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ASTM C311/C311M-16

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete

Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for comparison with the requirements of Specification C618 or Specification C1697. These test methods are based on standardized testing in the laboratory and are not intended to simulate job conditions.  
4.1.1 Strength Activity Index—The test for strength activity index is used to determine whether fly ash or natural pozzolan results in an acceptable level of strength development when used with hydraulic cement in concrete. Since the test is performed with mortar, the results may not provide a direct correlation of how the fly ash or natural pozzolan will contribute to strength in concrete.  
4.1.2 Chemical Tests—The chemical component determinations and the limits placed on each do not predict the performance of a fly ash or natural pozzolan with hydraulic cement in concrete, but collectively help describe composition and uniformity of the material.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in portland-cement concrete.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Sampling  
7  
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS  
Reagents and apparatus  
10  
Moisture content  
11 and 12  
Loss on ignition  
13 and 14  
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodium oxide
and potassium oxide  
15  
Available alkali  
16 and 17  
Ammonia  
18  
PHYSICAL TESTS  
Density  
19  
Fineness  
20  
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars  
21 – 23  
Soundness  
24  
Air-entrainment of mortar  
25 and 26  
Strength activity index with portland cement  
27 – 30  
Water requirement  
31  
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions  
32  
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance  
34  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Dec-2016
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.24 - Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C311/C311M-13 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Replaced By
ASTM C311/C311M-17 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
Effective Date
01-Aug-2017
Referred By
ASTM C1897-20 - Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Isothermal Calorimetry and Bound Water Measurements
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM D242/D242M-19 - Standard Specification for Mineral Filler for Asphalt Mixtures
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM C1141/C1141M-15 - Standard Specification for Admixtures for Shotcrete
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM C618-23e1 - Standard Specification for Coal Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM C802-14(2022) - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods for Construction Materials
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM E3355-23 - Standard Guide for Characterization of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) in Storage Area(s) for Beneficial Use
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM C1709-22 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM D5759-12(2020) - Standard Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM C593-19 - Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime for Soil Stabilization
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM C1778-22 - Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM C1697-21 - Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM C1797-23 - Standard Specification for Ground Calcium Carbonate and Aggregate Mineral Fillers for use in Hydraulic Cement Concrete
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Referred By
ASTM C595/C595M-23 - Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
Effective Date
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ASTM C311/C311M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteASTM C311/C311M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C311/C311M − 16
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use
1
in Portland-Cement Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci-
1. Scope*
fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and
information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
testing fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
portland-cement concrete.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order: responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
Sections
Sampling 7
that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
Reagents and apparatus 10
requirements of this standard.
Moisture content 11 and 12
Loss on ignition 13 and 14
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calcium
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodium
oxide
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
and potassium oxide 15
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Available alkali 16 and 17
Ammonia 18 mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
PHYSICAL TESTS
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Density 19
Fineness 20
2. Referenced Documents
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21–23
Soundness 24
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26
Strength activity index with portland cement 27–30 C33/C33MSpecification for Concrete Aggregates
Water requirement 31
C109/C109MTest Method for Compressive Strength of
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 32
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in Specimens)
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance 34
C114Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
Cement
C125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
gregates
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
C150/C150MSpecification for Portland Cement
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
C151/C151MTest Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hy-
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
draulic Cement
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
C157/C157MTest Method for Length Change of Hardened
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
with the standard.
C185Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
Mortar
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesand are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
2
tee C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016. Published January 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C311/C311M–13. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/C0311_C0311M-16. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C311/C311M − 16
C188Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement 3.2.5 regular sample, n—a sample that is constructed by
C204Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by combining equal portions of grab samples that were taken at
Air-Permeability Apparatus predetermined times or locations from any single lot of
C219Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement material.
C226Specification for Air-Entraining Additions for Use in
the Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic Cement 4. Significance and Use
C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
4
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C311/C311M − 13 C311/C311M − 16
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use
1
in Portland-Cement Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in
portland-cement concrete.
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:
Sections
Sampling 7
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Reagents and apparatus 10
Moisture content 11 and 12
Loss on ignition 13 and 14
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calcium
oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodium
oxide
and potassium oxide 15
Available alkali 16 and 17
Ammonia 18
PHYSICAL TESTS
Density 19
Fineness 20
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21 – 23
Soundness 24
Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26
Strength activity index with portland cement 27 – 30
Water requirement 31
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 32
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance 34
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information
only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24
on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013Dec. 15, 2016. Published March 2013January 2016. Originally approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 20112013 as
C311C311/C311M–11b.–13. DOI: 10.1520/C0311_C0311M-13.10.1520/C0311_C0311M-16.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C311/C311M − 16
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C150C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
C151C151/C151M Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement
C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
C204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air-Permeability Apparatus
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement
C226 Specification for Air-Entraining Additions for Use in the Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic Cement
C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 45-μm (No. 325) Sieve
C441C441/C441M Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive
Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
C604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer
C618 Specification f
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.2 The elastomeric pads deform in initial loading to conform to the contour of the ends of the test specimens and are restrained from excessive lateral spreading by plates and metal rings to provide a uniform distribution of load from the bearing blocks of the testing machine to the ends of the concrete or mortar specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers requirements for a capping system using unbonded caps for testing concrete cylinders molded in accordance with Practice C31/C31M or C192/C192M, or cores obtained in accordance with Test Method C42/C42M. Unbonded neoprene caps of a defined hardness are permitted to be used for testing for a specified maximum number of reuses without qualification testing up to a certain concrete compressive strength level. Above that strength, level neoprene caps will require qualification testing. Qualification testing is required for all elastomeric materials other than neoprene regardless of the concrete strength.  
1.2 Unbonded caps are not to be used for acceptance testing of concrete with compressive strength below 10 MPa [1500 psi ] or above 80 MPa [12 000 psi].  
1.3 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Concrete specimens tested with unbonded caps rupture more violently than comparable specimens tested with bonded caps. The safety precautions given in the Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing are recommended.2)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C142/C142M-17(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is of primary significance in determining the acceptability of aggregate with respect to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the approximate determination of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Sieve sizes openings are identified by their Specification E11 designation with their alternative Specification E11 designation given in parentheses for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1701/C1701M-17a(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of the pervious concrete, thereby identifying the need for remediation.  
5.2 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted. To determine the infiltration rate of the entire pervious pavement multiple locations must be tested and the results averaged.  
5.3 The field infiltration rate is typically established by the design engineer of record and is a function of the design precipitation event.  
5.4 This test method does not measure the influence on in-place infiltration rate due to sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab. Visual inspection of concrete cores is the best approach for determining sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field water infiltration rate of in place pervious concrete.
Note 1: For permeable unit pavement systems, Test Method C1781/C1781M should be used. Test Method C1781/C1781M is functionally identical to this test method but includes added provisions for positioning and securing the test ring to a discontinuous surface. Both tests methods give comparable results  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C173/C173M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C138/C138M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete

ABSTRACT
This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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