ASTM D6488-08(2020)

Standard Terminology Relating to Print Problems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink makers, substrate makers, and printers.  
3.2 The term “paper” in this standard also encompasses the term “paperboard.”  
3.3 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced sources are indicated by giving the acronym of the organization or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for problems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies in the ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof.  
1.2 These definitions cover the three major printing processes and are given in the following sequence: lithography, flexography, and gravure. For further information see Refs (1-4) at the end of this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-May-2020
• ICS: 01.040.87 - Paint and colour industries (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 87.080 - Inks. Printing inks
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.56 - Printing Inks

Relations

• Referred By: ASTM D16-23 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6488 − 08 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Print Problems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Terminology
1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for prob- 4.1 Definitions:
lems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies
4.1.1 Lithographic Printing:
in the ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof.
blistering, n—the formation of small air pockets under the
1.2 These definitions cover the three major printing pro- printed paper surface.
cesses and are given in the following sequence: lithography,
DISCUSSION—It results from moisture being trapped under the dried
flexography, and gravure. For further information see Refs ink film during heatset drying. This condition is more common with
higher ink coverage and heavier basis weight papers.
(1-4) at the end of this standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
blocking, n—an undesired adhesion between sheets of printed
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
material that might occur under moderate pressure or in-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
creased temperature, or both, while in storage or in use.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
DISCUSSION—Damage to one or both surfaces may be visible upon
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
separation and may be due to improperly dried ink or coating.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
bronzing, n—the metal-like reflectance which sometimes ap-
2. Referenced Documents
pears at the surface of nonmetallic colored materials.
2
DISCUSSION—Bronzing is perceived at the specular angle by observ-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing the image of a white light source, for example, and is characterized
D4361 Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks and
3 by a distinct hue of different dominant wavelengths than the hue of the
Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter (Withdrawn 2019)
color itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed is
F425 Terminology Relating to Lithographic Copy Products
generally considered to be reflectance from very small particle size
3
(Withdrawn 2003)
pigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the ink
film surface.
3. Significance and Use
catch up, n—a condition that occurs when the non-image area
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve
of the plate becomes ink receptive. See scum. [GATF]
communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink
DISCUSSION—This condition results from the insufficient feeding of
makers, substrate makers, and printers.
dampening solution.
3.2 The term “paper” in this standard also encompasses the
chalking, n—see powdering.
term “paperboard.”
3.3 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced
coating pick, n—the removal of coating particles from the
sourcesareindicatedbygivingtheacronymoftheorganization
sheetsurfacethatoccurswhenthetackoftheinkexceedsthe
or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
surface strength of the substrate.
DISCUSSION—A loss in surface strength may occur during printing
when the coating is resolubilized by the fountain solution.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
crocking, n—smudging or rubbing off of ink.
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2020.PublishedJuly2020.Originallyapproved
dot distortion, n—an undesired change in shape of halftone
in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D6488 – 08 (2013). DOI:
10.1520/D6488-08R20. dots during plate making or printing operations, or both.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
dot doubling, n—the unintentional printing of two images
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
slightly out of register from a single form.
the ASTM website.
3
DISCUSSION—Dot doublings can be the result of a mechanical
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. problem due to undesired movement between the plate and the blanket.
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