experimental
procedure for summarizing the test results so that inferences
error.
may be drawn and risks calculated from the test results by the
theory of probability.
5. Characteristics of a Probability Sampling Plan
3.1.3.1 Discussion—For any given set of conditions, there
will usually be several possible plans, all valid, but differing in 5.1 A probability sampling plan will possess certain char-
acteristics of importance, as follows:
speed, simplicity, and cost. Further discussion is provided in
Practice E141. 5.1.1 It will possess an objective procedure for the selection
of the sample, with the use of random numbers.
4. Significance and Use
5.1.2 It will include a definite formula for the estimate, if
4.1 The purpose of the sample may be to estimate properties there is to be an estimate; also for the standard error of any
of a larger population, such as a lot, pile or shipment, the estimate. If the sample is used for decision without the
intermediate step of an estimate, the decision process will
1
follow definite rules. In acceptance sampling, for example,
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Quality and
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.10 on Sampling /
these are often based on predetermined risks of taking the
Statistics.
undesired action when the true levels of the characteristic
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally
concerned have predetermined values; for example, acceptable
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E105 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/E0105-10. and rejectable quality levels may be specified.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E105 − 10
5.2 The mi
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:E105–04 Designation:E105–10
Standard Practice for
1
Probability Sampling of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice is primarily a statement of principles for the guidance of ASTM technical committees and others in the
preparation of a sampling plan for a specific material.
2. Terminology Referenced Documents
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1.1probability sampling plans, make use of the theory of probability to combine a suitable procedure for selecting sample
items with an appropriate procedure for summarizing the test results so that inferences may be drawn and risks calculated from
the test results by the theory of probability. For any given set of conditions there will usually be several possible plans, all valid,
but differing in speed, simplicity, and cost. ASTM Standards:
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probability Sampling
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For general terminology, refer to Terminology E456 and Guide E1402.
3.1.1 judgment sampling, n—a procedure whereby enumerators select a few items of the population, based on visual,
positional or other cues that are believed to be related to the variable of interest, so that the selected items appear to
match the population.
3.1.2 probability sampling plan, n—a sampling plan which makes use of the theory of probability to combine a suitable
procedure for selecting sample items with an appropriate procedure for summarizing the test results so that inferences may be
drawn and risks calculated from the test results by the theory of probability.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Foranygivensetofconditions,therewillusuallybeseveralpossibleplans,allvalid,butdifferinginspeed,
simplicity, and cost. Further discussion is provided in Practice E141.
4. Significance and Use
3.1The4.1 The purpose of the sample may be to estimate properties of a larger population, such as a lot, pile or shipment, the
percentage of some constituent, the fraction of the items that fail to meet (or meet) a specified requirement, the average
characteristic or quality of an item, the total weight of the shipment, or the probable maximum or minimum content of, say, some
chemical.
3.2The4.2 The purpose may be the rational disposition of a lot or shipment without the intermediate step of the formation of
an estimate.
3.3The4.3 The purpose may be to provide aid toward rational action concerning the production process that generated the lot,
pile or shipment.
34.4 Whatever the purpose of the sample, adhering to the principles of probability sampling will allow the uncertainties, such
as bias and variance of estimates or the risks of the rational disposition or action, to be calculated objectively and validly from the
theory of combinatorial probabilities. This assumes, of course, that the sampling operations themselves were carried out properly,
as well. For example, that any random numbers required were generated properly, the units to be sampled from were correctly
identified, located, and drawn, and the measurements were made with measurement error at a level not exceeding the required
purposes.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.10 on Sampling / Statistics.
Current edition approved JuneOct. 1, 2004.2010. Published July 2004.November 2010. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 19962004 as
E105–58(1996).E105 – 04. DOI: 10.1520/E0105-04.10.1520/E0105-10
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E105–10
34.5 Determination of bias and variance and of risks can be calculated when the selection was only partially determined by
random numbers and a frame, but they then require suppositions and assumptions which may be more or less mistaken or require
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