ASTM D3878-02
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Composite Materials
Standard Terminology for Composite Materials
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms of commercial importance, that appear in one or more standards on composites containing high-modulus (greater than 20-GPa (3 X 106 psi)) fibers.
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to include common meanings of the same terms as used outside the composites industry.
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as standard.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D 3878–02
Standard Terminology for
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Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope catenary:
filament catenary—the difference in length of the filaments
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms
in a specified length of tow, end, or strand as a result of
of commercial importance, that appear in one or more stan-
unequal tension; the tendency of some filaments in a taut
dards on composites containing high-modulus (greater than
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horizontal tow, end, or strand to sag lower than others.
20-GPa (3310 psi)) fibers.
roving catenary—the difference in length of the ends, tows,
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings
or strands in a specified length of roving as a result of
used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to
unequaltension;thetendencyofsomeends,tows,orstrands
include common meanings of the same terms as used outside
in a taut horizontal roving to sag lower than others.
the composites industry.
caul plate, n—a flat plate used to provide a flat surface to the
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as
top of the laminate during laminate consolidation or cure.
standard.
composite:
2. Referenced Documents
composite material—a substance consisting of two or more
materials, insoluble in one another, which are combined to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
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form a useful engineering material possessing certain prop-
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
erties not possessed by the constituents.
2.2 Military Standard:
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MIL-HDBK-17
DISCUSSION—a composite material is inherently inhomogeneous on a
microscopic scale but can often be assumed to be homogeneous on a
3. Terminology
macroscopic scale for certain engineering applications. The constitu-
ents of a composite retain their identities: they do not dissolve or
3.1 Definitions:
otherwise merge completely into each other, although they act in
645° laminate—a balanced symmetric laminate composed of
concert.
only +45° plies and −45° plies.
continuous filament yarn, n—two or more continuous fila-
angleply laminate—any balanced laminate consisting of plus
ments twisted into a single fiber bundle.
and minus theta plies where theta is an acute angle with
crossply laminate—a laminate composed of only 0 and 90°
respect to a reference direction.
plies. This is not necessarily symmetric.
balanced laminate—any laminate that contains one ply of
damage, n—in structures and structural mechanics, a struc-
minusthetaorientationwithrespecttothelaminateprincipal
tural anomaly in material or structure created by manufac-
axis for every identical ply with a plus theta orientation.
turing or service usage.
braided fabric—see braided fabric under fabric.
damage resistance, n—in structures and structural mechan-
bundle—a general term for a collection of essentially parallel
ics, a measure of the relationship between the force, energy,
filaments.
orotherparameter(s)associatedwithaneventorsequenceof
carbon fiber precursor—a material from which carbon fiber
events and the resulting damage size and type.
is made by pyrolysis. Polyacrylonitrile, rayon or pitch fibers
are commonly used precursors. DISCUSSION—Damage resistance increases as the force, energy, or
other parameter increases for a given size or type of damage. Con-
versely, damage resistance increases as damage decreases, for a given
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These definitions are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
applied force, energy, or other parameter. Damage resistance and
Composite Materials and are the direct responsibilities of Subcommittee D30.01 on
damage tolerance are often confused.Amaterial or structure with high
Editorial and Resource Standards.
damage resistance will incur less physical damage from a given event.
Current edition approved May 10, 2002. Published July 2002. Originally
Materials or structures with high damage tolerance may incur varying
published as D3878–81. Last previous edition D3878–00.
levels of physical damage but will have high amounts of remaining
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
functionality.Adamage-resistantmaterialorstructuremay,ormaynot,
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AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
be considered damage tolerant.
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